International Relations Courses

2006-2007 | 2005-2006 | 2004-2005

2006 - 2007

INRL 520a, Comparative Federalism. Gerald Baier.
This course will give students a sense of the variety of state and governmental arrangements that are commonly called ‘federal.’ It will include a survey of federal theory and practice in both traditional and emerging federations.

INRL 535bu, Researching Ethnic Politics. Thad Dunning.
Attention is given to questions of research design, as they pertain to research on ethnic politics. While engaged with fundamental, substantive questions and topics, the course is also especially concerned with how to do research on ethnic politics. Preference is given to undergraduates in international studies or political science, M.A. students in international relations, and graduate students in political science. Also PLSC675bu.

INRL 545b, The Dynamics of Russian Politics. William Odom.
Consideration of the question “Whither Russia?” with emphasis on comparative analytic concepts. Issues of political stability, constitutionalism, and institutions for political participation and governing examined in light of contemporary events and the Soviet legacy. Also PLSC 744bu.

INRL 549b, The European Union’s Contemporary Challenges. Francesco Tonon Meggiolaro.
Each year, this course addresses a different set of issues facing the EU. Recent issues have included trade policy, regulation policy, building European monetary power, international trade policy and the WTO, and science, precaution, and policy making. The course is taught by the EU fellow visiting the MacMillan Center. Also E&RS 652b.

INRL 555a, Theories in International Relations. Nikolay Marinov.
This course provides an introduction to the major concepts and theories in the field of International Relations. By the end of the course, students should be familiar with some of the major debates in the field, and be comfortable using IR concepts and theories to understand and explain events in international politics. The course is a reading-intensive seminar, and the weekly meetings are structured around student-led presentations and discussions of the assigned readings for the week. The student presentations should provide a brief overview of the main arguments of the readings and raise questions for group discussion. All students should prepare to participate in the group discussion by preparing discussion notes, which are turned in at the end of each session of class. There are approximately 150–200 pages of required reading per week. Also PLSC 685a.

INRL 560a, Economic Analysis. Cheryl Doss.
Introduces IR students to more advanced concepts in economics. Course emphasizes reading and evaluating the economic content of articles on a wide range of topics including consumer behavior, firm behavior, comparisons of welfare, labor markets, capital markets, and cost-benefit analysis. These articles represent research from both developed and developing economies. Prerequisite: Principles of Microeconomics. Also ECON 544a.

INRL 561b, International Economic Analysis. Cheryl Doss.
A continuation of 560a. Extends the use of economic analysis to international economic issues with a focus on international trade and growth and development. In addition, emphasis is placed on quantitative tools and analysis of data to address international economic issues and evaluate policies. The second half of the course focuses on readings of current issues and debates on international economic issues including relationships among trade liberalization, poverty and inequality, economic growth, and globalization. Also ECON 708b.

INRL 579b, The Economics of the Korean Peninsula. Marcus Noland.

INRL 582au, Contemporary Political Economy of Turkey and the Middle East. Mine Eder.
Examination of current problems and prospects that Turkey and the Middle East economies face. Exploration of the links between state building, economic development, and democratization in the region. Comparative discussion of how Turkey diverges from other Middle East economies.

INRL 584a, Palestinian Politics since 1948. Shaul Mishal.
An examination of key social and politicl issues in a context of fundamental changes in the external and internal environments since the first Arab-Israeli war of 1948 and up to the rise of Hamas to power in January 2006.

INRL 585b. Modern Arab Thought. Elizabeth Susan Kassab.
Major trends of twentieth-century Arab thought critically examined through readings in translation from a wide range of thinkers. Issues are analyzed in the context of the historical-colonial, postcolonial, and neocolonial background from which they emerged. Also NELC 507bu.

INRL 591b, Grand Strategies of the Great Powers. Theodore Bromund.
An examination of the rise and fall of the powers, their grand strategies in peace and war, and the strategic decision making of their leaders, within the context of the changing structure of the international system from the eighteenth century to today.

INRL 595b, Formal Models of Comparative Politics. Thad Dunning.
We discuss and dissect recent models of the political regime type, political transitions, the separation of powers in democracies, and other topics. The goal is to become better consumers and critics of models, as well as to learn technique through discussion of leading exemplars. A previous course in game theory is recommended. Also PLSC 781b.

