1) A nation must have a navy to form a large empire.
large empire
implies navy
An empire is
a sufficient condition for a navy.
A navy is a
necessary condition for an empire.
Falsification: An empire without a navy.
2) Democratic nations don't fight each other.
Two nations
are democratic implies do not fight.
NOT that if
two nations do not fight then they are
democratic
Democratic nations
are sufficient for not fights.
No fights are necessary for nations to be democratic.
Falsification: Two democracies fight each other.
3) Power transition theorists maintain that wars only occur when
there is power parity.
war implies power parity.
Power parity is a necessary condition for war.
War is a sufficient condition for power parity.
Falsification: War without power parity.
4) US Presidents are more hawkish in their first term than their
second term.
2nd term implies more dovish behavior.
2nd term is
a sufficient condition for less aggressive
behavior
Falsification: A President that is more hawkish in his second
term.
5) High investment results in economic growth.
high investment implies economic growth.
NOT economic
growth implies high investment, the growth
could occur for other reasons.
High investment
is a sufficient condition for economic
growth.
Falsification: High investment but no growth.
6) I do not want what I have not got. (S. O'Connor)
Not having implies not wanting.
Not wanting
is a necessary condition for not wanting.
Falsification: Wanting something that I do not have.
7) Unpopular governments are more likely to become involved in
wars than popular ones.
Increased unpopularity
implies increased probability of war.
Unpopularity
is a sufficient condition for an increased
probability of war.
Falsification: Unpopular governments involved in less wars than
popular ones. This is a probabilistic statement so it is not
falsified by a single event.
8) In a bipolar system competing alliances resemble one another.
Bipolar system
implies alliance resemble each other.
Alliances resembling
each other is a necessary condition for
a bipolar system.
Falsification: A bipolar system with alliances that do not
resemble each other.
9) A power vacuum leads to war.
Power vacuum
implies war
A power vacuum
is a sufficient condition for war.
Falsification: A power vacuum that does not lead to war.
NOT a
war without a power vacuum.
10) A nation only intervenes in an ongoing war if it is allied
with one of the belligerents.
Intervention
implies allied to one side.
Being allied
to a combatant is necessary but not sufficient
for intervention.
Falsification: A non-allied nation intervenes.