The First Amendment

Prof. Jack M. Balkin

Note:  All references to page numbers refer to Stone, Seidman, Sunstein and Tushnet, The First Amendment (1st ed. 1999). References to the Supplemental Materials contained in this packet are noted as "Supp."

Part I-- Introduction

1. Introduction: Early History of the First Amendment

• Notes and Shaffer v. United States, pp. 19-21
  

• Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten and Notes, pp. 21-23
  
• Schenck v. United States and Notes, pp. 23-27
  
• Frohwerk v. United States, pp. 27-28
  
• Debs v. United States, pp. 28-29
  
• Abrams v. United States and Notes, pp. 29-34
  
• Notes on the history of the first amendment, pp. 3-8
  
• Notes on justifications for free speech, pp. 8-16

2. The Early Twentieth Century and the McCarthy Era

• Gitlow v. United States and Notes, pp. 34-40
  

• Whitney v. California and Notes, pp. 40-47
  
• Dennis v. United States and Notes, pp. 47-55

3. The Modern Formulation

• Notes and Brandenburg v. Ohio, pp. 55-61
  

• Bridges v. California and Notes, pp. 61-66
  
• Note on Rice v. Palladin Enterprises and the Nuremberg Files, Supp., p. 1

4. Vagueness and Overbreadth

• Notes and Gooding v. Wilson, pp. 105-116

5. Prior Restraints

• Note on Prior Restraint, p. 116-117
  

• Near v. Minnesota and Notes, pp. 123-130
  
• Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart and Notes, pp. 88-90
  
• New York Times Co. v. United States and Notes, pp. 90-101
  
• Note on the Progressive Controversy, pp. 101-104
  
• Lovell v. Griffin and Notes, pp. 117-118
  
• Freedman v. Maryland and Notes, pp. 121-123

6. What is Speech?

• Notes and United States v. O'Brien, pp. 349-359
  

• Notes and Texas v. Johnson, pp. 359-364
  
• Barnes v. Glen Theatre, pp. 364-367
  
• City of Erie v. Pap's A.M., Supp., pp. 2-4
  
• Note on Political Boycotts, pp. 367-369
  
• Village of Schaumberg v. Citizens for a Better Environment and Notes, pp. 369-371
  
• Bernstein v. United States Department of Justice, Supp., pp., 5-13

Part II-- Regulation of Content

7. Defamation and Privacy

• Note on "Low Value Speech", pp. 131
  

• New York Times v. Sullivan and Notes, pp. 132-142
  
• Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts and Notes, pp. 142-143
  
• Gertz v. Robert Welch and Notes, pp. 143-151
  
• Dun and Bradstreet v. Greenmoss Builders and Notes, pp. 151-154
  
• Hustler Magazine v. Falwell and Notes, pp. 154-156
  
• Cox Broadcasting v. Cohn and Notes, pp. 156-161
  
• Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia and Notes, pp. 86-88
  
• Note on privacy and the collection of personal and consumer data, Supp., p. 14

8. Fighting Words and the Hostile Audience

• Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire and Notes, pp. 78-84
  

• Terminello v. Chicago, p. 67
  
• Cantwell v. Connecticut and Notes, pp. 67-71
  
• Feiner v. New York and Notes, pp. 71-75
  
• Edwards v. South Carolina and Notes, pp. 75-76
  
• Cox v. Louisiana, pp. 76-77
  
• Gregory v. City of Chicago and Notes, p. 77-78

9. Offensive Speech and the Captive Audience

• Cohen v. California and Notes, pp. 214-222
  

• Erznoznick v. City of Jacksonville, pp. 222-223

10. Offensive Speech and the Protection of Children

• FCC v. Pacifica Foundation and Notes, pp. 223-230
  

• Sable Communications v. FCC and Notes, pp. 1297
  
• Action for Children's Television v. FCC (ACT III), Supp., pp. 15-36
  
• Balkin, Media Filters and the V-Chip, Supp., pp. 37-59
  
• TV Parental Guidelines, Supp., pp. 60
  
• Meese v. Keene, Supp., pp. 61-63
  
• Denver Area Educational Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. FCC, pp. 236-240
  
