OUTLINE OF CULTURAL MATERIALS

By George P. Murdock et al.

FIFTH EDITION with modifications 2004

© Copyright 2004 HUMAN RELATIONS AREA FILES

New Haven, Connecticut, USA

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

A to Z Index Traditional Table of Contents

Click on the number for a complete description of the term

000MATERIAL NOT RELEVANT 100ORIENTATION 101IDENTIFICATION 102MAPS 103PLACE NAMES 104GLOSSARY 105CULTURAL SUMMARY 106CODED DATA 107DIAGNOSTIC MATERIAL ATTRIBUTES 110INFORMATION SOURCES 111CITATIONS OF DOCUMENTS IN THE HRAF COLLECTION 112ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 113INFORMATION SOURCES LISTED IN OTHER WORKS 114REVIEWS AND CRITIQUES 115INFORMANTS 116COMPLETE TEXTS OF HRAF DOCUMENTS 117FIELD DATA 118FICTION 119ARTIFACT AND ARCHIVE COLLECTIONS 120RESEARCH METHODS 121THEORETICAL ORIENTATION IN RESEARCH AND ITS RESULTS 1210ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION METHODS 1211DATING METHODS IN ARCHAEOLOGY 1212LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF MATERIALS OTHER THAN DATING METHODS IN ARCHAEOLOGY 1213COMPARATIVE DATA 122PRACTICAL PREPARATIONS IN CONDUCTING FIELDWORK 123OBSERVATIONAL ROLE IN RESEARCH 124INTERVIEWING IN RESEARCH 125TESTS AND SCHEDULES ADMINISTERED IN THE FIELD 126RECORDING AND COLLECTING IN THE FIELD 127HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL RESEARCH 128ORGANIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF RESEARCH 129ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY METHODS 130GEOGRAPHY 131LOCATION 132CLIMATE 133TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY 134SOIL 135MINERAL RESOURCES 136FAUNA 137FLORA 138POST DEPOSITIONAL PROCESSES IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES 140HUMAN BIOLOGY 141ANTHROPOMETRY 142DESCRIPTIVE SOMATOLOGY 143GENETICS 144RACIAL IDENTIFICATION 145ONTOGENETIC DATA 146NUTRITION 147PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA 150BEHAVIOR PROCESSES AND PERSONALITY 151SENSATION AND PERCEPTION 152DRIVES AND EMOTIONS 153MODIFICATION OF BEHAVIOR 154ADJUSTMENT PROCESSES 155PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT 156SOCIAL PERSONALITY 157PERSONALITY TRAITS 158PERSONALITY DISORDERS 159LIFE HISTORY MATERIALS 160DEMOGRAPHY 161POPULATION 162COMPOSITION OF POPULATION 163BIRTH STATISTICS 164MORBIDITY 165MORTALITY 166INTERNAL MIGRATION 167EXTERNAL MIGRATION 168POPULATION POLICY 170HISTORY AND CULTURE CHANGE 171COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE 1710CULTURAL REVITALIZATION AND ETHNOGENESIS 172PREHISTORY 173TRADITIONAL HISTORY 174HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION 175HISTORY 176INNOVATION 177ACCULTURATION AND CULTURE CONTACT 178SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS 179ECONOMIC PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT 180TOTAL CULTURE 181ETHOS 182FUNCTIONAL AND ADAPTATIONAL INTERPRETATIONS 183NORMS 184CULTURAL PARTICIPATION 185CULTURAL GOALS 186CULTURAL IDENTITY AND PRIDE 190LANGUAGE 191SPEECH 192VOCABULARY 193GRAMMAR 194PHONOLOGY 195SOCIOLINGUISTICS 196SEMANTICS 197LINGUISTIC IDENTIFICATION 198SPECIAL LANGUAGES 200COMMUNICATION 201GESTURES AND SIGNS 2010INTERNET COMMUNICATIONS 202TRANSMISSION OF MESSAGES 203DISSEMINATION OF NEWS AND INFORMATION 204PRESS 205MAIL 206TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH 207RADIO AND TELEVISION 208PUBLIC OPINION 209PROXEMICS 210RECORDS 211MNEMONIC DEVICES 212WRITING 213PRINTING 214PUBLISHING 215PHOTOGRAPHY 216SOUND RECORDS 217ARCHIVES 218WRITING AND PRINTING SUPPLIES 220FOOD QUEST 221ANNUAL CYCLE 222COLLECTING 223FOWLING 224HUNTING AND TRAPPING 225MARINE HUNTING 226FISHING 227FISHING GEAR 228MARINE INDUSTRIES 230ANIMAL HUSBANDRY 231DOMESTICATED ANIMALS 232APPLIED ANIMAL SCIENCE 233PASTORAL ACTIVITIES 234DAIRYING 235POULTRY RAISING 236WOOL PRODUCTION 237ANIMAL BY-PRODUCTS 240AGRICULTURE 241TILLAGE 242AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE 243CEREAL AGRICULTURE 244VEGETABLE PRODUCTION 245ARBORICULTURE 246FORAGE CROPS 247FLORICULTURE 248TEXTILE AGRICULTURE 249SPECIAL CROPS 250FOOD PROCESSING 251PRESERVATION AND STORAGE OF FOOD 252FOOD PREPARATION 253MEAT PACKING INDUSTRY 254REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY 255CANNING INDUSTRY 256CEREAL INDUSTRY 257CONFECTIONERY INDUSTRIES 258MISCELLANEOUS FOOD PROCESSING AND PACKING INDUSTRIES 260FOOD CONSUMPTION 261GRATIFICATION AND CONTROL OF HUNGER 262DIET 263CONDIMENTS 264EATING 265FOOD SERVICE INDUSTRIES 266CANNIBALISM 270DRINK AND DRUGS 271WATER AND THIRST 272NONALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES 273ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES 274BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES 275DRINKING ESTABLISHMENTS 276RECREATIONAL AND NON-THERAPEUTIC DRUGS 277TOBACCO INDUSTRY 278PHARMACEUTICALS 280LEATHER TEXTILES AND FABRICS 281WORK IN SKINS 282LEATHER INDUSTRY 283CORDAGE 284KNOTS AND LASHINGS 285MATS AND BASKETRY 286WOVEN FABRICS 287NONWOVEN FABRICS 288TEXTILE INDUSTRIES 289PAPER INDUSTRY 290CLOTHING 291NORMAL GARB 292SPECIAL GARMENTS 293PARAPHERNALIA 294CLOTHING MANUFACTURE 295SPECIAL CLOTHING INDUSTRIES 296GARMENT CARE 300ADORNMENT 301ORNAMENT 302TOILET 303MANUFACTURE OF TOILET ACCESSORIES 304BODY ALTERATIONS 305BEAUTY SPECIALISTS 306JEWELRY MANUFACTURE 310EXPLOITATIVE ACTIVITIES 311LAND USE 312WATER SUPPLY 313LUMBERING 314FOREST PRODUCTS 315OIL AND GAS WELLS 316MINING AND QUARRYING 317SPECIAL DEPOSITS 318ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 320PROCESSING OF BASIC MATERIALS 321BONE HORN AND SHELL TECHNOLOGY 322WOODWORKING 323CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY 324LITHIC INDUSTRIES 325METALLURGY 326SMITHS AND THEIR CRAFTS 327IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY 328NONFERROUS METAL INDUSTRIES 330BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION 331CONSTRUCTION 332EARTH MOVING 333MASONRY 334STRUCTURAL STEEL WORK 335CARPENTRY 336PLUMBING 337ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION 338MISCELLANEOUS BUILDING TRADES 339BUILDING SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES 340STRUCTURES 341ARCHITECTURE 342DWELLINGS 343OUTBUILDINGS 344PUBLIC STRUCTURES 345RECREATIONAL STRUCTURES 346RELIGIOUS AND EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURES 347BUSINESS STRUCTURES 348INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES 349MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES 350EQUIPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF STRUCTURES 351GROUNDS 352FURNITURE 353BUILDING INTERIORS AND ARRANGEMENT 354HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT 355MISCELLANEOUS BUILDING EQUIPMENT 356HOUSEKEEPING 357DOMESTIC SERVICE 358MAINTENANCE OF NON-DOMESTIC STRUCTURES 360SETTLEMENTS 361SETTLEMENT PATTERNS 362HOUSING 363STREETS AND TRAFFIC 364REFUSE DISPOSAL AND SANITARY FACILITIES 365PUBLIC UTILITIES 366COMMERCIAL FACILITIES 367PARKS 368MISCELLANEOUS FACILITIES 369URBAN AND RURAL LIFE 370ENERGY AND POWER 371POWER DEVELOPMENT 372FIRE 373LIGHT 374HEAT 375THERMAL POWER 376WATER POWER 377ELECTRIC POWER 378ATOMIC ENERGY 379MISCELLANEOUS POWER PRODUCTION 380CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES 381CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 382PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES 383RUBBER INDUSTRY 384SYNTHETICS INDUSTRY 385INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS 386PAINT AND DYE MANUFACTURE 387FERTILIZER INDUSTRY 388SOAP AND ALLIED PRODUCTS 389MANUFACTURE OF EXPLOSIVES 390CAPITAL GOODS INDUSTRIES 391HARDWARE MANUFACTURE 392MACHINE INDUSTRIES 393ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRY 394MANUFACTURE OF HEATING AND LIGHTING APPLIANCES 395MANUFACTURE OF OPTICAL AND PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT 396SHIPBUILDING 397RAILWAY EQUIPMENT INDUSTRY 398MANUFACTURE OF VEHICLES 399AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY 400MACHINES 401MECHANICS 402INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 403ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND APPLIANCES 404HOUSEHOLD MACHINES AND APPLIANCES 405WEIGHING MEASURING AND RECORDING MACHINES 406WEIGHT-MOVING MACHINERY 407AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY 408COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY 410TOOLS AND APPLIANCES 411WEAPONS 412GENERAL TOOLS 413SPECIAL TOOLS 414MISCELLANEOUS HARDWARE 415UTENSILS 416APPLIANCES 417APPARATUS 420PROPERTY 421PROPERTY SYSTEM 422PROPERTY IN MOVABLES 423REAL PROPERTY 424INCORPOREAL PROPERTY 425ACQUISITION AND RELINQUISHMENT OF PROPERTY 426BORROWING AND LENDING 427RENTING AND LEASING 428INHERITANCE 429ADMINISTRATION 430EXCHANGE 431GIFT GIVING 432BUYING AND SELLING 433PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY 434INCOME AND DEMAND 435PRICE AND VALUE 436MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE 437EXCHANGE TRANSACTIONS 438DOMESTIC TRADE 439FOREIGN TRADE 440MARKETING 441MERCANTILE BUSINESS 442WHOLESALE MARKETING 443RETAIL MARKETING 444RETAIL BUSINESSES 445SERVICE INDUSTRIES 446SALES PROMOTION 447ADVERTISING 450FINANCE 451ACCOUNTING 452CREDIT 453BANKING 454SAVING AND INVESTMENT 455SPECULATION 456INSURANCE 457FOREIGN EXCHANGE 458BUSINESS CYCLES 460LABOR 461LABOR AND LEISURE 462DIVISION OF LABOR BY GENDER 463OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION 464LABOR SUPPLY AND EMPLOYMENT 465WAGES AND SALARIES 466LABOR RELATIONS 467LABOR ORGANIZATION 468COLLECTIVE BARGAINING 470BUSINESS AND INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION 471OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF CAPITAL 472INDIVIDUAL ENTERPRISE 473CORPORATE ORGANIZATION 474COOPERATIVE ORGANIZATION 475STATE ENTERPRISE 476MUTUAL AID 477COMPETITION 480TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION 481LOCOMOTION 482BURDEN CARRYING 483WEIGHT MOVING 484TRAVEL 485TRAVEL SERVICES 486REGULATION OF TRAVEL 487ROUTES 488WAREHOUSING 489TRANSPORTATION 490LAND TRANSPORT 491HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES 492ANIMAL TRANSPORT 493VEHICLES 494HIGHWAY TRANSPORT 495AUXILIARY HIGHWAY SERVICES 496RAILWAYS 497RAIL TRANSPORT 498TERMINAL FACILITIES 499HIGHWAY AND RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION 500WATER AND AIR TRANSPORT 501BOATS 502NAVIGATION 503WATERWAYS IMPROVEMENTS 504PORT FACILITIES 505WATER TRANSPORT 506AIRCRAFT 507AVIATION 508AIRPORT FACILITIES 509AIR TRANSPORT 510LIVING STANDARDS AND ROUTINES 511STANDARD OF LIVING 512DAILY ROUTINE 513SLEEPING 514ELIMINATION 515PERSONAL HYGIENE 516POSTURES 517LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES 520RECREATION 521CONVERSATION 522HUMOR 523HOBBIES 524GAMES 525GAMBLING 526ATHLETIC SPORTS 527REST DAYS AND HOLIDAYS 528VACATIONS 529RECREATIONAL FACILITIES 530ARTS 531DECORATIVE ART 5310VERBAL ARTS 5311VISUAL ARTS 532REPRESENTATIVE ART 533MUSIC 534MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 535DANCE 536DRAMA 537ORATORY 538LITERATURE 539LITERARY TEXTS 540COMMERCIALIZED ENTERTAINMENT 541SPECTACLES 542COMMERCIALIZED SPORTS 543EXHIBITIONS 544PUBLIC LECTURES 545MUSICAL AND THEATRICAL PRODUCTIONS 546MOTION PICTURE INDUSTRY 547NIGHT CLUBS AND CABARETS 548ILLEGAL ENTERTAINMENT 549ART AND RECREATIONAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES 550INDIVIDUATION AND MOBILITY 551PERSONAL NAMES 552NAMES OF ANIMALS AND THINGS 553NAMING 554STATUS ROLE AND PRESTIGE 555TALENT MOBILITY 556ACCUMULATION OF WEALTH 557MANIPULATIVE MOBILITY 558DOWNWARD MOBILITY 560SOCIAL STRATIFICATION 561AGE STRATIFICATION 562GENDER STATUS 563ETHNIC STRATIFICATION 564CASTES 565CLASSES 566SERFDOM AND PEONAGE 567SLAVERY 570INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS 571SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND GROUPS 572FRIENDSHIPS 573CLIQUES 574VISITING AND HOSPITALITY 575SODALITIES 576ETIQUETTE 577ETHICS 578INGROUP ANTAGONISMS 579BRAWLS RIOTS AND BANDITRY 580MARRIAGE 581BASIS OF MARRIAGE 