The First Amendment

Prof. Jack M. Balkin

Note:  All references to page numbers refer to Stone, Seidman, Sunstein and Tushnet, Constitutional Law (3d ed. 1996). References to the 1997 Supplement are noted as "1997 Supp." References to the Supplemental Materials contained in this packet are noted as "Supp."

Part I-- Introduction

1. Introduction: Early History of the First Amendment

• Notes and Shaffer v. United States, pp. 1087-88
  

• Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten and Notes, pp. 1088-1092
  
• Schenck v. United States and Notes, pp. 1092-1096
  
• Frohwerk v. United States, pp. 1096
  
• Debs v. United States, pp. 1096-97
  
• Abrams v. United States and Notes, pp. 1097-1102
  
• Notes on the history of the first amendment, pp. 1073-1078
  
• Notes on justifications for free speech, pp. 1078-1086

2. The Early Twentieth Century and the McCarthy Era

• Gitlow v. United States and Notes, pp. 1102-08
  

• Whitney v. California and Notes, pp. 1108-15
  
• Dennis v. United States and Notes, pp. 1115-1123

3. The Modern Formulation

• Notes and Brandenburg v. Ohio, pp. 1123-1130
  

• Bridges v. California and Notes, pp. 1130-1135

4. Vagueness and Overbreadth

• Notes and Gooding v. Wilson, pp. 1172-1182

5. Prior Restraints

• Note on Prior Restraint, p. 1183
  

• Near v. Minnesota and Notes, pp. 1189-1196
  
• Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart and Notes, pp. 1157-1158
  
• New York Times Co. v. United States and Notes, pp. 1158-1169
  
• Note on the Progressive Controversy, pp. 1169-1171
  
• Lovell v. Griffin and Notes, pp. 1183-1187
  
• Freedman v. Maryland and Notes, pp. 1187-89

6. What is Speech?

• Notes and United States v. O'Brien, pp. 1387-1396
  

• Notes and Texas v. Johnson, pp. 1396-1401
  
• Barnes v. Glen Theatre, pp. 1401-1404
  
• Note on Political Boycotts, pp. 1404-1407
  
• Village of Schaumberg v. Citizens for a Better Environment and Notes, pp. 1407-1408

Part II-- Regulation of Content

7. Defamation and Privacy

• New York Times v. Sullivan and Notes, pp. 1196-1207
  

• Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts and Notes, pp. 1207-1208
  
• Gertz v. Robert Welch and Notes, pp. 1208-1216
  
• Dun and Bradstreet v. Greenmoss Builders and Notes, pp. 1216-1219
  
• Hustler Magazine v. Falwell and Notes, pp. 1219-1221
  
• Cox Broadcasting v. Cohn and Notes, pp. 1221-1226
  
• Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia and Notes, pp. 1154-1157

8. Fighting Words and the Hostile Audience

• Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire and Notes, pp. 1147-1152
  

• Terminello v. Chicago, pp. 1135-1136
  
• Cantwell v. Connecticut and Notes, pp. 1136-1139
  
• Feiner v. New York and Notes, pp. 1139-1144
  
• Edwards v. South Carolina and Notes, pp. 1144-1145
  
• Cox v. Louisiana, pp. 1145-1146
  
• Gregory v. City of Chicago and Notes, p. 1146

9. Offensive Speech and the Captive Audience

• Cohen v. California and Notes, pp. 1275-1282
  

• Erznoznick v. City of Jacksonville, pp. 1282-1283

10. Offensive Speech and the Protection of Children

• FCC v. Pacifica Foundation and Notes, pp. 1283-1290
  

• Sable Communications v. FCC and Notes, pp. 1297
  
• Action for Children's Television v. FCC (ACT III), Supp., pp. 1-22
  
• Balkin, Media Filters and the V-Chip, Supp., pp. 23-45
  
• TV Parental Guidelines, Supp., p. 46
  
• Meese v. Keene, Supp., pp. 47-49
  
• Denver Area Educational Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. FCC, pp. 50-73
  
