OUTLINE OF CULTURAL MATERIALS

By George P. Murdock et al.

FIFTH EDITION with modifications 2004

New Haven, Connecticut, USA

GENERAL TOPICS

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A to Z Index Basic Information History, Prehistory, and Culture Change Language and Communication Economy, Food, and Resource Exploitation Technology and Material Culture Marriage, Family, Kinship, and Social Organization Social Relationships Life Cycle Sexuality and Reproduction Political Organization and Behavior Justice, Law, and Social Problems International and Interethnic Relations Religion Health, Illness, Medicine, and Death Education and Knowledge Arts Recreation Information Sources and Research Basic Information ORIENTATION100 GEOGRAPHY130 HUMAN BIOLOGY140 DEMOGRAPHY160 LANGUAGE190 SETTLEMENTS360 LIVING STANDARDS AND ROUTINES510 History, Prehistory, and Culture Change HISTORY AND CULTURE CHANGE170 TOTAL CULTURE180 SETTLEMENTS360 ARCHAEOLOGICAL MEASURES, TECHNIQUES, AND ANALYSES910 Language and Communication LANGUAGE190 COMMUNICATION200 RECORDS210 TEXTS900 Economy, Food, and Resource Exploitation GEOGRAPHY130 FOOD QUEST220 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY230 AGRICULTURE240 FOOD PROCESSING250 FOOD CONSUMPTION260 DRINK AND DRUGS270 EXPLOITATIVE ACTIVITIES310 PROPERTY420 EXCHANGE430 MARKETING440 FINANCE450 LABOR460 BUSINESS AND INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION470 LIVING STANDARDS AND ROUTINES510 Technology and Material Culture COMMUNICATION200 LEATHER, TEXTILES, AND FABRICS280 CLOTHING290 ADORNMENT300 PROCESSING OF BASIC MATERIALS320 BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION330 STRUCTURES340 EQUIPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF BUILDINGS350 ENERGY AND POWER370 CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES380 CAPITAL GOODS INDUSTRIES390 MACHINES400 TOOLS AND APPLIANCES410 TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION480 LAND TRANSPORT490 WATER AND AIR TRANSPORT500 ARTS530 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY710 Marriage, Family, Kinship, and Social Organization MARRIAGE580 FAMILY590 KINSHIP600 KIN GROUPS610 INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD850 SOCIALIZATION860 Social Relationships INDIVIDUATION AND MOBILITY550 SOCIAL STRATIFICATION560 INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS570 FAMILY590 KINSHIP600 GENDER ROLES AND ISSUES890 Life Cycle BEHAVIOR PROCESSES AND PERSONALITY150 INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD850 ADOLESCENCE, ADULTHOOD, AND OLD AGE880 Sexuality and Reproduction SEX830 REPRODUCTION840 Political Organization and Behavior COMMUNITY620 TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION630 STATE640 GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES650 POLITICAL BEHAVIOR660 Justice, Law, and Social Problems LAW670 OFFENSES AND SANCTIONS680 JUSTICE690 SOCIAL PROBLEMS730 International and Interethnic Relations HISTORY AND CULTURE CHANGE170 STATE640 ARMED FORCES700 WAR720 Religion RELIGIOUS BELIEFS770 RELIGIOUS PRACTICES780 ECCLESIASTICAL ORGANIZATION790 Health, Illness, Medicine, and Death SOCIAL PROBLEMS730 HEALTH AND WELFARE740 SICKNESS750 DEATH760 Education and Knowledge NUMBERS AND MEASURES800 SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES810 IDEAS ABOUT NATURE AND PEOPLE820 SOCIALIZATION860 EDUCATION870 TEXTS900 Arts ADORNMENT300 ARTS530 Recreation RECREATION520 COMMERCIALIZED ENTERTAINMENT540 Information Sources and Research INFORMATION SOURCES110 RESEARCH METHODS120 000 MATERIAL NOT RELEVANT This category is used to index text that, for several possible reasons, is not relevant. Reasons for indexing a category with 000 include: the text is about a culture or tradition different from the one that this HRAF file focuses on; the text is not about cultural information but rather is on something pertaining to the document, such as, it is a table of contents, it is the author statement on the title page, etc. ; the text consists of conjectures, personal data not relevant to the culture, etc. Descriptor and Scope Note revised April 2002. 100 ORIENTATIONInformation especially likely to be needed by users of a file as a frame of reference for understanding the materials classified elsewhere; organization of the file, special indexing decisions, and evaluation of the file. This category is not used in eHRAF. In eHRAF, the information is contained in a brief introduction to the file, "Cultural summary: ..." 101 IDENTIFICATION Brief overview or description of the society, ethnic group, tradition, or archaeological site and information on its location in time and space; name of the society, ethnic group, or prehistoric tradition; alternatives names bestowed by selves and others; meanings of names; location of group with reference to comparable and larger groups; names given by selves to other groups; affiliation with a culture area or subarea; period as of which the culture is described, and its relationship to other time periods; local and temporal subdivisions employed in the classification of data; specification of date and locale of field study and review of archaeological sites in the tradition; location of the archaeological site that is the focus of research; etc. Description updated in 2000. Location 131 LOCATION Cultural distributions 171 COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE Linguistic relationships 197 LINGUISTIC IDENTIFICATION Cultural identity 186 CULTURAL IDENTITY AND PRIDE Intracultural differences 184 CULTURAL PARTICIPATION Tribalism, nationalism 619 TRIBE AND NATION Author's experience in the field 114 REVIEWS AND CRITIQUES Territorial organization 630 Ethnic stratification 563 ETHNIC STRATIFICATION 102 MAPS Reproductions of all maps, plans, floor plans, or other graphical representations of space in general and especially in specific archaeological sites and sections within archaeological sites. Specific maps will also be found under the appropriate descriptive category. Description updated in 2000. Route maps and charts 487 ROUTES Recording profile and floor drawings in the field 126 RECORDING AND COLLECTING IN THE FIELD Descriptive geographical data 130 Settlement patterns 361 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS 103 PLACE NAMES Lists of the names of settlements, archaeological sites, and geographical features; etymologies of place names; historical and cultural connotations; bestowal of place names; etc. Personal names 551 PERSONAL NAMES Territorial divisions 631 TERRITORIAL HIERARCHY Ethnogeography 823 ETHNOGEOGRAPHY Settlements 360 Vocabulary 192 VOCABULARY 104 GLOSSARY Definitions of native terms of frequently used in the sources; orthographies and transliteration systems. Word lists and vocabulary 192 VOCABULARY 105 CULTURAL SUMMARY Descriptive synopsis of the whole culture (as a background for specific information); references to summaries in other works. Ethos 181 ETHOS Cultural history 170 106 CODED DATA The concise, quantitative and/or qualitative expression or interpretation of cultural, social, ecological or other variables relating to human behavior; the data are classified into pre-conceived categories represented by number and/or letter codes. Common reasons for presenting data in coded form are to facilitate statistical analyses and/or cross-cultural comparisons. 