INRL 610, Topics in Modern Middle East Studies. Amy Young.
This yearlong course is intended for students who plan to obtain the graduate certificate of concentration in modern Middle East studies. A major requirement of the course is attendance at weekly brown bag seminars hosted by the Council on Middle East Studies, which include speakers from a variety of academic disciplines and other backgrounds addressing political, economic, social, cultural, and historical issues across the Middle East/North Africa region. Other course requirements include three discussion papers responding to seminar lectures of the student's choice and a final research paper on a topic to be developed by the student and instructor. Students who register and fulfill these requirements receive credit for one term course.

INRL 625b, Empire in Early South Asia: Historical Patterns and Material Consequences. Robert Brubaker.
Description forthcoming.

INRL 640b, Democracy Promotion: Theory and Practice. Susan Hyde.
Why has democracy promotion become a major component of foreign policy? Do attempts to promote democracy by states and international organizations have the intended effects? Most developed democracies and international organizations such as the European Union, the United Nations, and the Organization of American States now actively promote the development of democratic political institutions in other states. The course examines the practice of international democracy promotion. It covers the methods used to promote democracy, justifications for the use of democracy promotion as foreign policy, the variety of actors who engage in democracy promotion, the relationship between domestic and international actors in democratization, and concludes with practical evaluation of the effectiveness of various efforts to promote democracy. Students write a proposal to encourage or strengthen democracy in a specific country, taking into account the state of the art in democracy promotion as well as the major challenges presented by the social, economic, and historical characteristics of the country.

INRL, 650a, Non-State Actors in World Politics. Susan Hyde.
International relations is traditionally studied as interaction between nation-states. However, the role of non-state actors such as international organizations, transnational advocacy networks, multinational corporations, and terrorist networks has become an important element of world politics. After reviewing types of non-state actors and how non-state actors fit into international relations theory, the course focuses on the extent to which non-state actors are important in the international politics of specific issue areas such as human rights, terrorism, globalization, and international environmental politics.

INRL 651b, Development as History: From colonialism to Modernization to Globalization. David Ekbladh.
This course explores the evolving concept of development and how it can serve as a means to execute, support, or justify various ideological, state, and geopolitical programs. Historically, the concept of development has been subsumed under a host of labels ranging from “civilization” to “modernization” to “globalization” The course will examine the multiple, changing, and contested meanings of the concept in different times and places by different historical actors.

INRL 662b, Political Economy of Conflict Zones: Social Stratification, Greed and Corruption . Isam Khafaji.
Since the end of the cold war, bloody civil and regional wars have erupted in Eastern Europe, Africa, Asia and the Middle East, costing hundreds of thousands of lives and wasting opportunities for societal prosperity and progress. Much of the scholarly work in this area has focused on prescribing policies to heal civil conflicts and wars. Yet very little has been done in studying the politics, economics and social structures of war-torn societies. This course will focus on this latter issue, examining questions including: Which regions/countries are more susceptible to civil conflicts and under what conditions? How do civil conflicts transform into civil wars and why? Are civil wars waged in order to divide a country, or are they (costly) bargaining strategies to control a country? Under what circumstances does the state collapse? What are the relationships between political actors/agendas and the fighting militias? Who finances civil wars and why? How do ordinary people survive in conflict situations? What economic activity and social life occurs in conflict zones and how are services provided? Who profiteers from conflicts and how?

INRL 700a, The Foundations and Evolution of the International System. Theodore Bromund.
Study of core concepts in the international system, including religion, sovereignty, war, finance, and human rights, through readings that present continuities, changes, and contrasting points of view about the system and its structure. Focus on the development of research, writing, and speaking skills. For first-year IR students.

INRL 705b, The Economics and Politics of the World Trading System. Michele Ruta.
This course introduces students to the theory of political economy of international trade and links this theory to current issues and open questions. We study the economics and politics of multilateral trade agreements (GATT and the WTO) and of regional agreements (e.g., the EU, Asean, and Mercosur) and the political economy of international factor mobility (immigration and foreign direct investments). We conclude with a critical discussion of policy controversies in the current world trading system (e.g., labor standards, the environment, national independence).