• Reno v. ACLU, Supp., pp. 74-101

11. Group Libel and Racist Speech

• Beauharnais v. Illinois and Notes, pp. 1298-1305
  

• Notes on the Skokie Controversy, pp. 1152-1154
  
• R.A.V. v. St. Paul, pp. 1305-1312
  
• Wisconsin v. Mitchell and Notes, pp. 1312-1316
  
• Note on Workplace Harassment, pp. 1316-1317
  
• Balkin, Some Realism about Pluralism, Supp., pp. 102-112, 122-130

12. Pornography and Obscenity

• Notes and Roth v. United States, pp. 1249-1258
  

• Miller v. United States, pp. 1258-1261
  
• Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton and Notes, pp. 1261-1269
  
• New York v. Ferber and Notes, pp. 1270-1272
  
• Notes on Regulation of Obscenity, pp. 1272-1275
  
• Note on Pornography and Feminism, pp. 1317-1322
  
• MacKinnon, Only Words, Supp., pp. 131-151
  
• Dworkin, Women and Pornography, Supp., pp. 152-156
  
• Posner, Review of MacKinnon, Supp., pp. 157-162

13. Sexually Explicit Expression

• Young v. American Mini Theatres, pp. 1290-1294
  

• City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres and Notes, pp. 1294-1298

14. Commercial Speech

• Note and Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Council, pp. 1226-1237
  

• Central Hudson Gas v. Public Service Commission of New York, pp. 1238-1239
  
• Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego, p. 1239
  
• Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico and Notes, pp. 1239-1241
  
• Florida Bar v. Went For It and Notes, pp. 1241-1247
  
• Liquormart Inc. v. Rhode Island and Notes, 1997 Supp., pp. 166-171
  
• Balkin, Give Them Liberty to Give Us Death?, Supp., pp. 163-164
  
• Note on Labor Disputes and the First Amendment, pp. 1247-1249

Part III-- Regulation of Access and Manner of Expression

15. Time, Place and Manner Regulation

• Notes and Schneider v. State, pp. 1324-1325
  

• Nartin v. City of Struthers, pp. 1325-1326
  
• Kovacs v. Cooper, pp. 1326-1327
  
• Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego and Notes, pp. 1327-1328
  
• City of Ladue v. Gilleo, pp. 1328-31
  
• Note on Content Neutrality, pp. 1331-1334
  
• Notes and Police Department of Chicago v. Mosley, pp. 1357-1363

16. The Public Forum

• Note and Commonwealth v. Davis, p. 1335
  

• Hague v. CIO and Notes, pp. 1335-1336
  
• Schneider v. State and Notes, pp. 1336-1337
  
• Notes on Regulating the Public Forum, pp. 1337-1338
  
• Frisby v. Shultz, pp. 1338-39
  
• Clark v. Committee for Creative Non-Violence, pp. 1339
  
• Ward v. Rock Against Racism, pp. 1339-1340
  
• Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc., pp. 1340-41
  
• Cox v. New Hampshire and Notes, pp. 1341-42
  
• Murdock v. Pennsylvania and Notes, pp. 1342-43
  
• Schenck and Saunders v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York, 1997 Supp., pp. 186-87
  
• Balkin, Some Realism about Pluralism, Supp. pp. 112-122

17. Access to Government Property-- Nonpublic forums

• Note and Adderly v. Florida, pp. 1343-1346
  

• Greer v. Spock, p. 1346
  
• Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness and Notes, pp. 1347-1348
  
• U.S. Postal Service v. Council of Greenburgh Civic Associations, p. 1348
  
• Lehman v. City of Shaker Heights and notes, pp. 1363-1369
  
• Widmar v. Vincent, pp. 1360-1361.
  