107 DIAGNOSTIC MATERIAL ATTRIBUTES Artifactual or other material attributes that uniquely identify the society, cultural group, or archaeological tradition. This category was introduced in 1997. Ceramic technology 323 CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY Typology and classification 914 TYPOLOGIES AND CLASSIFICATIONS Lithic technology 324 LITHIC INDUSTRIES Prehistory 172 PREHISTORY 110 INFORMATION SOURCES Sources of information on the particular society as defined and described in the Outline of World Cultures, and data relevant to their evaluation. This category was called "BIBLIOGRAPHY" until 1997. 111 CITATIONS OF DOCUMENTS IN THE HRAF COLLECTION Full bibliographical citations to all documents included, with a brief abstract of each. Documents are numbered. This category is relevant only to the microfiche and paper collections. The bibliographical citations in the eHRAF collections precede the documents to which they pertain and the citations can be searched and retrieved in. In eHRAF, the bibliographical citations are called "citation", not 111. All citations for each culture can be retrieved as a group. The method of retrieval depends on the medium you are using. This category does not appear in the electronic version of HRAF as a searchable OCM category. Instead, in the electronic version a full citation precedes each document. This category was called "SOURCES PROCESSED" until 1997. 112 ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY HRAF compiled bibliographical citations, some annotated, to documents reviewed but not included in the HRAF collection. This category was called "SOURCES CONSULTED" until 1997. 113 INFORMATION SOURCES LISTED IN OTHER WORKS Works referred to in the documents included in the HRAF collections. This term replaced the term "ADDITIONAL REFERENCES" in 1997. In addition, in 1997 a category on artifact and archive collections was introduced. For information on artifact and archive collections indexed before 1997, use this category. For information on artifact and archive collections indexed after 1997, use category 119. 114 REVIEWS AND CRITIQUES Reviews by other authors; critiques of other sources of information; author's comments about his or her other publications; information about authors, other research and field personnel and their backgrounds; general statements on prior field experience; etc. This category was titled "COMMENTS" until 1997. Date and locale of fieldwork 101 IDENTIFICATION Research methods 120 115 INFORMANTS Identification and characterization of persons serving as sources of information. Use of informants and interpreters in field work 124 INTERVIEWING IN RESEARCH Life histories 159 LIFE HISTORY MATERIALS 116 COMPLETE TEXTS OF HRAF DOCUMENTS This category is used for the paper and microfiche files as a repository for complete texts, in page number order, of the documents included in the file. This category is not used in HRAF's electronic collections. Texts (1997 and after) 900 Texts (before 1997) 539 LITERARY TEXTS 117 FIELD DATA Data on journals, diaries, artifacts, field specimens, etc. kept or collected in the field, unorganized field notes, and information on deposition of these materials. Historical and archival research 127 HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL RESEARCH Recording and collecting in the field 126 RECORDING AND COLLECTING IN THE FIELD 118 FICTION References to works of fiction about the culture by non-native authors. Fiction about the culture by native authors (1997 and after) 5310 VERBAL ARTS Fiction about the culture by native authors (before 1997) 538 LITERATURE 119 ARTIFACT AND ARCHIVE COLLECTIONS Information on artifact and archive collections including the location of museums, private collections, and archives housing significant collections of materials on the culture, ethnic group, or prehistoric tradition that is the subject of the file. This category was introduced in 1997. Information on artifact and archive collections indexed before 1997 113 INFORMATION SOURCES LISTED IN OTHER WORKS Prehistory 172 PREHISTORY Visual arts 5311 VISUAL ARTS 120 RESEARCH METHODS These subject headings are used to index descriptions and discussions of methods used by ethnographers, archaeologists, and others. Category 120 includes general statements about factors affecting the consistency, reliability, and validity of the data obtained. For information on specific factors regarding reliability, consistency, and validity in the use of specific techniques or methods use the appropriate categories. This term replaced "METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH" in 2000. 121 THEORETICAL ORIENTATION IN RESEARCH AND ITS RESULTS Research aims and objectives (e.g., complete ethnographic description, study of a particular institution or culture complex, testing of a theoretical hypothesis); general theoretical approach (e.g., historical, functional, psychological); formulation of research program; reasons for choice of particular field site or archaeological site; theoretical results; etc. Research strategy employed (e.g., ethnographic, survey, excavation, museographic, ethnoarcheological investigation), etc. This term replaced "THEORETICAL ORIENTATION" in 1997. The description was updated in 2000. 122 PRACTICAL PREPARATIONS IN CONDUCTING FIELDWORK Source(s) of financial support (expedition expenses, cost of publishing results, etc.); selection and assembly of equipment; coping with problems of transportation and bureaucratic red tape; familiarization with previous descriptive literature; learning language; living conditions in the field; etc. This term replaced "PRACTICAL PREPARATIONS" in 1997. 123 OBSERVATIONAL ROLE IN RESEARCH Techniques for establishing rapport; assumption or ascription of a status in the community; methods of altering the observer's status; adoption of the technique of participant observation; degree of participation in community life actually achieved; effect of the observer's presence on the life of the community; effects of the gender of the observer; observer's reflections on her or his feelings, attitudes, or intellectual development inspired by fieldwork; etc. This term replaced "OBSERVATIONAL ROLE" in 1997. Gender roles and issues 890 GENDER ROLES AND ISSUES 124 INTERVIEWING IN RESEARCH Methods of selecting informants or subjects (e.g., sampling); use of native language; use and selection of interpreters; methods of checking and rewarding informants and interpreters; group interviewing; methods of interviewing (e.g., question and answer, nondirective, use of topical outlines); special techniques (e.g., life history, genealogical, event centered, oral history); use of documents prepared by informants; etc. This term replaced "INTERVIEWING" in 1997. Informants 115 INFORMANTS 125 TESTS AND SCHEDULES ADMINISTERED IN THE FIELD Description of tests used (e.g., intelligence, projective); schedules and questionnaires employed (e.g., preparation, pretesting); administration of tests, schedules, and questionnaires; sampling techniques; methods of scoring; use of control groups; special experiments; census-taking by author; blood-typing; etc. This term replaced "TESTS AND SCHEDULES" in 1997. Results of personality tests 159 LIFE HISTORY MATERIALS Results of tests of sensation and perception 151 SENSATION AND PERCEPTION Results of blood-typing tests 143 GENETICS Results of personality tests 