582REGULATION OF MARRIAGE 583MODE OF MARRIAGE 584ARRANGING A MARRIAGE 585NUPTIALS 586TERMINATION OF MARRIAGE 587SECONDARY MARRIAGES 588SPECIAL UNIONS AND MARRIAGES 589CELIBACY 590FAMILY 591RESIDENCE 592HOUSEHOLD 593FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS 594NUCLEAR FAMILY 595POLYGAMY 596EXTENDED FAMILIES 597ADOPTION 600KINSHIP 601KINSHIP TERMINOLOGY 602KIN RELATIONSHIPS 603GRANDPARENTS AND GRANDCHILDREN 604AVUNCULAR AND NEPOTIC RELATIVES 605COUSINS 606PARENTS-IN-LAW AND CHILDREN-IN-LAW 607SIBLINGS-IN-LAW 608ARTIFICIAL KIN RELATIONSHIPS 609BEHAVIOR TOWARD NON-RELATIVES 610KIN GROUPS 611RULE OF DESCENT 612KINDREDS AND RAMAGES 613LINEAGES 614SIBS 615PHRATRIES 616MOIETIES 617BILINEAR KIN GROUPS 618CLANS 619TRIBE AND NATION 620COMMUNITY 621COMMUNITY STRUCTURE 622COMMUNITY HEADS 623COUNCILS 624LOCAL OFFICIALS 625POLICE 626SOCIAL CONTROL 627INFORMAL IN-GROUP JUSTICE 628INTER-COMMUNITY RELATIONS 629INTER-ETHNIC RELATIONS 630TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION 631TERRITORIAL HIERARCHY 632TOWNS 633CITIES 634DISTRICTS 635PROVINCES 636DEPENDENCIES 640STATE 641CITIZENSHIP 642CONSTITUTION 643CHIEF EXECUTIVE 644EXECUTIVE HOUSEHOLD 645CABINET 646PARLIAMENT 647ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES 648INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 650GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES 651TAXATION AND PUBLIC INCOME 652PUBLIC FINANCE 653PUBLIC WORKS 654RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 655GOVERNMENT ENTERPRISES 656GOVERNMENT REGULATION 657PUBLIC WELFARE 658PUBLIC EDUCATION 659MISCELLANEOUS GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES 660POLITICAL BEHAVIOR 661EXPLOITATION 662POLITICAL INTRIGUE 663PUBLIC SERVICE 664PRESSURE POLITICS 665POLITICAL PARTIES 666ELECTIONS 667POLITICAL MACHINES 668POLITICAL MOVEMENTS 669REVOLUTION 670LAW 671LEGAL NORMS 672LIABILITY 673WRONGS 674CRIME 675CONTRACTS 676AGENCY 677ORGANIZED CRIME 680OFFENSES AND SANCTIONS 681SANCTIONS 682OFFENSES AGAINST LIFE 683OFFENSES AGAINST THE PERSON 684SEX AND MARITAL OFFENSES 685PROPERTY OFFENSES 686NONFULFILLMENT OF OBLIGATIONS 687OFFENSES AGAINST THE STATE 688RELIGIOUS OFFENSES 689SOCIAL OFFENSES 690JUSTICE 691LITIGATION 692JUDICIAL AUTHORITY 693LEGAL AND JUDICIAL PERSONNEL 694INITIATION OF JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS 695TRIAL PROCEDURE 696EXECUTION OF JUSTICE 697PRISONS AND JAILS 698SPECIAL COURTS 700ARMED FORCES 701MILITARY ORGANIZATION 702RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING 703DISCIPLINE AND MORALE 704GROUND COMBAT FORCES 705SUPPLY AND COMMISSARIAT 706NAVY 707AIR FORCES 708AUXILIARY CORPS 710MILITARY TECHNOLOGY 711MILITARY ENGINEERING 712MILITARY INSTALLATIONS 713ORDNANCE 714UNIFORM AND ACCOUTERMENT 715MILITARY VEHICLES 716NAVAL VESSELS 717MILITARY AIRCRAFT 718SPECIAL MILITARY EQUIPMENT 719MUNITIONS INDUSTRIES 720WAR 721INSTIGATION OF WAR 722WARTIME ADJUSTMENTS 723STRATEGY 724LOGISTICS 725TACTICS 726WARFARE 727AFTERMATH OF COMBAT 728PEACEMAKING 729WAR VETERANS 730SOCIAL PROBLEMS 731DISASTERS 732DISABILITIES 733ALCOHOLISM AND DRUG ADDICTION 734INVALIDISM 735POVERTY 736DEPENDENCY 737OLD AGE DEPENDENCY 738DELINQUENCY 740HEALTH AND WELFARE 741PHILANTHROPIC FOUNDATIONS 742MEDICAL RESEARCH 743HOSPITALS AND CLINICS 744PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION 745SOCIAL INSURANCE 746PUBLIC ASSISTANCE 747PRIVATE WELFARE AGENCIES 748SOCIAL WORK 750SICKNESS 751PREVENTIVE MEDICINE 752BODILY INJURIES 753THEORY OF DISEASE 754SORCERY 755MAGICAL AND MENTAL THERAPY 756SHAMANS AND PSYCHOTHERAPISTS 757MEDICAL THERAPY 758MEDICAL CARE 759MEDICAL PERSONNEL 760DEATH 761LIFE AND DEATH 762SUICIDE 763DYING 764BURIAL PRACTICES AND FUNERALS 765MOURNING 766SPECIAL BURIAL PRACTICES AND FUNERALS 767MORTUARY SPECIALISTS 768SOCIAL READJUSTMENTS TO DEATH 769CULT OF THE DEAD 770RELIGIOUS BELIEFS 771GENERAL CHARACTER OF RELIGION 772COSMOLOGY 773MYTHOLOGY 774ANIMISM 775ESCHATOLOGY 776SPIRITS AND GODS 777LUCK AND CHANCE 778SACRED OBJECTS AND PLACES 779THEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 780RELIGIOUS PRACTICES 781RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE 782PRAYERS AND SACRIFICES 783PURIFICATION AND ATONEMENT 784AVOIDANCE AND TABOO 785ASCETICISM 786ECSTATIC RELIGIOUS PRACTICES 787REVELATION AND DIVINATION 788RITUAL 789MAGIC 790ECCLESIASTICAL ORGANIZATION 791MAGICIANS AND DIVINERS 792PROPHETS AND ASCETICS 793PRIESTHOOD 794CONGREGATIONS 795RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS 796ORGANIZED CEREMONIAL 797MISSIONS 798RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE 800NUMBERS AND MEASURES 801NUMEROLOGY 802NUMERATION 803MATHEMATICS 804WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 805ORDERING OF TIME 810SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES 811LOGIC 812PHILOSOPHY 813SCIENTIFIC METHOD 814HUMANISTIC STUDIES 815SCIENCE 816APPLIED SCIENCE 820IDEAS ABOUT NATURE AND PEOPLE 821ETHNOMETEOROLOGY 822ETHNOPHYSICS 823ETHNOGEOGRAPHY 824ETHNOBOTANY 825ETHNOZOOLOGY 826ETHNOANATOMY 827ETHNOPHYSIOLOGY 828ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY 829ETHNOSOCIOLOGY 830SEX 831SEXUALITY 832SEXUAL STIMULATION 833SEXUAL INTERCOURSE 834GENERAL SEX RESTRICTIONS 835KINSHIP REGULATION OF SEX 836PREMARITAL SEX RELATIONS 837EXTRAMARITAL SEX RELATIONS 838HOMOSEXUALITY 839MISCELLANEOUS SEX BEHAVIOR 840REPRODUCTION 841MENSTRUATION 842CONCEPTION 843PREGNANCY 844CHILDBIRTH 845DIFFICULT AND UNUSUAL BIRTHS 846POSTNATAL CARE 847ABORTION AND INFANTICIDE 848ILLEGITIMACY 850INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD 851SOCIAL PLACEMENT 852CEREMONIAL DURING INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD 853INFANT FEEDING 854INFANT CARE 855CHILD CARE 856DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION 857CHILDHOOD ACTIVITIES 858STATUS OF CHILDREN 860SOCIALIZATION 861TECHNIQUES OF SOCIALIZATION 862WEANING AND FOOD TRAINING 863CLEANLINESS TRAINING 864SEX TRAINING 865AGGRESSION