• Reno v. ACLU, pp. 230-236
  
• ACLU v. Reno (The COPA Case), Supp., pp. 64-81
  
• United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc., Supp., pp. 82-84

11. Group Libel and Racist Speech

• Beauharnais v. Illinois and Notes, pp. 247-255
  

• Notes on the Skokie Controversy, pp. 84-86
  
• R.A.V. v. St. Paul, pp. 255-262
  
• Wisconsin v. Mitchell and Notes, pp. 262-267

12. Sexual and Racial Harassment in the Workplace

• Note on Workplace Harassment, pp. 1316-1317
  

• Balkin, Some Realism about Pluralism, Supp., pp. 85-95, 105-113
  
• Balkin, Free Speech and Hostile Environments, Supp., pp. 114-141
  
• Avis Rent A Car System, Inc., v. Aguilar, Supp., pp. 142-145
  
• Note on Labor Disputes and the First Amendment, pp. 186-187

13. Pornography and Obscenity

• Notes and Roth v. United States, pp. 188-197
  

• Miller v. United States, pp. 197-200
  
• Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton and Notes, pp. 200-209
  
• New York v. Ferber and Notes, pp. 209-211
  
• Notes on Procedural Features of the Regulation of Obscenity, pp. 211-213
  
• Note on Pornography and the Victimization of Women, pp. 267-272
  
• MacKinnon, Only Words, Supp., pp. 146-166
  
• Dworkin, Women and Pornography, Supp., pp. 167-171
  
• Posner, Review of MacKinnon, Supp., pp. 172-177

14. Sexually Explicit Expression

• Young v. American Mini Theatres, pp. 240-244
  

• City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres and Notes, pp. 244-247

15. Commercial Speech

• Note and Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Council, pp. 161-171
  

• Note on Truthful, Nondeceptive Commercial Advertising, pp. 171-172
  
• Central Hudson Gas v. Public Service Commission of New York, pp. 172-173
  
• Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego, pp. 173-174
  
• Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico and Notes, pp. 174-175
  
• Florida Bar v. Went For It and Notes, pp. 176-179
  
• Liquormart Inc. v. Rhode Island and Notes, pp. 179-181
  
• Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Ass'n, Inc., v. United States, Supp., p. 178
  
• Note on Additional Limitations on the Protection of Commercial Speech, pp. 182-186

Part III-- Regulation of Access and Manner of Expression

16. Time, Place and Manner Regulation

• Notes and Schneider v. State, pp. 275-276
  

• Nartin v. City of Struthers, pp. 276-277
  
• Kovacs v. Cooper, pp. 277-278
  
• Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego and Notes, pp. 278-280
  
• City of Ladue v. Gilleo, pp. 280-283
  
• Note on Content Neutrality, pp. 283-286
  
• Notes and Police Department of Chicago v. Mosley, pp. 309-316

17. The Public Forum

• Note and Commonwealth v. Davis, pp. 286-287
  

• Hague v. CIO and Notes, pp. 287-288
  
• Schneider v. State and Notes, pp. 288-289
  
• Notes on Regulating the Public Forum, pp. 289-290
  
• Frisby v. Shultz, pp. 290-291
  
• Clark v. Committee for Creative Non-Violence, pp. 291
  
• Ward v. Rock Against Racism, pp. 291-292
  
• Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc., p. 292
  
• Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York, pp. 293-294
  
• Hill v. Colorado, Supp., pp. 179-180
  
• Cox v. New Hampshire and Notes, pp. 294-295
  
• Murdock v. Pennsylvania and Notes, pp. 295-296
  
• Balkin, Some Realism about Pluralism, Supp. pp. 95-105

18. Access to Government Property-- Nonpublic forums

• Note and Adderly v. Florida, pp. 296-299
  

• Greer v. Spock, pp.299-300
  
• Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness and Notes, pp. 300-301
  