INRL 708b Development Economics Policy. Dean Karlan.
This course provides an overview of development economics policy, with a specific focus on how we learn what works, what does not work, and why, in the world of poverty alleviation interventions. We will discuss methodological issues with respect to how one evaluates interventions and policies (e.g., when and how to employ randomized control trials), the economic intuitions and concerns regarding different interventions, as well as policy issues related to replicating and scaling successful development projects. We primarily (but not exclusively) will cover four sectors as examples throughout the course: microfinance (including credit, savings and insurance), health, education and agriculture.

INRL 713b, Shifting the Development Policy Paradigm. Pia Rebello Britto.
Increasingly international organizations and governments around the world are becoming interested in developing global and national policies to serve one of the most vulnerable segments of the population – children. This course focuses on how to develop policies that have a positive social, political, and economic impact on children’s lives. The course begins with a theoretical overview of current policy trends, both at the global and national levels. Students then work in groups on a selected country to develop national-level policies, applying the conceptual knowledge gained in the first part of the course to the country’s specific political context, economic needs, and social situation.

INRL 720a, Central Issues in American Foreign Policy. Stuart Gottlieb.
Examination of the sources, substance, and enduring themes of American foreign policy. Overview of America’s rise to global power in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and American foreign policy decision making during the Cold War and the post-Cold War era. Special focus on the most current challenges in American foreign policy, including the war on terrorism, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, the conflict in Iraq, and America’s role in global institutions and the world economy. Attendance in INTS 376a lectures required.

INRL 725b, Terrorism and Counterterrorism. Stuart Gottlieb.
Examination of the origins and evolution of modern terrorism, and strategies employed to confront and combat terrorism. Assessment of a wide variety of terrorist organizations, and the multidimensional causes of terrorist violence past and present. Analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of various counterterrorism strategies, from the point of view of efficacy as well as ethics, with a particular focus on ways in which the threat of global terrorism might impact the healthy functioning of democratic states. Attendance in INTS 373b lectures required.

INRL 729b. Weapons of Mass Destruction. Stuart Gottlieb.
This seminar examines the history, evolution, and current issues associated with weapons of mass destruction (WMD), broadly conceived. Our primary focus is on the development and proliferation of WMD, the impact they have had, and continue to have, on the security of states and on the international system, and the various strategies employed to try to limit their spread and effects.

INRL 730au, The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Security. Jean Krasno.
Consideration of the role of the U.N. in preventive diplomacy, using force for peacekeeping, peace enforcement, and peace building, with consideration of the evolution of the U.N. and its role in a post-Cold War international system. For IR students and IS/PLSC undergraduates only.

INRL 743b, The Political Economy of Foreign Investment. Allison Kingsley.
The emergence of functioning capital markets in developing countries is a threshhold issue for economic growth and political development. Integrating political science theories with readings from the law, economics, and finance literatures, this course will critically assess public and private foreign investment. Focus will be on whether investment is primarily a function of the investor's endowments or those of the investment. In particular, investment decisions will be analyzed through two competing models -- the investment model and the liquidity model -- with the use of large-N evidence and relevant case studies from emerging markets, such as Egypt, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Brazil, Mexico, Russia.

INRL 900a or b, Directed Reading.
By arrangement with faculty.

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2005 - 2006

INRL 532, Tax Evasion, Shadow Economies, and Corruption: The Dark Side of Economics. Benno Torgler.
Illegal behaviour is a pervasive phenomenon in all societies, today as well as in the past and the future . Using a multidimensional and interdisciplinary approach to understanding illegal behaviour, the course will draw on the fields of public economics, law and economics, political economy and behavioral economics. (Detailed knowledge of these areas is not required, as the course will provide the basic analytic tools needed.) Students will gain both an overview and a detailed understanding of the theory and empirical evidence regarding illegal actions. We will look at the empirical evidence on the levels of tax evasion, tax compliance, shadow economy, and corruption around the world. Then we will examine both why people evade rules and also why people pay their taxes, desist from corruption and other rule evasion even if it appears to be 'profitable'. We will focus on understanding the causes and consequences of illegal behavior in different parts of the world to prepare students to understand and analyze appropriate governance structures around the world and the incentives that can reduce illegal behavior.