TRAINING 866INDEPENDENCE TRAINING 867TRANSMISSION OF CULTURAL NORMS 868TRANSMISSION OF SKILLS 869TRANSMISSION OF BELIEFS 870EDUCATION 871EDUCATION SYSTEM 872ELEMENTARY EDUCATION 873LIBERAL ARTS EDUCATION 874VOCATIONAL EDUCATION 875TEACHERS 876EDUCATIONAL THEORY AND METHODS 877STUDENTS 880ADOLESCENCE ADULTHOOD AND OLD AGE 881PUBERTY AND INITIATION 882STATUS OF ADOLESCENTS 883ADOLESCENT ACTIVITIES 884MAJORITY 885ADULTHOOD 886SENESCENCE 887ACTIVITIES OF THE AGED 888STATUS AND TREATMENT OF THE AGED 890GENDER ROLES AND ISSUES 900TEXTS 901TEXTS IN THE SPEAKER'S LANGUAGE 902TEXTS TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH 903INTERLINEAR TRANSLATIONS 910ARCHAEOLOGICAL MEASURES, TECHNIQUES, AND ANALYSES 911CHRONOLOGIES AND CULTURE SEQUENCES 912CULTURAL STRATIGRAPHY 913FUNCTIONAL SPECIALIZATION AREAS 914TYPOLOGIES AND CLASSIFICATIONS 915ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORIES 000 MATERIAL NOT RELEVANT This category is used to index text that, for several possible reasons, is not relevant. Reasons for indexing text with 000 include: the text is about a culture or tradition different from the one that this HRAF file focuses on; the text is not about cultural information but rather is on something pertaining to the document, such as, it is a table of contents, it is the author statement on the title page, etc. ; the text consists of conjectures, personal data not relevant to the culture, etc. Descriptor and Scope Note revised April 2002. 100 ORIENTATIONInformation especially likely to be needed by users of a file as a frame of reference for understanding the materials classified elsewhere; organization of the file, special indexing decisions, and evaluation of the file. This category is not used in eHRAF. In eHRAF, the information is contained in a brief introduction to the file, "Cultural summary: ..." 101 IDENTIFICATION Brief overview or description of the society, ethnic group, tradition, or archaeological site and information on its location in time and space; name of the society, ethnic group, or prehistoric tradition; alternatives names bestowed by selves and others; meanings of names; location of group with reference to comparable and larger groups; names given by selves to other groups; affiliation with a culture area or subarea; period as of which the culture is described, and its relationship to other time periods; local and temporal subdivisions employed in the classification of data; specification of date and locale of field study and review of archaeological sites in the tradition; location of the archaeological site that is the focus of research; etc. Description updated in 2000. Location 131 LOCATION Cultural distributions 171 COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE Linguistic relationships 197 LINGUISTIC IDENTIFICATION Cultural identity 186 CULTURAL IDENTITY AND PRIDE Intracultural differences 184 CULTURAL PARTICIPATION Tribalism, nationalism 619 TRIBE AND NATION Author's experience in the field 114 REVIEWS AND CRITIQUES Territorial organization 630 Ethnic stratification 563 ETHNIC STRATIFICATION 102 MAPS Reproductions of all maps, plans, floor plans, or other graphical representations of space in general and especially in specific archaeological sites and sections within archaeological sites. Specific maps will also be found under the appropriate descriptive category. Description updated in 2000. Route maps and charts 487 ROUTES Recording profile and floor drawings in the field 126 RECORDING AND COLLECTING IN THE FIELD Descriptive geographical data 130 Settlement patterns 361 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS 103 PLACE NAMES Lists of the names of settlements, archaeological sites, and geographical features; etymologies of place names; historical and cultural connotations; bestowal of place names; etc. Personal names 551 PERSONAL NAMES Territorial divisions 631 TERRITORIAL HIERARCHY Ethnogeography 823 ETHNOGEOGRAPHY Settlements 360 Vocabulary 192 VOCABULARY 104 GLOSSARY Definitions of native terms of frequently used in the sources; orthographies and transliteration systems. Word lists and vocabulary 192 VOCABULARY 105 CULTURAL SUMMARY Descriptive synopsis of the whole culture (as a background for specific information); references to summaries in other works. Ethos 181 ETHOS Cultural history 170 106 CODED DATA The concise, quantitative and/or qualitative expression or interpretation of cultural, social, ecological or other variables relating to human behavior; the data are classified into pre-conceived categories represented by number and/or letter codes. Common reasons for presenting data in coded form are to facilitate statistical analyses and/or cross-cultural comparisons. 107 DIAGNOSTIC MATERIAL ATTRIBUTES Artifactual or other material attributes that uniquely identify the society, cultural group, or archaeological tradition. This category was introduced in 1997. Ceramic technology 323 CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY Typology and classification 914 TYPOLOGIES AND CLASSIFICATIONS Lithic technology 324 LITHIC INDUSTRIES Prehistory 172 PREHISTORY 110 INFORMATION SOURCES Sources of information on the particular society as defined and described in the Outline of World Cultures, and data relevant to their evaluation. This category was called "BIBLIOGRAPHY" until 1997. 111 CITATIONS OF DOCUMENTS IN THE HRAF COLLECTION Full bibliographical citations to all documents included, with a brief abstract of each. Documents are numbered. This category is relevant only to the microfiche and paper collections. The bibliographical citations in the eHRAF collections precede the documents to which they pertain and the citations can be searched and retrieved in. In eHRAF, the bibliographical citations are called "citation", not 111. All citations for each culture can be retrieved as a group. The method of retrieval depends on the medium you are using. This category does not appear in the electronic version of HRAF as a searchable OCM category. Instead, in the electronic version a full citation precedes each document. This category was called "SOURCES PROCESSED" until 1997. 