157 PERSONALITY TRAITS Results of aptitude and intelligence tests 153 MODIFICATION OF BEHAVIOR 126 RECORDING AND COLLECTING IN THE FIELD Methods of note taking (e.g., verbatim, post-interview summaries); taking of native texts; use of diaries and journals; utilization of sound and photographic equipment; preparation of sketches, charts, and maps; collection of artifacts and field specimens; etc.; archaeological data recording methods (e.g., daily records, unit records, locus records, lot records, stratigraphic methods, feature records); collection of artifacts, ecofacts, and features, etc. This term replaced "RECORDING AND COLLECTING" in 1997. Artifact and archive collections 119 ARTIFACT AND ARCHIVE COLLECTIONS Field data 117 FIELD DATA 127 HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL RESEARCH Extent to which field research was supplemented or replaced by the use of records; types of records utilized (e.g., archives, archaeological remains, unpublished documents, museum collections, census data, literary sources, earlier published materials); techniques of analysis and criticism applied in assessing source materials; etc. This term replaced "HISTORICAL RESEARCH" in 1997. Prehistory 172 PREHISTORY Field data 117 FIELD DATA Artifact and archive collections 119 ARTIFACT AND ARCHIVE COLLECTIONS Oral history techniques 124 INTERVIEWING IN RESEARCH History 170 128 ORGANIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF RESEARCH Identification of material; methods of processing raw data (e.g., analysis, classification, quantification); special techniques of analysis (e.g., phonemic, sociometric); preparation of tables and graphs; methods of determining consistency, reliability, and validity of results (e.g., statistical, use of ratings and scales); organization of materials for presentation in published form: author's discussion of her or his organization of the source; data classification methods used including information on developing systems for the formal description and classification of archaeological and material culture data; archaeological reconstruction and other laboratory (except for scientific analysis) activities such as cleaning, cataloging, etc. of artifacts and other remains; artifact reconstruction; general discussion of how inferences about cultural behavior are drawn from the archaeological record, etc.; methods of quantification used in analyzing archaeological materials such as composition analysis (e.g., histograms, diagrams, scalograms, and dendrograms), spatial distribution (e.g., cartography), factor analysis, multiple regression, etc. This term replaced "ORGANIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS" in 1997. Description was updated in 2000. Research aims 121 THEORETICAL ORIENTATION IN RESEARCH AND ITS RESULTS Orthographies and transliteration systems 104 GLOSSARY Field data 117 FIELD DATA Typologies and classifications 914 TYPOLOGIES AND CLASSIFICATIONS 129 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY METHODS This category is used to index statements on archaeological survey methods such as thermography, electricity, magnetism, radio waves, etc.; sampling techniques; methods of determining site location, extent, occupation periods, etc. Use of non-invasive techniques such as remote sensing, aerial imaging, etc. This term was introduced in 1997. 1210 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION METHODS This category is used to index statements on archaeological excavation methods (e.g., Wheeler-Kenyon method, block method); what type of tools were used during excavation; whether strata were excavated in natural or arbitrary levels; whether the soil was screened, and if so, what size mesh was used; whether soil samples were taken for specialized analysis, etc. This term was introduced in 1997. The description was rewritten completely in 2000. Cultural stratigraphy 912 CULTURAL STRATIGRAPHY Profile drawings, and other drawings of a unit, trench, strata, etc. 102 MAPS 1211 DATING METHODS IN ARCHAEOLOGY Statements about how an archaeological site, unit, stratum, or non-artifactual constituent, etc. was dated and what methods were used (absolute versus relative dating, Carbon-14, thermoluminescence, archaeomagnetism, obsidian hydration, etc.), This category is used to index discussions about what was used for the sample (that is, what was dated), how the sample was extracted in the field, where the sample was processed, and how the sample was processed. This term was introduced in 1997. The description was rewritten completely in 2000. 1212 LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF MATERIALS OTHER THAN DATING METHODS IN ARCHAEOLOGY Descriptions of archaeological laboratory methods including physiochemical analysis methods in archaeology such as X-ray spectrometry, neutron activation of trace elements, mineralogy, and palynology; how and where the artifacts and non-artifactual constituents were processed once they were excavated; techniques and equipment used; problems encountered, etc. This category includes descriptions of methods used to analyze faunal and floral remains for archaeological and non-archaeological purposes (e.g., analysis of plants for their pharmacological properties, shellfish analysis, laboratory analyses for ethnographic studies not found elsewhere, etc. This term was introduced in 1997. The description was rewritten completely in 2000. 1213 COMPARATIVE DATA Used to index descriptions of experimental archaeology, ethnoarchaeology, or any other technique that includes reconstruction or observation of technologies or activities of peoples of the past or present (e.g., skinning a deer with stone tools, making stone tools or weapons), etc. Introduced in 2000. Special experiments in the field 125 TESTS AND SCHEDULES ADMINISTERED IN THE FIELD Reconstruction of artifacts 128 ORGANIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF RESEARCH Archaeological site reconstruction 174 HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION Participation of the author in an ethnic culture 123 OBSERVATIONAL ROLE IN RESEARCH 130 GEOGRAPHY This category is used to index descriptions and analyses of the archaeological or present environment, including observations about change over time in the environment. Ideas about natural phenomena 820 131 LOCATION Information on the location of the culture or archaeological tradition including latitude and longitude; position in relation to land and sea (e.g., insular, coastal, interior); area and extent of territory occupied, accessibility by land and sea routes; boundaries; etc. Location of group in relation to others 101 IDENTIFICATION Maps 102 MAPS Territorial organization 630 132 CLIMATE Information on the type of climate; seasons (e.g., number, dates, character); temperature (e.g., annual mean, extreme range, daily and seasonal variations); precipitation (e.g., mean annual rainfall, seasonal distribution, snowfall); humidity; frosts; winds (e g., prevailing winds, cyclonic storms); etc. Occurrence of significant climatic changes, fluctuations, etc. Beliefs about heat and cold 374 HEAT Meteorological research and weather stations 654 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Occurrence and impact on society of devastating storms 731 DISASTERS Ethnometeorology 821 ETHNOMETEOROLOGY 133 TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY Information on topography and geology such as altitude above sea level; relief (e.g., hills, mountains. plateaus, passes); bodies of water (e.g., lakes, rivers, arms of the sea, swamps); subsurface water; character of seacoast and adjacent marine floor; tides and currents floods; areas of volcanic and seismic activity; etc. Ethnogeography 823 ETHNOGEOGRAPHY Occurrence and impact of seismic and volcanic disasters 731 DISASTERS Water supply 312 WATER SUPPLY Routes 487 ROUTES Land transport 490 Water transport 500 134 SOIL General information on physical and chemical characteristics of the soil and changes over time as reflected in the soil; erosion; soil types and soil fertility; area susceptible of cultivation (e.g., by local methods, by modern scientific methods); etc. Stratigraphic changes based on human activity 912 CULTURAL STRATIGRAPHY Soil science 242 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE Land use 311 LAND USE 135 MINERAL RESOURCES General information on the availability or significant lack of mineral deposits (e.g., metals, stone, coal, petroleum, clay, salt); quantity, quality, and distribution of minerals; etc. Metallurgy 325 METALLURGY Petroleum and coal products industries 382 PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES Exploitation of mineral resources 316 Salt manufacture 258 MISCELLANEOUS FOOD PROCESSING AND PACKING INDUSTRIES 136 FAUNA Information on the principal native species, especially mammals, reptiles, birds, fish and shellfish, insects, and micro-fauna including in the paleoenvironment; historical changes (e.g., introduced species); general statements about faunal remains in archaeological reports; etc. Description updated in 2000. Ethnozoology 825 ETHNOZOOLOGY Hunting, fowling, and fishing 220 Animal husbandry 230 137 FLORA Information on the general type of flora (e.g., jungle, equatorial forest, tropical scrub, savanna, desert, steppe, prairie, deciduous forest, coniferous forest, tundra); types of wood; important species of land and marine flora including in the paleoenvironment; historical changes (e.g., introduced species); micro-flora; general statements about botanical remains in archaeological reports; etc. Description updated in 2000. Ethnobotany 824 ETHNOBOTANY Collecting of edible plants 222 COLLECTING Cultivated plants 240 Cultivated plants 241 TILLAGE 138 POST DEPOSITIONAL PROCESSES IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES Discussions of how an archaeological site, its cultural strata, and its artifacts and non-artifactual constituents were affected by the natural and cultural environment after being deposited and before being excavated. These processes include erosion, floods, animal use of the site such as pack rat middens or animal burrows, taphonomic processes not discussed elsewhere, looting of the site, human disturbances of the site and its artifacts, and differential preservation of artifacts and non-artifactual constituents. This term was introduced in 1997. The description was updated in 2000. 140 HUMAN BIOLOGY General statements dealing with several types of scientific biological data about the members of the society. Occurrence and distribution of biological characteristics will be included in the narrower terms of this category. Popular beliefs about the human organism 820 141 ANTHROPOMETRY Mean, range, and sex distribution of physical measurements (e.g., stature, weight, span, length of limbs); indices (e.g., cephalic, nasal); metric and non-metric traits; etc. Postures 516 POSTURES Conception of ideal bodily proportions 826 ETHNOANATOMY 142 DESCRIPTIVE SOMATOLOGY Color of skin, hair, and eyes; form, length, and distribution of hair; musculature; secondary sexual characteristics; physical descriptions; etc. 143 GENETICS Information on genetic characteristics of the population (e.g., blood groups; incidence of sex-linked characteristics (e.g., color blindness, hemophilia); other data of specific genetic significance; indicated affiliation with other extinct or extant populations; etc. Notions about heredity 827 ETHNOPHYSIOLOGY 144 RACIAL IDENTIFICATION Statements about affiliation with races and subraces; supporting evidence; extent of race mixture; etc. Distribution of ethnic groups 162 COMPOSITION OF POPULATION Ideas about race 829 ETHNOSOCIOLOGY Ethnic stratification and status of racial hybrids 563 ETHNIC STRATIFICATION 145 ONTOGENETIC DATA Data relating to physical growth and mental development during infancy and childhood; eruption of teeth; age at puberty for each sex; age at menopause and onset of senile impotence; characteristics of menstruation and menopause; physical senescence; etc. Adolescence, adulthood and old age 880 Development and maturation during infancy and childhood 856 DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION Menstruation 841 MENSTRUATION 146 NUTRITION Information on nutrition including evidence of malnutrition and/or dietary deficiencies; adequacy of the diet of subgroups and of the population as a whole; chemical analyses of native foods; etc. Customary diets 262 DIET Infant feeding 853 INFANT FEEDING Morbidity 164 MORBIDITY Research in nutrition 742 MEDICAL RESEARCH 147 PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA Information on physiological systems and their functions (e.g., cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, nervous, endocrine); metabolism; salt and water balance; indications of physiological stamina e.g., strength and endurance); characteristic body odor; etc. Sexual behavior 830 Drives and emotions 152 DRIVES AND EMOTIONS Sensation and perception 151 SENSATION AND PERCEPTION Physical deformities 732 DISABILITIES Occurrence of genetic traits 143 GENETICS Native ideas about physiology 827 ETHNOPHYSIOLOGY Menstruation 841 MENSTRUATION Incidence of disease 164 MORBIDITY 150 BEHAVIOR PROCESSES AND PERSONALITY This category contains general statements dealing with several distinct types of mechanisms and manifestations of individual behavior and personality as these appear to the observer and the scientist. Education 870 Laypersons' ideas about behavior and personality 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY Socialization 560 151 SENSATION AND PERCEPTION This category includes information on acuity of vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch (e.g., uncontrolled observations, reports of tests); evidence on sensory discrimination and perception (e.g., form configurations, color perception, optical illusions, tone discrimination); data on the cultural patterning of perception; etc. Information on blindness, deafness, paralysis, and other disabilities 732 DISABILITIES Use of perfumes 302 TOILET Visual arts 5311 VISUAL ARTS Painting and sculpture 532 REPRESENTATIVE ART Optical instruments 416 APPLIANCES Rhythm in dancing 535 DANCE Decorative arts 531 DECORATIVE ART Musical appreciation 533 MUSIC Ideas about form, color, and sound 822 ETHNOPHYSICS Food preferences 262 DIET Ideas about heat and cold perception 374 HEAT Standards of sensory apprehension 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY 152 DRIVES AND EMOTIONS Information on the nature and intensity of basic impulses or drives (e.g., hunger, thirst, need for oxygen, sex, urination, defecation, pain, heat and cold discomfort, fatigue); information pertaining to the Data on the incidence and quality of derived