INRL 545b, The Dynamics of Russian Politics. William Odom.
Consideration of the question "Whither Russia?" with an emphasis on comparative analytic concepts. Issues of political stability, constitutionalism, and institutions for political participation and governing will be examined in light of contemporary events and of the Soviet legacy. Also PLSC 744bu.
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INRL 548a u , Intelligence and National Security. Loch Johnson.
Advanced examination of the United States' intelligence agencies and activities, focusing on how the U.S. acquires information about world affairs and how it attempts clandestinely to influence events abroad. Through a mixture of theory, empirical research, ethical discussions and case studies, the course addresses such questions as: What are the reasons for the vast U.S. intelligence apparatus? What perceived threats does it target? How is funding distributed among the fifteen agencies that make up the so-called intelligence community? Why do intelligence failures, like 9/11, occur? To what extent is intelligence "politicized" and why? What is covert action and how does it differ from secret military operations? What ethical questions are raised by America's use of intelligence operations? What reforms have emerged from the 9/11 and Iraqi WMD inquiries carried out from 2002 to 2005? How are America's intelligence agencies held accountable and how effective is the system of checks-and-balances in this secret world?
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INRL 549b, The European Union's Contemporary Challenges. Peter Oliver.
Each year, this course addresses a different set of issues facing the EU. Recent issues have included trade policy, regulation policy, building European monetary power, international trade policy and the WTO, and science, precaution, and policy making. The course is taught by the EU fellow visiting The MacMillan Center. Also E&RS 652b.
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INRL 555a, Theories in International Relations. Nikolay Marinov.
This course provides an introduction to the major concepts and theories in the field of International Relations. By the end of the course, students should be familiar with some of the major debates in the field, and be comfortable using IR concepts and theories to understand and explain events in international politics. The course is a reading-intensive seminar, and the weekly meetings are structured around student-led presentations and discussions of the assigned readings for the week. The student presentations should provide a brief overview of the main arguments of the readings and raise questions for group discussion. All students should prepare to participate in the group discussion by preparing discussion notes, which will be turned in at the end of each session of class. There are approximately 150-200 pages of required reading per week. Also PLSC 685a.
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INRL 557, Occupation, Resistance, and Guerrilla Warfare in the 20th Century. Steffen Prauser.
The current wars in Afghanistan and Iraq have once again raised issues of Guerrilla warfare and occupation policies. This seminar examines the theoretical issues of guerrilla warfare while emphasizing important cases of occupation and resistance of the last century. Topics include guerrilla warfare, international law, colonial wars, the resistance to German and Soviet occupation during WWII, the Vietnam War, and the current war in Iraq. A multidisciplinary approach shall help to shed light from different angles onto the complex issue of occupation and resistance in order to understand better a phenomenon often disguised by morally and politically charged debates.
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INRL 560a, Economic Analysis. Cheryl Doss.
Introduces IR students to more advanced concepts in economics. Course emphasizes reading and evaluating the economic content of articles on a wide range of topics including consumer behavior, firm behavior, comparisons of welfare, labor markets, capital markets, and cost benefit analysis. These articles represent research from both developed and developing economies. Prerequisite: Principles of Microeconomics. Also ECON 544a.
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INRL 561b, International Economic Analysis. Cheryl Doss.
A continuation of 560a. Extends the use of economic analysis to international economic issues including international trade, growth and development, and international finance. In addition, emphasis is placed on quantitative tools and analysis of data to address international economic issues and evaluate policies. The second half of the course focuses on readings of current issues and debates on international economic issues including relationships among trade liberalization, poverty and inequality, economic growth, and globalization. Also ECON 708b.