112 ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY HRAF compiled bibliographical citations, some annotated, to documents reviewed but not included in the HRAF collection. This category was called "SOURCES CONSULTED" until 1997. 113 INFORMATION SOURCES LISTED IN OTHER WORKS Works referred to in the documents included in the HRAF collections. This term replaced the term "ADDITIONAL REFERENCES" in 1997. In addition, in 1997 a category on artifact and archive collections was introduced. For information on artifact and archive collections indexed before 1997, use this category. For information on artifact and archive collections indexed after 1997, use category 119. 114 REVIEWS AND CRITIQUES Reviews by other authors; critiques of other sources of information; author's comments about his or her other publications; information about authors, other research and field personnel and their backgrounds; general statements on prior field experience; etc. This category was titled "COMMENTS" until 1997. Date and locale of fieldwork 101 IDENTIFICATION Research methods 120 115 INFORMANTS Identification and characterization of persons serving as sources of information. Use of informants and interpreters in field work 124 INTERVIEWING IN RESEARCH Life histories 159 LIFE HISTORY MATERIALS 116 COMPLETE TEXTS OF HRAF DOCUMENTS This category is used for the paper and microfiche files as a repository for complete texts, in page number order, of the documents included in the file. This category is not used in HRAF's electronic collections. Texts (1997 and after) 900 Texts (before 1997) 539 LITERARY TEXTS 117 FIELD DATA Data on journals, diaries, artifacts, field specimens, etc. kept or collected in the field, unorganized field notes, and information on deposition of these materials. Historical and archival research 127 HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL RESEARCH Recording and collecting in the field 126 RECORDING AND COLLECTING IN THE FIELD 118 FICTION References to works of fiction about the culture by non-native authors. Fiction about the culture by native authors (1997 and after) 5310 VERBAL ARTS Fiction about the culture by native authors (before 1997) 538 LITERATURE 119 ARTIFACT AND ARCHIVE COLLECTIONS Information on artifact and archive collections including the location of museums, private collections, and archives housing significant collections of materials on the culture, ethnic group, or prehistoric tradition that is the subject of the file. This category was introduced in 1997. Information on artifact and archive collections indexed before 1997 113 INFORMATION SOURCES LISTED IN OTHER WORKS Prehistory 172 PREHISTORY Visual arts 5311 VISUAL ARTS 120 RESEARCH METHODS These subject headings are used to index descriptions and discussions of methods used by ethnographers, archaeologists, and others. Category 120 includes general statements about factors affecting the consistency, reliability, and validity of the data obtained. For information on specific factors regarding reliability, consistency, and validity in the use of specific techniques or methods use the appropriate categories. This term replaced "METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH" in 2000. 121 THEORETICAL ORIENTATION IN RESEARCH AND ITS RESULTS Research aims and objectives (e.g., complete ethnographic description, study of a particular institution or culture complex, testing of a theoretical hypothesis); general theoretical approach (e.g., historical, functional, psychological); formulation of research program; reasons for choice of particular field site or archaeological site; theoretical results; etc. Research strategy employed (e.g., ethnographic, survey, excavation, museographic, ethnoarcheological investigation), etc. This term replaced "THEORETICAL ORIENTATION" in 1997. The description was updated in 2000. 122 PRACTICAL PREPARATIONS IN CONDUCTING FIELDWORK Source(s) of financial support (expedition expenses, cost of publishing results, etc.); selection and assembly of equipment; coping with problems of transportation and bureaucratic red tape; familiarization with previous descriptive literature; learning language; living conditions in the field; etc. This term replaced "PRACTICAL PREPARATIONS" in 1997. 123 OBSERVATIONAL ROLE IN RESEARCH Techniques for establishing rapport; assumption or ascription of a status in the community; methods of altering the observer's status; adoption of the technique of participant observation; degree of participation in community life actually achieved; effect of the observer's presence on the life of the community; effects of the gender of the observer; observer's reflections on her or his feelings, attitudes, or intellectual development inspired by fieldwork; etc. This term replaced "OBSERVATIONAL ROLE" in 1997. Gender roles and issues 890 GENDER ROLES AND ISSUES 124 INTERVIEWING IN RESEARCH Methods of selecting informants or subjects (e.g., sampling); use of native language; use and selection of interpreters; methods of checking and rewarding informants and interpreters; group interviewing; methods of interviewing (e.g., question and answer, nondirective, use of topical outlines); special techniques (e.g., life history, genealogical, event centered, oral history); use of documents prepared by informants; etc. This term replaced "INTERVIEWING" in 1997. Informants 115 INFORMANTS 125 TESTS AND SCHEDULES ADMINISTERED IN THE FIELD Description of tests used (e.g., intelligence, projective); schedules and questionnaires employed (e.g., preparation, pretesting); administration of tests, schedules, and questionnaires; sampling techniques; methods of scoring; use of control groups; special experiments; census-taking by