• City Council of Los Angeles v. Taxpayers for Vincent, p. 1349
  
• United States v. Kokinda and Notes, pp. 1349-1350
  
• International Society for Krishna Consciousness v. Lee, pp. 1350-1353.
  
• Perry Educators' Association v. Perry Local Educator's Association and Notes, pp. 1369-1371
  
• Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense & Educational Fund, pp. 1371-1372
  
• United States v. Kokinda, pp. 1372-1373
  
• Lambs Chapel v. Moriches Union Free School District, pp. 1373-74
  
• Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of University of Virginia and Notes, pp. 1374-1376
  
• Forbes v. Arkansas Educational Television Commission, Supp., pp. 165-173

18. Speech on Private Property

• Note on Private Forums, pp. 1353-1356

19. Compelled Affirmation of Belief

• West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette, p. 1466
  

• Wooley v. Maynard, pp. 1466-1467
  
• Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins, pp. 1467-68
  
• Pacific Gas and Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Commission, p. 1468.
  
• Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston, pp. 1468-1470
  
• Elrod v. Burns, p. 1470
  
• Abood v. Detroit Board of Education and Notes, pp. 1470-1473

20. Freedom of the Press

• Notes and Branzburg v. Hayes, pp. 1486-1495
  

• Pell v. Procunier and Notes, pp. 1495-1497
  
• Houchins v. KQED and Notes, pp. 1497-1501
  
• Richmond Newspapers v. Virginia, pp. 1501-1505
  
• Globe Newspaper Co. v. Superior Court and Notes, pp. 1505-1507
  
• Notes and Minneapolis Star & Tribune Co. v. Minnesota Commissioner of Revenue, pp. 1507-1511.

Part IV-- The First Amendment in the Welfare State

21. Government Subsidies to Speech and Government Speech

• Spieser v. Randall, p. 1460
  

• Regan v. Taxation with Representation and Notes, pp. 1380-1382
  
• Rust v. Sullivan and Notes, pp. 1382-1386
  
• Southeastern Promotions v. Conrad, pp. 1376-1378
  
• Finley v. NEA, Supp., pp. 174-196
  
• Post Subsidized Speech, 1997 Supp., pp 189-191
  
• Fiss, The Irony of Free Speech, Supp., pp. 197-208

22. Broadcast Regulation: Traditional Debates

• Miami Herald v. Tornillo and Notes, pp. 1512-1513
  

• Red Lion v. FCC and Notes, pp. 1513-1522
  
• Balkin, Populism and Progressivism as Constitutional Categories, Supp., pp. 209-237
  
• Notes, 1997 Supp., pp. 198-99

23. Telecommunications Regulation: After Scarcity

• Turner Broadcasting System v. FCC and Notes, pp. 1522-1528
  

• Turner Broadcasting System v. FCC (Turner II), 1997 Supp., pp. 199-200
  
• Opinion of Breyer, J, in Turner II, Supp., pp. 238-240
  
• Denver Area Education Telecommunications Consortium v. FCC, Supp., pp. 50-73 (Review)
  
• Reno v. ACLU, Supp., pp. 74-101 (Review)

24. Campaign Finance

• Buckley v. Valeo and Notes, pp. 1408-1421
  

• First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti and Notes, pp. 1421-1423
  
• Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce and Notes, pp. 1424-1426
  
• Notes and Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. Federal Election Commission, 1997 Supp., pp. 192-194

25. Speech in Educational Institutions

• Tinker v. Des Moines School District and Notes, pp. 1436-1439
  

• Board of Education v. Pico, pp. 1378-1380
  
• West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette, p. 1466 (review)

26. Government Employment

• Notes and U.S. Civil Service Commission v. National Association of Letter Carriers, pp. 1441-1445
  