drives and emotions (e.g., aggression, anger, hate, jealousy, fear, anxiety, depression, grief, disgust, homesickness, love, sympathy, elation, excitement, mirth, curiosity, greed, ambition, vanity, inferiority); expression and control of emotions (e.g., stoicism); etc. Emotional reactions in religion 781 RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE Expressions of emotions through gestures 201 GESTURES AND SIGNS Recreation 520 Sleep and elimination 510 Hunger 261 GRATIFICATION AND CONTROL OF HUNGER Behavior under the influence of drugs 276 RECREATIONAL AND NON-THERAPEUTIC DRUGS Profanity 195 SOCIOLINGUISTICS Ornament and body alteration 300 Sexuality 831 SEXUALITY Socialization of impulses 860 Thirst and narcotic cravings 270 Recurrent personality traits 157 PERSONALITY TRAITS Labor and leisure 461 LABOR AND LEISURE Motives for waging war 721 INSTIGATION OF WAR Thirst 271 WATER AND THIRST Expressions of antagonism 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS Leisure time activities 517 LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES Legal offenses 680 153 MODIFICATION OF BEHAVIOR Specific information concerning the mechanisms of conditioning and habit formation (e.g., conditioned and unconditional stimuli; configurations, response hierarchy, random behavior, positive and negative reinforcement, generalization, discrimination, anticipation); data on types of problem solution (e.g., trial and error, insight or intelligence, imitation); evidence as to special mechanisms in verbal or symbolic learning; results of aptitude and intelligence tests; data bearing upon conscious mental processes (e.g., memory, judgment, reasoning, conation, reactions in emergencies); etc. Attitudes 208 PUBLIC OPINION Ethnopsychology 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY Culture change 170 Logic 811 LOGIC Techniques of socialization 861 TEChnIQUES OF SOCIALIZATION Educational methods 876 EDUCATIONAL THEORY AND METHODS Social control, as a means of enforcing behavior 626 SOCIAL CONTROL 154 ADJUSTMENT PROCESSES Information on the incidence, nature and cultural patterning of unconscious mental processes (e.g., free association, dreaming, fantasy, visions, inspiration, intuition); modes of resolving situations involving conflict, frustration, and anxiety; observations and inferences concerning adjustment mechanisms (e.g., repression, regression, displacement, projection, introjection, identification); etc. Vision quests 787 REVELATION AND DIVINATION Dream interpretation 755 MAGICAL AND MENTAL THERAPY Rationalization 811 LOGIC In-group antagonisms 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS Sorcery 754 SORCERY 155 PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Evidences and inferences concerning the influence of constitutional factors, of physiological strains, and of social pressures and physical environment on the development of personality; psychological and psychoanalytic interpretations of personality formation under particular sociocultural conditions; evidence as to levels of personality development (e.g., anal, oral); etc. Sex 830 Adolescent problems 883 ADOLESCENT ACTIVITIES Family relationships 593 FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS Legal sanctions 681 SANCTIONS Social control 626 SOCIAL CONTROL Socialization 860 Infancy and childhood 850 156 SOCIAL PERSONALITY Conception of the self in relation to others; enhancement and defense of the self; social participation and isolation; individual roles in relation to culturally defined statuses; interpretations of personality as reflecting social norms; conformity; etc. Occupational specialization 463 OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION Kinship statuses 602 KIN RELATIONSHIPS Social status and mobility 550 Social control 626 SOCIAL CONTROL Cultural definition of the self 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY Proxemics 209 PROXEMICS Social relationships and groups 571 SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND GROUPS Social stratification 560 157 PERSONALITY TRAITS Occurrence of idiosyncratic habits (e.g., biting of lips or nails, twiddling of thumbs, wringing of hands); prevalence of cooperativeness and competitiveness; incidence and distribution of recurrent personality traits (e.g., leadership, submissiveness, aggressiveness); incidence and distribution of recognized types of personality (e.g., introvert, extrovert, obsessional, manic, paranoid, hypochondriac); generalized results of personality tests; and indications of cultural selectivity with reference to personality traits and types; evidence bearing upon the existence of a modal or basic personality; etc. Mutual aid and competition 470 Humor 522 HUMOR Statuses adapted to particular personality types 554 STATUS, ROLE, AND PRESTIGE Patterned expressions of emotion 201 GESTURES AND SIGNS Social mobility 550 Ethnopsychology 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY Social interaction rates 571 SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND GROUPS Attitudes 208 PUBLIC OPINION Postures 516 POSTURES National character and ethos 181 ETHOS Types of religious experience 781 RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE Derived drives and emotions 152 DRIVES AND EMOTIONS 158 PERSONALITY DISORDERS Incidence and distribution of hypertension and of symptoms of neurotic or functional disorders (e.g., hysteria, hypochondria, compulsive behavior, generalized anxiety), of motor disturbances (e.g., tics, stammering), of dissociative behavior (e.g., amnesia, somnambulism), of hallucinations and delusions, of manias (e.g., kleptomania, pyromania), of sadistic and masochistic behavior, of addiction (e.g., to drugs or alcohol), and of severe psychic disturbances (e.g., phobias, manic-depressive psychoses, involutional melancholia, schizophrenia); psychiatric interpretations of mental disorders; etc. Socialization 860 Crimes, torts, and sins 673 WRONGS Sexual perversions 830 Delinquency 738 DELINQUENCY Alcoholism and drug addiction 733 ALCOHOLISM AND DRUG ADDICTION Feeblemindedness 732 DISABILITIES Ideas about abnormal mental states 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY Incidence of organic disease 164 MORBIDITY Conception of conscience 577 ETHICS Religious trances 787 REVELATION AND DIVINATION Suicide 762 SUICIDE Care of the insane 758 MEDICAL CARE Adolescent problems 883 ADOLESCENT ACTIVITIES Delinquency 674 CRIME Psychotherapy 755 MAGICAL AND MENTAL THERAPY Insane asylums 734 INVALIDISM 159 LIFE HISTORY MATERIALS Observations and interpretations of individual behavior, character, and personality; clinical analyses; case records; biographical materials; collections and interpretations of individual dreams, results of tests designed to measure acquired behavior or personality (e.g., tests of motor or verbal skills, projective tests); etc. Generalizations or conclusions relating to groups or classes of individuals will be filed elsewhere under appropriate headings. Types of religious experience 781 RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE Unclassified field data 117 FIELD DATA Socialization 860 Sex 830 Offenses and sanctions 680 Description of tests and schedules 125 TESTS AND SCHEDULES ADMINISTERED IN THE FIELD Dependency 736 DEPENDENCY Data on informants 115 INFORMANTS Avenues of individual achievement 554 STATUS, ROLE, AND PRESTIGE Biographies 5310 VERBAL ARTS Biographies 538 LITERATURE Interpretations of dreams 787 REVELATION AND DIVINATION 160 DEMOGRAPHY This category contains general statements covering several distinct types of information on population, including vital statistics. Detailed information will be found in the narrower terms. 