author; blood-typing; etc. This term replaced "TESTS AND SCHEDULES" in 1997. Results of personality tests 159 LIFE HISTORY MATERIALS Results of tests of sensation and perception 151 SENSATION AND PERCEPTION Results of blood-typing tests 143 GENETICS Results of personality tests 157 PERSONALITY TRAITS Results of aptitude and intelligence tests 153 MODIFICATION OF BEHAVIOR 126 RECORDING AND COLLECTING IN THE FIELD Methods of note taking (e.g., verbatim, post-interview summaries); taking of native texts; use of diaries and journals; utilization of sound and photographic equipment; preparation of sketches, charts, and maps; collection of artifacts and field specimens; etc.; archaeological data recording methods (e.g., daily records, unit records, locus records, lot records, stratigraphic methods, feature records); collection of artifacts, ecofacts, and features, etc. This term replaced "RECORDING AND COLLECTING" in 1997. Artifact and archive collections 119 ARTIFACT AND ARCHIVE COLLECTIONS Field data 117 FIELD DATA 127 HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL RESEARCH Extent to which field research was supplemented or replaced by the use of records; types of records utilized (e.g., archives, archaeological remains, unpublished documents, museum collections, census data, literary sources, earlier published materials); techniques of analysis and criticism applied in assessing source materials; etc. This term replaced "HISTORICAL RESEARCH" in 1997. Prehistory 172 PREHISTORY Field data 117 FIELD DATA Artifact and archive collections 119 ARTIFACT AND ARCHIVE COLLECTIONS Oral history techniques 124 INTERVIEWING IN RESEARCH History 170 128 ORGANIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF RESEARCH Identification of material; methods of processing raw data (e.g., analysis, classification, quantification); special techniques of analysis (e.g., phonemic, sociometric); preparation of tables and graphs; methods of determining consistency, reliability, and validity of results (e.g., statistical, use of ratings and scales); organization of materials for presentation in published form: author's discussion of her or his organization of the source; data classification methods used including information on developing systems for the formal description and classification of archaeological and material culture data; archaeological reconstruction and other laboratory (except for scientific analysis) activities such as cleaning, cataloging, etc. of artifacts and other remains; artifact reconstruction; general discussion of how inferences about cultural behavior are drawn from the archaeological record, etc.; methods of quantification used in analyzing archaeological materials such as composition analysis (e.g., histograms, diagrams, scalograms, and dendrograms), spatial distribution (e.g., cartography), factor analysis, multiple regression, etc. This term replaced "ORGANIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS" in 1997. Description was updated in 2000. Research aims 121 THEORETICAL ORIENTATION IN RESEARCH AND ITS RESULTS Orthographies and transliteration systems 104 GLOSSARY Field data 117 FIELD DATA Typologies and classifications 914 TYPOLOGIES AND CLASSIFICATIONS 129 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY METHODS This category is used to index statements on archaeological survey methods such as thermography, electricity, magnetism, radio waves, etc.; sampling techniques; methods of determining site location, extent, occupation periods, etc. Use of non-invasive techniques such as remote sensing, aerial imaging, etc. This term was introduced in 1997. 1210 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION METHODS This category is used to index statements on archaeological excavation methods (e.g., Wheeler-Kenyon method, block method); what type of tools were used during excavation; whether strata were excavated in natural or arbitrary levels; whether the soil was screened, and if so, what size mesh was used; whether soil samples were taken for specialized analysis, etc. This term was introduced in 1997. The description was rewritten completely in 2000. Cultural stratigraphy 912 CULTURAL STRATIGRAPHY Profile drawings, and other drawings of a unit, trench, strata, etc. 102 MAPS 1211 DATING METHODS IN ARCHAEOLOGY Statements about how an archaeological site, unit, stratum, or non-artifactual constituent, etc. was dated and what methods were used (absolute versus relative dating, Carbon-14, thermoluminescence, archaeomagnetism, obsidian hydration, etc.), This category is used to index discussions about what was used for the sample (that is, what was dated), how the sample was extracted in the field, where the sample was processed, and how the sample was processed. This term was introduced in 1997. The description was rewritten completely in 2000. 1212 LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF MATERIALS OTHER THAN DATING METHODS IN ARCHAEOLOGY Descriptions of archaeological laboratory methods including physiochemical analysis methods in archaeology such as X-ray spectrometry, neutron activation of trace elements, mineralogy, and palynology; how and where the artifacts and non-artifactual constituents were processed once they were excavated; techniques and equipment used; problems encountered, etc. This category includes descriptions of methods used to analyze faunal and floral remains for archaeological and non-archaeological purposes (e.g., analysis of plants for their pharmacological properties, shellfish analysis, laboratory analyses for ethnographic studies not found elsewhere, etc. This term was introduced in 1997. The description was rewritten completely in 2000. 