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INRL 562/HIST 973. Science, Arms, and the State. Peter Westwick.
Examines the history of efforts to integrate scientific research, military technologies, and national security policy. The course will focus in particular on the role of scientists in developing weapons of mass destruction in the twentieth century, in various national contexts. Topics include consequences of weapons development for the scientific community and civilian economy; effects on international relations; and public and political movements to control military technologies.
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INRL 563b. Themes in the History of American Foreign Policy. Andrew Preston.
This seminar examines the historical roots and context of many of the salient themes in American foreign policy today. Topics include, among others, the influence of Wilsonianism, democracy promotion, race, trade and economics, national security, religion, realism, military power, and nationalism/exceptionalism. Some previous background in the history of American foreign relations is recommended, but not required.
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INRL 564a. International Trade Negotiations: NAFTA and Beyond. Maxwell Cameron.
In this course theories of international cooperation and bargaining are applied to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA) negotiations. We begin with an examination of theories of international cooperation and bargaining and integrate them in a two-level game framework. This framework is used to reconstruct and explain the NAFTA negotiation process including the decision to negotiate, the process of getting to the negotiation table, the major watersheds in the negotiation, the end game and side deal negotiations, and the aftermath. Special emphasis is given to the impact of domestic structures (democratic-parliamentary in Canada, democratic-presidential in the U.S., and semi-authoritarian-presidential in Mexico) on the NAFTA negotiation process and outcomes. The lessons learned are applied to current FTAA negotiations. The course is designed for students interested in both the theory and the practice of negotiation. Case studies, role-playing, and simulations, are used to learn concepts and principles from theories of cooperation and bargaining and to develop their negotiation skills. Students will develop a strong substantive knowledge of trade policy. Teamwork and participation are important in this seminar.
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INRL 580/AFST 521, Violence and the State in East and Central Africa, 1950-2005. Daniel Branch.
An exploration of the historical causes of conflict in East and Central Africa through a survey of theory and a closer examination of case studies drawn from across the region. The case studies have been selected to allow for discussion of the importance of the colonial experience, and to discuss continuity and change in the causes, aims, and consequences of violence over the past half-century.
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INRL 700a, International Affairs: Core Issues and Approaches. Ted Bromund.
Study of core concepts in the international system, including religion, sovereignty, war, finance, and human rights, through readings that present continuities, changes, and contrasting points of view about the system and its structure. Focus on the development of research, writing, and speaking skills. For first-year IR students.
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INRL 730a u , The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Security. Bruce Russett, James Sutterlin.
Consideration of the role of the U.N. in preventive diplomacy, using force for peacekeeping, peace enforcement, and peace building, with consideration of the evolution of the U.N. and its role in a post-Cold War international system. For IR students and IS undergraduates only.
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INRL 750b, Challenges in International Relations: Policy and Practice. Ted Bromund.
The Yale-Stimson Seminar explores issues in three policy areas relevant to international affairs professionals through case study analysis, simulation, readings, and discussions with visiting practitioners. Recent themes have included homeland security, demography and the environment, and development. Course emphasizes problem solving, negotiation, presentation, and organizational skills needed by professionals entering the field. Open to all graduate and professional students. Admission is by application only.
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INRL 900a or b, Directed Reading.
By arrangement with faculty.
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2004-2005