• United States v. National Treasury Employees Union, pp. 1445-1447
  
• Pickering v. Board of Education and Notes, pp. 1447-1450
  
• Notes, 1997 Supp., pp. 195-197
  
• Waters v. Churchill and Notes, pp. 1450-1453
  
• Jeffries v. Harleston, Supp., pp. 241-247
  
• Materials on the Graglia Controversy, Supp., pp. 248-259
  
• Elrod v. Burns and Notes, pp. 1453-1455
  
• Branti v. Finkel, p. 1455-1456
  
• Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois, pp. 1456-1457

27. Freedom of Association

• NAACP v. Button and Notes, pp. 1426-1430
  

• Roberts v. U.S. Jaycees and Notes, pp. 1430-1433
  
• NAACP v. Alabama and Notes, pp. 1473-1475
  
• Talley v. California, p. 1475
  
• McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission, p. 1475-1476
  
• Buckley v. Valeo and Notes, pp. 1476-1477
  
• Shelton v. Tucker, pp. 1478-1479
  
• Konigsberg v. State Bar and Notes, pp. 1479-1480
  
• Cases and Notes on Legislative and Other Government Investigations, pp. 1480-1486
  
• Notes and Adler v. Board of Education, pp. 1457-1458
  
• Elfbrandt v. Russell and Notes, pp. 1458-1460

Part V-- Religious Liberty

28. The Establishment Clause-- School Prayer, Public Displays and De Facto Establishments

• Everson v. Board of Education and Notes, pp. 1531-1547
  

• Lemon v. Kurtzman, p. 1547-48
  
• Notes and Lee v. Wiseman, pp. 1547-1557
  
• Waltz v. Tax Commission and Notes, p. 1557-1559
  
• Lynch v. Donnelly and Notes, pp. 1559-1566
  
• County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union and Notes, pp. 1566-67 (note in particular Justice O'Connor's test of reasonableness)
  
• Capitol Square Review and Advisory Board v. Pinette, pp. 1567-69
  
• McGowan v. Maryland and Notes, pp. 1569-1572
  
• Stone v. Graham, p. 1572
  
• Engel v. Vitale, p 1573
  
• School District of Abington Township v. Schempp. p. 1573
  
• Wallace v. Jaffree, pp. 1573-74
  
• Larson v. Valente and Notes, pp. 1574-76
  
• Epperson v. Arkansas, p. 1576
  
• Edwards v. Aguillard, pp. 1576-77

29. Government Aid to Religious Institutions

• Notes and Muller v. Allen, pp. 1577-1584
  

• Aguilar v. Felton and Notes, pp. 1584-1585
  
• Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind, p. 1586
  
• Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District, pp. 1586-87
  
• Rosenberger v. Rectors and Visitors of the University of Virginia, pp. 1587-88
  
• Bowen v. Kendrick and Notes, pp 1588-1590
  
• Agostini v. Felton, 1997 Supp., pp. 207-213

30. Permissible Accommodations of Religion

• Corporation of Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. Amos and Notes, pp. 1612-1618
  

• Texas Monthly v. Bullock and Notes, pp. 1618-1619
  
• Board of Education of Kiryas Joel School District v. Grumet and Notes pp. 1619-1626

31. The Free Exercise Clause

• Note and Reynolds v. U.S. pp. 1590-1591
  

• Braunfeld v. Brown, pp. 1591-1592
  
• Sherbert v. Verner, pp. 1592-1593
  
• Note on Defining Religion, pp. 1543-1547 (review)
  
• Wisconsin v. Yoder and Notes, pp. 1593-1595
  
• United States v. Lee, pp. 1595-1596
  
• Goldman v. Weinberger, pp. 1596-97
  
• Bowen v. Roy, p. 1597
  
• Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association, pp. 1597-98
  
• Employment Division v. Smith and Notes, pp. 1599-1608
  
• Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah, pp. 1608-1609
  
• Religious Freedom Restoration Act, p. 1610
  
• City of Boerne v. Flores, 1997 Supp., pp. 18-25
  
• Notes on Religion as Expression, pp. 1610-1612
  
• Mozert v. Hawkins County Board of Education, Supp., pp. 260-278

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