• U.S. Postal Service v. Council of Greenburgh Civic Associations, p. 301
  
• Lehman v. City of Shaker Heights and notes, pp. 316-322
  
• City Council of Los Angeles v. Taxpayers for Vincent, p. 302
  
• United States v. Kokinda and Notes, pp. 302-303
  
• International Society for Krishna Consciousness v. Lee, pp. 303-306
  
• Perry Educators' Association v. Perry Local Educator's Association and Notes, pp. 322-324
  
• Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense & Educational Fund, pp. 324-325
  
• United States v. Kokinda, pp. 325-326
  
• Lambs Chapel v. Moriches Union Free School District, pp. 326-327
  
• Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of University of Virginia and Notes, pp. 327-330
  
• Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes, pp. 330-333

19. Speech on Private Property and Private Fora

• Note on Private Forums, pp. 306-309
  

• Amy Harmon, Worries about Big Brother at America Online, Supp., pp. 181-184
  
• AOL Terms of Service, Supp., pp. 185-187

20. Compelled Affirmation of Belief

• West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette, p. 433-434
  

• Wooley v. Maynard, pp. 434-435
  
• Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins, pp. 435-436
  
• Pacific Gas and Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Commission, p. 436-437
  
• Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston, pp. 437-438
  
• Elrod v. Burns, p. 438
  
• Abood v. Detroit Board of Education and Notes, pp. 438-442
  
• California Democratic Primary v. Jones, Supp., p. 188
  
• Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth, Supp., pp. 189-190

21. Freedom of Association

• NAACP v. Button and Notes, pp. 393-397
  

• Roberts v. U.S. Jaycees and Notes, pp. 397-400
  
• Boy Scouts of America v. Dale, Supp., pp. 191-196
  
• NAACP v. Alabama and Notes, pp. 442-444
  
• Talley v. California, p. 444
  
• McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission, pp. 444-445
  
• Buckley v. Valeo and Notes, pp. 445-447
  
• Shelton v. Tucker, pp. 447-448
  
• Konigsberg v. State Bar and Notes, pp. 448-450
  
• Cases and Notes on Legislative and Other Government Investigations, pp. 450-452
  
• Gibson v. Florida Legislative Investigative Committee and Notes, pp. 452-455
  
• Notes and Adler v. Board of Education, pp. 424-425
  
• Elfbrandt v. Russell and Notes, pp. 425-428

22. Freedom of the Press

• Notes and Branzburg v. Hayes, pp. 455-465
  

• Pell v. Procunier and Notes, pp. 465-466
  
• Houchins v. KQED and Notes, pp. 466-470
  
• Richmond Newspapers v. Virginia, pp. 470-474
  
• Globe Newspaper Co. v. Superior Court and Notes, pp. 474-476
  
• Notes and Minneapolis Star & Tribune Co. v. Minnesota Commissioner of Revenue, pp. 476-481.

Part IV-- The First Amendment in the Welfare State

23. Government Subsidies to Speech and Government Speech

• Spieser v. Randall, p. 427
  

• Regan v. Taxation with Representation and Notes, pp. 337-338
  
• Rust v. Sullivan and Notes, pp. 338-344
  
• Southeastern Promotions v. Conrad, pp. 333-335
  
• NEA v. Finley, pp. 344-348
  
• Post Subsidized Speech, Supp., pp.197-203
  
• Fiss, The Irony of Free Speech, Supp., pp. 204-215

24. Broadcast Regulation: Traditional Debates

• Miami Herald v. Tornillo and Notes, pp. 481-482
  

• Red Lion v. FCC and Notes, pp. 482-492
  
• Balkin, Populism and Progressivism as Constitutional Categories, Supp., pp. 216-244

25. Telecommunications Regulation: After Scarcity

• Turner Broadcasting System v. FCC (Turner I) and Notes, pp. 493-496
  

• Turner Broadcasting System v. FCC (Turner II), pp. 496-499
  
• Opinion of Breyer, J, in Turner II, Supp., pp. 245-247
  
• Denver Area Education Telecommunications Consortium v. FCC, pp. 236-240 (Review)
  