INRL 531b, International Negotiation. Barry O'Neill.
Skillful negotiation is important among nations and within a government. The goal of this course is to develop a more articulated understanding of negotiation and a greater feel for it. It uses short role-playing exercises which are later discussed in class, writings from the literature of negotiation research, and to more limited extent, the record of past international negotiations.
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INRL 542b, State Building in Comparative Perspective. Natalia Sobrevilla Perea.
This course examines the process of state formation in comparative perspective, by focusing on the experience of Latin American states from independence to the end of the 19th century. Using a comparative perspective, particular emphasis is given to the cases of Peru, Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela, Chile, Argentina, and Brazil. Topics include the recurrence of internal and external wars, tensions between the center and regions, the development of export markets and its links to the creation of stability, caudillismo, and the importance of ideology in state building. Special attention is given to political thought and how ideas from abroad were read and adapted,especially in the case of constitutionalism.
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INRL 544a, U.S. Cold War. Campbell Craig.
This course examines U.S. Cold War foreign policy during the period 1943–1989 as a discrete and concluded phenomenon. It focuses particularly upon some newer areas of inquiry, such as espionage, nuclear peacekeeping, the impact of domestic politics and ideas, and the question of American empire.
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INRL 545b, The Dynamics of Russian Politics. William Odom.
Consideration of the question "Whither Russia?" with emphasis on comparative analytic concepts. Issues of political stability, constitutionalism, and institutions for political participation and governing examined in light of contemporary events and of the Soviet legacy. Also PLSC 744bu.
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INRL 546b, Conflicts in International Relations. Vitaly Kozyrev.
Introduction to theoretical and practical approaches to conflicts and their resolutions. The course consists of two sections, focused on (1) the phenomenon of conflict in international relations in the late twentieth century and its theoretical interpretations (political, economic, ideological, religious, ethnic, national, territorial), and (2) the problem of conflict resolution through the peacemaking process. Special attention is paid to international humanitarian law and the concept of "military crime." Also E&RS 646b.
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INRL 547b, Policy and Governance of Complex Jurisdictions -- The Case of the EU. Richard Cawley.
This course will examine and analyze the theory and the practice of public policy intervention in a setting where there are complex trade-offs between policy effectiveness and accountability. The course will begin at ëthe endí by looking at some of the recent literature dealing with the implementation and accountability of public policy in the European Union, including responses from the European Commission. We will then look at the policy intervention from an economic, legal and political perspective. Next, we will examine regulatory and institutional design including questions of centralization, delegation and accountability. The remainder examines practical application in the telecommunications, IT and electricity sectors.
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INRL 555b, Theories of International Relations. Bruce Russett.
We analyze a variety of theories of international relations to evaluate their logical structure, empirical support, and relation to policy concerns and to other theories. Topics include theories under such categories as realism, liberal-institutionalism, and feminism. Open only to IR students.
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INRL 559b, International Organization. Jean Krasno.
International organizations (IOs) have gradually increased in number since the end of World War II. Today, all states participate in international organizations at the regional and global level. IOs can be classified into intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Organizations like the United Nations with its nearly universal membership are diffuse bodies focusing on a wide range of issues from security, health and economic development. Others, such as NATO, are issue-specific and regionally bound (at least in terms of membership if not territorial deployment). Issue-based regimes, such as those on the environment, may involve both NGOs and IGOs. They often have to cope with overlapping norms, rules of procedure, and standard operating behaviors emerging at times from very diverse constituencies, for example, North/South points of view. This course examines international organization in general and also looks at the history and development of specific organizations and how they network through regimes to leverage their goals.
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INRL 561b, International Economic Analysis. Cheryl Doss.
A continuation of 560a. Extends the use of economic analysis to international economic issues including international trade, growth and development, and international finance. In addition, emphasis is placed on quantitative tools and analysis of data to address international economic issues and evaluate policies. Also ECON 708b.
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INRL 563b, Central Issues in American Foreign Policy. Stuart Gottlieb.
Examination of the historical and conceptual foundations of American foreign policy, with a special focus on the international challenges facing America since the end of the Cold War. Topics include America's two wars with Iraq; America's domestic and international responses to the threat of global terrorism; and what role the United States should play in the world economy and global institutions. Additional focus on how foreign policy issues play into presidential election campaigns.
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INRL 567a, AIDS, Poverty, and Development in India. Siddharth Dube.
India's failures on AIDS reflect larger shortcomings evident in its post-Independence development record. Despite its vibrant democracy, free press, administrative capacities and growing economy, it may soon have many more people with HIV/AIDS than any other country. This wide-ranging course studies India's response to HIV/AIDS within the framework of its record on chronic deprivation, drawing on political economy, public health, the media, sexuality, and human rights readings. Also GHD 567a.
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INRL 700a, International Affairs: Core Issues and Approaches. Nancy Ruther, Theodore Bromund.
Current and traditional issues facing international-affairs professionals explored through case study analysis, simulation, readings, and discussion with faculty from related disciplines and professions as well as current practitioners. Focus on negotiation and strategic management tools for understanding and analyzing the complex interactions of different aspects of international affairs. Course emphasizes refining problem solving, presentation, and organizational skills needed by professionals entering the field. For first-year IR students.
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INRL 730au, The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Security. James Sutterlin.
Consideration of the role of the U.N. in preventing diplomacy, using force for peacekeeping, peace enforcement, and peace building, with consideration of the evolution of the U.N. and its role in a post-Cold War international system. For IR students and IS undergraduates only.
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INRL 750b, Challenges in International Relations: Policy and Practice. Theodore Bromund.
The Yale Stimson Seminar is taught by a series of practitioners who address three major international policy themes in three modules from the perspective of government, NGOs, and business. Recent themes have included: information technology and diplomacy, investment and international development, government of the global environment, rethinking national and international security, and avoiding disaster in global public health. Open to all graduate and professional students. Admission is by application only.
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INRL 900a or b, Directed Reading.
By arrangement with faculty.
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