161 POPULATION This category includes enumerations and estimates (with dates); density (e.g., arithmetical, for arable land); population trends; etc. Census taking 659 MISCELLANEOUS GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES Population policy 168 POPULATION POLICY 162 COMPOSITION OF POPULATION Information on the distribution of population by age, sex, locality, marital status, mode of life (e.g., rural and urban, nomadic and sedentary), and by social groupings (e.g., occupation, religion, class, ethnic group); size of families; etc. Location and distribution of settlements 361 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS Literacy 212 WRITING Marriage statistics 595 POLYGAMY Crime statistics 674 CRIME Incidence of disabilities, chronic illness, poverty, etc. 730 Education statistics 871 EDUCATION SYSTEM Community population 621 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE Age stratification 561 AGE STRATIFICATION Occupational specialization 463 OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION Urban and rural differentiation 369 URBAN AND RURAL LIFE Age at marriage 582 REGULATION OF MARRIAGE Ethnic stratification 563 ETHNIC STRATIFICATION 163 BIRTH STATISTICS Data on birth rates; distribution of births (e.g., by season, locality, race, sex, occupation); incidence of stillbirths and multiple births; age of parents at birth of first child; spacing of children; number of children per completed family; etc. Incidence of illegitimacy 848 ILLEGITIMACY Fertility and sterility rates 842 CONCEPTION Fertility and sterility rates 844 CHILDBIRTH 164 MORBIDITY Incidence, nature, and distribution of various diseases and accidents (e.g., by location, season, sex, age, occupation); occurrence of epidemics; evidence of immunity or susceptibility to disease; dental ailments; etc. Care of infants and children 850 Morbidity as a social problem 730 Theory and treatment of disease 750 Malnutrition and dietary deficiencies 146 NUTRITION Incidence of neuroses and psychoses 158 PERSONALITY DISORDERS Public health 744 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION 165 MORTALITY Death rates (crude and corrected); infant and maternal mortality; distribution of deaths (e.g., by cause, season, age, occupation, locality); life expectancy; authentic cases of extreme longevity; prevalent causes of death (e.g., illness, accident, old age); etc. Infanticide and abortion 847 ABORTION AND INFANTICIDE Mortality in warfare 727 AFTERMATH OF COMBAT Suicide 762 SUICIDE Homicide 682 OFFENSES AGAINST LIFE 166 INTERNAL MIGRATION Temporary and/or permanent shifting of residence between communities and districts within the society; organized resettlement; trends toward redistribution of the population; restrictive regulation; etc. Degree of permanence or impermanence of settlements 361 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS Rule of residence in marriage 591 RESIDENCE Travel 484 TRAVEL Seasonal migrations 221 ANNUAL CYCLE 167 EXTERNAL MIGRATION Permanent and/or temporary movement to or from another culture or tradition; immigration and emigration; extent and sources of immigration; extent and destination of emigration; reasons for migration; trends; restrictive regulation; colonization; etc. Colonial dependencies 636 DEPENDENCIES Transplantation of conquered populations 728 PEACEMAKING Prehistoric migrations 174 HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION Slave trade 567 SLAVERY Naturalization 641 CITIZENSHIP Ethnic stratification 563 ETHNIC STRATIFICATION Travel 484 TRAVEL 168 POPULATION POLICY Theories and attitudes relating to the control of population; measures designed to stimulate or limit population growth; concepts of optimum population; etc. Marriage regulation 582 REGULATION OF MARRIAGE Human sacrifice 782 PRAYERS AND SACRIFICES Living standards 511 STANDARD OF LIVING Specific data on cannibalism 266 CANNIBALISM Sterilization of disabled 732 DISABILITIES Land utilization 311 LAND USE Care of the sick and injured 734 INVALIDISM Capital punishment 681 SANCTIONS Care of the sick and injured 758 MEDICAL CARE Birth control 842 CONCEPTION Care of the sick, injured, dependent, etc. 730 Abortion and infanticide 847 ABORTION AND INFANTICIDE Child care 855 CHILD CARE Celibacy 589 CELIBACY Castration 304 BODY ALTERATIONS Abortion and infanticide 848 ILLEGITIMACY 170 HISTORY AND CULTURE CHANGE General statements dealing with several specific types of information on history and culture change. Since separate files will be prepared on each major historical period for societies with an appreciable known time depth, the narrower terms are designed to include only (a) information bearing upon the society's prehistory and (b) historical data for the specific time period which do not readily fall into particular categories elsewhere in this thesaurus. 171 COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE Occurrence of similar culture traits in other societies; inferences from trait distributions; cultural comparisons, etc. Distribution of biological traits 140 HUMAN BIOLOGY Distribution of biological traits 140 Linguistic relationships 197 LINGUISTIC IDENTIFICATION Affiliation with particular culture areas or subareas 101 IDENTIFICATION 172 PREHISTORY This category is used to index only brief synopses of prehistoric sequences or summaries thereof. Prehistoric culture sequences and chronology; archaeological supplementation of the historical record; evidence from epigraphy; historical inferences from archaeological data; brief descriptions about the time periods or dates of archaeological sites or artifacts; etc. The description of this category was rewritten in 2000. Archaeology as a discipline (in the culture described) 814 HUMANISTIC STUDIES Diagnostic material attributes 107 DIAGNOSTIC MATERIAL ATTRIBUTES Archaeological syntheses 918 Archaeological syntheses 910 Archaeological methods 120 Artifact and archive collections as used by the researcher 113 INFORMATION SOURCES LISTED IN OTHER WORKS Artifact and archive collections of the culture described 217 ARCHIVES Artifact and archive collections as used by the researcher 119 ARTIFACT AND ARCHIVE COLLECTIONS 173 TRADITIONAL HISTORY Information on oral historical traditions and evidence as to their reliability; dynastic lists and genealogies; historical inferences from myth and tradition; etc. Historians and genealogists of the culture described 814 HUMANISTIC STUDIES Traditions of kin groups 610 Texts 539 LITERARY TEXTS Oral history techniques used in fieldwork 124 INTERVIEWING IN RESEARCH Kinship genealogies 601 KINSHIP TERMINOLOGY Mythology 773 MYTHOLOGY Dynastic rule 643 CHIEF EXECUTIVE Texts 900 Ethnosociology 829 ETHNOSOCIOLOGY 174 HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION Inferences as to origins, migrations, contacts, prehistory, and culture history from various types of evidence (e.g., anthropometry and language), but excluding written documents; etc. Historical research (by the culture described) 815 SCIENCE Historical research 814 HUMANISTIC STUDIES 