1213 COMPARATIVE DATA Used to index descriptions of experimental archaeology, ethnoarchaeology, or any other technique that includes reconstruction or observation of technologies or activities of peoples of the past or present (e.g., skinning a deer with stone tools, making stone tools or weapons), etc. Introduced in 2000. Special experiments in the field 125 TESTS AND SCHEDULES ADMINISTERED IN THE FIELD Reconstruction of artifacts 128 ORGANIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF RESEARCH Archaeological site reconstruction 174 HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION Participation of the author in an ethnic culture 123 OBSERVATIONAL ROLE IN RESEARCH 130 GEOGRAPHY This category is used to index descriptions and analyses of the archaeological or present environment, including observations about change over time in the environment. Ideas about natural phenomena 820 131 LOCATION Information on the location of the culture or archaeological tradition including latitude and longitude; position in relation to land and sea (e.g., insular, coastal, interior); area and extent of territory occupied, accessibility by land and sea routes; boundaries; etc. Location of group in relation to others 101 IDENTIFICATION Maps 102 MAPS Territorial organization 630 132 CLIMATE Information on the type of climate; seasons (e.g., number, dates, character); temperature (e.g., annual mean, extreme range, daily and seasonal variations); precipitation (e.g., mean annual rainfall, seasonal distribution, snowfall); humidity; frosts; winds (e g., prevailing winds, cyclonic storms); etc. Occurrence of significant climatic changes, fluctuations, etc. Beliefs about heat and cold 374 HEAT Meteorological research and weather stations 654 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Occurrence and impact on society of devastating storms 731 DISASTERS Ethnometeorology 821 ETHNOMETEOROLOGY 133 TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY Information on topography and geology such as altitude above sea level; relief (e.g., hills, mountains. plateaus, passes); bodies of water (e.g., lakes, rivers, arms of the sea, swamps); subsurface water; character of seacoast and adjacent marine floor; tides and currents floods; areas of volcanic and seismic activity; etc. Ethnogeography 823 ETHNOGEOGRAPHY Occurrence and impact of seismic and volcanic disasters 731 DISASTERS Water supply 312 WATER SUPPLY Routes 487 ROUTES Land transport 490 Water transport 500 134 SOIL General information on physical and chemical characteristics of the soil and changes over time as reflected in the soil; erosion; soil types and soil fertility; area susceptible of cultivation (e.g., by local methods, by modern scientific methods); etc. Stratigraphic changes based on human activity 912 CULTURAL STRATIGRAPHY Soil science 242 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE Land use 311 LAND USE 135 MINERAL RESOURCES General information on the availability or significant lack of mineral deposits (e.g., metals, stone, coal, petroleum, clay, salt); quantity, quality, and distribution of minerals; etc. Metallurgy 325 METALLURGY Petroleum and coal products industries 382 PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES Exploitation of mineral resources 316 Salt manufacture 258 MISCELLANEOUS FOOD PROCESSING AND PACKING INDUSTRIES 136 FAUNA Information on the principal native species, especially mammals, reptiles, birds, fish and shellfish, insects, and micro-fauna including in the paleoenvironment; historical changes (e.g., introduced species); general statements about faunal remains in archaeological reports; etc. Description updated in 2000. Ethnozoology 825 ETHNOZOOLOGY Hunting, fowling, and fishing 220 Animal husbandry 230 137 FLORA Information on the general type of flora (e.g., jungle, equatorial forest, tropical scrub, savanna, desert, steppe, prairie, deciduous forest, coniferous forest, tundra); types of wood; important species of land and marine flora including in the paleoenvironment; historical changes (e.g., introduced species); micro-flora; general statements about botanical remains in archaeological reports; etc. Description updated in 2000. Ethnobotany 824 ETHNOBOTANY Collecting of edible plants 222 COLLECTING Cultivated plants 240 Cultivated plants 241 TILLAGE 138 POST DEPOSITIONAL PROCESSES IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES Discussions of how an archaeological site, its cultural strata, and its artifacts and non-artifactual constituents were affected by the natural and cultural environment after being deposited and before being excavated. These processes include erosion, floods, animal use of the site such as pack rat middens or animal burrows, taphonomic processes not discussed elsewhere, looting of the site, human disturbances of the site and its artifacts, and differential preservation of artifacts and non-artifactual constituents. This term was introduced in 1997. The description was updated in 2000. 140 HUMAN BIOLOGY General statements dealing with several types of scientific biological data about the members of the society. Occurrence and distribution of biological characteristics will be included in the narrower terms of this category. Popular beliefs about the human organism 820 141 ANTHROPOMETRY Mean, range, and sex distribution of physical measurements (e.g., stature, weight, span, length of limbs); indices (e.g., cephalic, nasal); metric and non-metric traits; etc. Postures 516 POSTURES Conception of ideal bodily proportions 826 ETHNOANATOMY 142 DESCRIPTIVE SOMATOLOGY Color of skin, hair, and eyes; form, length, and distribution of hair; musculature; secondary sexual characteristics; physical descriptions; etc. 143 GENETICS Information on genetic characteristics of the population (e.g., blood groups; incidence of sex-linked characteristics (e.g., color blindness, hemophilia); other data of specific genetic significance; indicated affiliation with other extinct or extant populations; etc. Notions about heredity 827 ETHNOPHYSIOLOGY 144 RACIAL IDENTIFICATION Statements about affiliation with races and subraces; supporting evidence; extent of race