• Reno v. ACLU, pp. 230-236 (Review)

26. Campaign Finance

• Buckley v. Valeo and Notes, pp. 371-386
  

• First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti and Notes, pp. 386-388
  
• Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce and Notes, pp. 388-393
  
• Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC, Supp., p. 248

27. Speech in Educational Institutions

• Tinker v. Des Moines School District and Notes, pp. 403-406
  

• Board of Education v. Pico, pp. 335-337
  
• West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette, pp. 433-434 (review)
  
• Children's Internet Protection Act, Supp., p. 249
  
• Mainstream Loudon v. Board of Trustees of the Loudon County Library, Supp., pp. 250-274

28. Government Employment

• Notes and U.S. Civil Service Commission v. National Association of Letter Carriers, pp. 408-413
  

• United States v. National Treasury Employees Union, pp. 412-414
  
• Pickering v. Board of Education and Notes, pp. 414-420
  
• Elrod v. Burns and Notes, pp. 420-423
  
• Branti v. Finkel, p. 423-424
  
• Notes on Subversive Advocacy and Associations, pp. 424-428
  
• Snepp v. United States and Notes, pp. 428-433

Part V-- Religious Liberty

29. The Establishment Clause-- School Prayer, Public Displays and De Facto Establishments

• Everson v. Board of Education and Notes, pp. 507-517
  

• Note on General Approaches to the Religion Clauses, pp. 517-520
  
• Note on Defining Religion, pp. 520-523
  
• Lemon v. Kurtzman, p. 525
  
• Notes and Lee v. Wiseman, pp. 525-536
  
• Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe, Supp., p. 275
  
• Waltz v. Tax Commission and Notes, p. 1557-1559
  
• Lynch v. Donnelly and Notes, pp. 536- 543
  
• County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union and Notes, pp. 544-545 (note in particular Justice O'Connor's test of reasonableness)
  
• Capitol Square Review and Advisory Board v. Pinette, pp. 545-547
  
• McGowan v. Maryland and Notes, pp. 547-550
  
• Stone v. Graham, p. 551
  
• Engel v. Vitale, p 551
  
• School District of Abington Township v. Schempp. p. 551
  
• Wallace v. Jaffree, pp. 551-552
  
• Larson v. Valente and Notes, pp. 552-554
  
• Epperson v. Arkansas, p. 554-555
  
• Edwards v. Aguillard, pp. 555

30. Government Aid to Religious Institutions

• Notes and Muller v. Allen, pp. 556-562
  

• Agostini v. Felton and Notes, pp. 562-568
  
• Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind, p. 568
  
• Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District, pp. 568-569
  
• Rosenberger v. Rectors and Visitors of the University of Virginia, p. 569-570
  
• Bowen v. Kendrick and Notes, pp 570-572
  
• Mitchell v. Helms, Supp., pp. 276-286

31. Permissible Accommodations of Religion

• Corporation of Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. Amos and Notes, pp. 597-602
  

• Texas Monthly v. Bullock and Notes, pp. 603-604
  
• Board of Education of Kiryas Joel School District v. Grumet and Notes pp. 604-611

32. The Free Exercise Clause

• Note and Reynolds v. U.S. pp. 573-574
  

• Braunfeld v. Brown, pp. 574-575
  
• Sherbert v. Verner, pp. 575-576
  
• Note on Defining Religion, pp. 520-523
  
• Wisconsin v. Yoder and Notes, pp. 576-578
  
• United States v. Lee, p. 578
  
• Goldman v. Weinberger, pp. 579-579
  
• O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz, p. 580
  
• Bowen v. Roy, p. 580
  
• Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association, pp. 580-581
  
• Employment Division v. Smith and Notes, pp. 581-591
  
• Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah, pp. 591-592
  
• Religious Freedom Restoration Act, and City of Boerne v. Flores, pp. 592-593
  
• Notes on Religion as Expression, pp. 593-595

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