175 HISTORY Data on the history of the culture or ethnic group that is derived from written sources (e.g., chronicles, reports of travelers, official records and documents) and their interpretation; evidence and inferences about prehistoric and historic events from such sources; ethnohistory; summaries of historical development; specific historical information pertinent to an understanding of culture change; etc This category was called "Recorded History" until 1997. Records 210 Texts 900 Texts 539 LITERARY TEXTS Historiography (by the culture described) 814 HUMANISTIC STUDIES 176 INNOVATION Analyses or general summaries of discoveries and inventions originating within the cultural group; factors involved (e.g., accident, genius, cultural base); number, range, and frequency of innovations, inventors and innovators; etc. This category is for discussions of innovation and inventions in general. For information on specific inventions, see the category appropriate to the specific subject. Patents and copyrights 424 INCORPOREAL PROPERTY 177 ACCULTURATION AND CULTURE CONTACT This category is used to index information on contacts and encounters (either casual or formal) with people of other cultures. The category includes information on the number, character, and intensity of these contacts; receptivity to other customs and materials/technology; borrowing from other cultures; modification of introduced elements; agencies and agents of culture change; forced assimilation by colonial governments or others such as missionaries, charitable organizations; brokers of culture change such as traders; cultural appropriation through such mechanisms as academic analyses of cultural behavior and customs, literacy programs; etc. Colonial administration (by the culture described) 636 DEPENDENCIES Loan words 192 VOCABULARY Ethnic stratification 563 ETHNIC STRATIFICATION Inter-ethnic relations 629 INTER-ETHNIC RELATIONS Immigration 167 EXTERNAL MIGRATION Trade 439 FOREIGN TRADE Missions 797 MISSIONS International relations 648 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 178 SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS Changes in fundamental underlying conditions; linear trends (e.g., cultural drift); cyclical trends (e.g., fashions and vogues); dynamic processes (e.g., integration, selective elimination, cultural evolution); evidence of cultural lag; evidence of cultural continuity or stability; etc. Demographic trends 162 COMPOSITION OF POPULATION Political movements 668 POLITICAL MOVEMENTS Linguistic drift 197 LINGUISTIC IDENTIFICATION Clothing fashions 291 NORMAL GARB Demographic trends 161 POPULATION Trends in urban development 369 URBAN AND RURAL LIFE 179 ECONOMIC PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT Economic growth potentials, real and projected, of a territorial or political region (e.g., community, town, city, etc.); actual and projected economic growth rates; regional planning programs; problems (e.g., underdevelopment); long and short term planning; commissions, agencies and boards entrusted with planning and development; coordination of urban, rural and national planning; priorities and goals (e.g., local, national and regional development, industrial development, agricultural development, etc.); leadership and personnel; cost and financing of programs; public and private investments; extent of governmental participation in planning and development programs; extent to which proposed programs reflect the needs of the regional unit; developmental strategies; results; etc. For more specific information on planning and development, see relevant topical categories. Social planning 185 CULTURAL GOALS Public utilities 365 PUBLIC UTILITIES Parks 367 PARKS Miscellaneous facilities 368 MISCELLANEOUS FACILITIES Philanthropic foundations 741 PHILANTHROPIC FOUNDATIONS Land use 311 LAND USE General statements on economic planning and development 433 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY Political administrative or territorial units 630 Sociocultural trends 178 SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS Housing 362 HOUSING Commercial facilities 366 COMMERCIAL FACILITIES Statistics on rural and urban populations 162 COMPOSITION OF POPULATION Government activities 650 Natural resources development 310 Agricultural development 240 Effects of urbanization on social institutions 369 URBAN AND RURAL LIFE Family planning 168 POPULATION POLICY Employment 464 LABOR SUPPLY AND EMPLOYMENT Community organization 621 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE Family planning 842 CONCEPTION City planning 361 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS Administrative agencies of the state 647 ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES Health and welfare 740 Environmental quality 318 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 1710 CULTURAL REVITALIZATION AND ETHNOGENESIS Ethnogenesis includes the processes of forming, maintaining, and reforming cultural identity. Ethnogenesis may result from depopulation, invasion, relocation, enslavement, genocide, or cultural revitalization. Ethnogenesis may occur when cultures from disparate groups combine to form new associations and new ways of life to create a new culture (such as the Seminole). In cultural revitalization the identity of a group is reconstituted and may include new or borrowed symbols and elements as well as elements from the past. Cultural revitalization may result from many causes or events. These causes or events may include the influence of a messianic religious movement such as the Ghost Dance in North America or being part of a larger culture that acknowledges the need for reparation of past wrongs, such as those mentioned above, and in which recognition of ethnic identity and pride in cultural heritage is encouraged. This category was developed in 2000. For information on these topics before this time see the cross-references. Cultural identity 186 CULTURAL IDENTITY AND PRIDE Ethnosociology 829 ETHNOSOCIOLOGY Nationalism 619 TRIBE AND NATION Revitalization movements 668 POLITICAL MOVEMENTS 180 TOTAL CULTURE Summary statements on the total culture as analyzed, interpreted, or described. The 180 categories are intended to include descriptive and interpretive materials which pertain to the entire culture or which override a number of more specific categories. Consequently much of the material pertinent to the individual topics below will be found only under other headings. 