mixture; etc. Distribution of ethnic groups 162 COMPOSITION OF POPULATION Ideas about race 829 ETHNOSOCIOLOGY Ethnic stratification and status of racial hybrids 563 ETHNIC STRATIFICATION 145 ONTOGENETIC DATA Data relating to physical growth and mental development during infancy and childhood; eruption of teeth; age at puberty for each sex; age at menopause and onset of senile impotence; characteristics of menstruation and menopause; physical senescence; etc. Adolescence, adulthood and old age 880 Development and maturation during infancy and childhood 856 DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION Menstruation 841 MENSTRUATION 146 NUTRITION Information on nutrition including evidence of malnutrition and/or dietary deficiencies; adequacy of the diet of subgroups and of the population as a whole; chemical analyses of native foods; etc. Customary diets 262 DIET Infant feeding 853 INFANT FEEDING Morbidity 164 MORBIDITY Research in nutrition 742 MEDICAL RESEARCH 147 PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA Information on physiological systems and their functions (e.g., cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, nervous, endocrine); metabolism; salt and water balance; indications of physiological stamina e.g., strength and endurance); characteristic body odor; etc. Sexual behavior 830 Drives and emotions 152 DRIVES AND EMOTIONS Sensation and perception 151 SENSATION AND PERCEPTION Physical deformities 732 DISABILITIES Occurrence of genetic traits 143 GENETICS Native ideas about physiology 827 ETHNOPHYSIOLOGY Menstruation 841 MENSTRUATION Incidence of disease 164 MORBIDITY 150 BEHAVIOR PROCESSES AND PERSONALITY This category contains general statements dealing with several distinct types of mechanisms and manifestations of individual behavior and personality as these appear to the observer and the scientist. Education 870 Laypersons' ideas about behavior and personality 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY Socialization 560 151 SENSATION AND PERCEPTION This category includes information on acuity of vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch (e.g., uncontrolled observations, reports of tests); evidence on sensory discrimination and perception (e.g., form configurations, color perception, optical illusions, tone discrimination); data on the cultural patterning of perception; etc. Information on blindness, deafness, paralysis, and other disabilities 732 DISABILITIES Use of perfumes 302 TOILET Visual arts 5311 VISUAL ARTS Painting and sculpture 532 REPRESENTATIVE ART Optical instruments 416 APPLIANCES Rhythm in dancing 535 DANCE Decorative arts 531 DECORATIVE ART Musical appreciation 533 MUSIC Ideas about form, color, and sound 822 ETHNOPHYSICS Food preferences 262 DIET Ideas about heat and cold perception 374 HEAT Standards of sensory apprehension 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY 152 DRIVES AND EMOTIONS Information on the nature and intensity of basic impulses or drives (e.g., hunger, thirst, need for oxygen, sex, urination, defecation, pain, heat and cold discomfort, fatigue); information pertaining to the Data on the incidence and quality of derived drives and emotions (e.g., aggression, anger, hate, jealousy, fear, anxiety, depression, grief, disgust, homesickness, love, sympathy, elation, excitement, mirth, curiosity, greed, ambition, vanity, inferiority); expression and control of emotions (e.g., stoicism); etc. Emotional reactions in religion 781 RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE Expressions of emotions through gestures 201 GESTURES AND SIGNS Recreation 520 Sleep and elimination 510 Hunger 261 GRATIFICATION AND CONTROL OF HUNGER Behavior under the influence of drugs 276 RECREATIONAL AND NON-THERAPEUTIC DRUGS Profanity 195 SOCIOLINGUISTICS Ornament and body alteration 300 Sexuality 831 SEXUALITY Socialization of impulses 860 Thirst and narcotic cravings 270 Recurrent personality traits 157 PERSONALITY TRAITS Labor and leisure 461 LABOR AND LEISURE Motives for waging war 721 INSTIGATION OF WAR Thirst 271 WATER AND THIRST Expressions of antagonism 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS Leisure time activities 517 LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES Legal offenses 680 153 MODIFICATION OF BEHAVIOR Specific information concerning the mechanisms of conditioning and habit formation (e.g., conditioned and unconditional stimuli; configurations, response hierarchy, random behavior, positive and negative reinforcement, generalization, discrimination, anticipation); data on types of problem solution (e.g., trial and error, insight or intelligence, imitation); evidence as to special mechanisms in verbal or symbolic learning; results of aptitude and intelligence tests; data bearing upon conscious mental processes (e.g., memory, judgment, reasoning, conation, reactions in emergencies); etc. Attitudes 208 PUBLIC OPINION Ethnopsychology 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY Culture change 170 Logic 811 LOGIC Techniques of socialization 861 TECHNIQUES OF SOCIALIZATION Educational methods 876 EDUCATIONAL THEORY AND METHODS Social control, as a means of enforcing behavior 626 SOCIAL CONTROL 154 ADJUSTMENT PROCESSES Information on the incidence, nature and cultural patterning of unconscious mental processes (e.g., free association, dreaming, fantasy, visions, inspiration, intuition); modes of resolving situations involving conflict, frustration, and anxiety; observations and inferences concerning adjustment mechanisms (e.g., repression, regression, displacement, projection, introjection, identification); etc. Vision quests 787 REVELATION AND DIVINATION Dream interpretation 755 MAGICAL AND MENTAL THERAPY Rationalization 811 LOGIC In-group antagonisms 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS Sorcery 754 SORCERY 155 PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Evidences and inferenc