181 ETHOS General orientation of the culture; predominating interests, values, themes, and motivations; characterizations of the total culture (e.g., as "conservative," "competitive," "militaristic," "spirit-ridden," "Apollonian," "folk," "urban"); allegations and inferences as to national character; etc. General character of religion 771 GENERAL CHARACTER OF RELIGION Prevalent personality types 157 PERSONALITY TRAITS Cooperation and competition 470 Social philosophy 829 ETHNOSOCIOLOGY Ethics 577 ETHICS 182 FUNCTIONAL AND ADAPTATIONAL INTERPRETATIONS Internal cultural consistency or its lack; allegations of integration or disintegration; adjustments of parts of the culture to one another; adaptation of cultural forms to biological and social needs and to physical environment; environmental adjustment; etc. Functional integration of kinship systems 601 KINSHIP TERMINOLOGY Integrative process in culture change 178 SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS 183 NORMS Native and scientific definitions of custom (e.g., as ideal patterns, as ranges of variation within limits, as statistical inductions from observed behavior); positive and negative norms (e.g., folkways, taboos); verbalized and covert norms; investment of norms with affect and symbolic value (e.g., mores, idealization); discrepancies between ideals and behavior; configurations of norms (e.g., culture complexes, institutions); etc. Legal norms 671 LEGAL NORMS Taboos 784 AVOIDANCE AND TABOO Attitudes 208 PUBLIC OPINION Transmission of social norms 867 TRANSMISSION OF CULTURAL NORMS Ethical ideals 577 ETHICS 184 CULTURAL PARTICIPATION Prevalence of "specialties" and "alternatives"; degree of proliferation of subcultures, intra-cultural differences, and special statuses; extent to which the entire culture is socially shared; etc. Ethnic stratification 563 ETHNIC STRATIFICATION Social stratification 560 Regional specialization in production 483 WEIGHT MOVING Individual roles within statuses 156 SOCIAL PERSONALITY Differences in standard of living 511 STANDARD OF LIVING Dialectic differentiation 197 LINGUISTIC IDENTIFICATION Ascribed and achievable statuses 554 STATUS, ROLE, AND PRESTIGE Urban and rural differences 369 URBAN AND RURAL LIFE Regional specialization in production 438 DOMESTIC TRADE Occupational specialization 463 OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION 185 CULTURAL GOALS Social foresight; concept of progress; reform movements and utopian goals; prevention of waste; social planning conservation policies; etc. Dynamics of culture change 178 SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS Social philosophy 829 ETHNOSOCIOLOGY Social insurance 745 SOCIAL INSURANCE Saving and investment 454 SAVING AND INVESTMENT Political doctrines, policies and programs 668 POLITICAL MOVEMENTS Organization of production and distribution 470 Land reform 423 REAL PROPERTY Individual achievement 550 Economic planning and development 433 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY Specific government projects 650 Population policy 168 POPULATION POLICY City planning 361 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS Economic planning and development 179 ECONOMIC PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT 186 CULTURAL IDENTITY AND PRIDE This category is used to index information on positive and negative attitudes towards one's own and other cultures and their expressions in behavior, customs, and cultural institutions (e.g., consciousness of kind, patriotism, nationalism); unfavorable judgments of other groups (e.g., prejudice, stereotyping, ethnocentrism, scapegoating, national antipathies); symbolic representation (e.g., flags, anthems, emblems, national figures/treasures). This category was rewritten in 1997. Military morale 703 DISCIPLINE AND MORALE Citizenship 641 CITIZENSHIP Ingroup antagonisms 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS Cultural revitalization and ethnogenesis 1710 CULTURAL REVITALIZATION AND ETHNOGENESIS Religious persecution 798 RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE Inter-ethnic relations 629 INTER-ETHNIC RELATIONS Prejudice and discrimination toward ethnic and other stratified groups 560 Political parties 665 POLITICAL PARTIES Nationalistic and nativistic movements 668 POLITICAL MOVEMENTS International relations 648 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Development of nationalism 619 TRIBE AND NATION Ideas about race 829 ETHNOSOCIOLOGY 190 LANGUAGE General statements dealing with various aspects of language. The categories below are devoted to the use and scientific analysis of language. Terminology pertinent to special aspects of culture will commonly be found only under appropriate topical headings elsewhere. For examples of native text and translations see categories "Literary Texts" (539) and "Texts" (900) Interlinear translations 903 INTERLINEAR TRANSLATIONS Native texts 901 TEXTS IN THE SPEAKER'S LANGUAGE Native texts and translations of texts 539 LITERARY TEXTS Translations of native texts 902 TEXTS TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH 191 SPEECH Notions about language; standards of correctness; individual speech idiosyncrasies; ideas about speech impediments (e.g., stuttering); speech aids (e.g., megaphone); public address systems; bilingualism; etc. Oratory 537 ORATORY Writing 212 WRITING Vocal music 533 MUSIC Vituperation 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS Telephone 206 TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH Radio 207 RADIO AND TELEVISION Cursing 789 MAGIC Conversation 521 CONVERSATION Sound recording 216 SOUND RECORDS Acquisition of language 868 TRANSMISSION OF SKILLS 192 VOCABULARY Relative paucity or richness of vocabulary; range of vocabulary in ordinary use; receptivity to loan words; elaboration of vocabulary in particular directions; special vocabularies (e.g., sacred words, slang, legal language, technical words, occupational jargon; words and phrases with strong emotional connotations, dictionaries; etc. For native terms concerning ideas about nature and humans, see appropriate "Ideas about Nature and People" (820) categories. Names of animals and things 552 NAMES OF ANIMALS AND THINGS Native terms concerning ideas about nature and people 820 Kinship terms 601 KINSHIP TERMINOLOGY Numerals 802 NUMERATION Native terms for plants 824 ETHNOBOTANY Native terms for animals 825 ETHNOZOOLOGY Names of persons 551 PERSONAL NAMES Glossaries of native words frequently used in descriptive accounts 104 GLOSSARY Place names 103 PLACE NAMES 193 GRAMMAR Morpheme classes (e.g., roots, stems, affixes); morphological processes (e.g., prefixation, infixation, suffixation, reduplication, ablaut); word formation (i.e., composition, derivation, inflection); grammatical categories (e.g., number, gender, case, tense, mode, aspect, voice); degree of synthesis (e.g., analytic, synthetic, polysynthetic); morphological and syntactic word classes or 'parts of speech' (e.g., nouns, verbs); syntax (constructions; phrase and sentence structure; favorite sentence types); etc. Linguistic studies 814 HUMANISTIC STUDIES 194 PHONOLOGY Phonemic inventory (including suprasegmentals such as stress and pitch); articulation and allophony of phonemes; distribution of phonemes; morphophonemic adjustments; etc. Transliteration systems and orthography 104 GLOSSARY 195 SOCIOLINGUISTICS Differentiation in styles (e.g., conversational, narrative, rhetorical); stylistic modifications in phonology, grammar, and vocabulary; styles typed according to gender, age, status, and social context, euphemisms and metaphorical usages; profanity; etc. The name of this category was changed from "Stylistics" to "Sociolinguistics" in 1997. Word taboos 784 AVOIDANCE AND TABOO Poetic, oratorical, dramatic, and song styles 533 MUSIC Obscenity 831 SEXUALITY Poetic, oratorical, dramatic, and song styles 530 Etiquette 576 ETIQUETTE Curses and incantations 789 MAGIC Social stratification 560 196 SEMANTICS General problems of meaning and linguistic symbolism; semantics of morphological and lexical elements; affectual connotation (e.g., tone of voice, rapidity of delivery); multiple contextual definitions of words and phrases; semantic drift; etc. 197 LINGUISTIC IDENTIFICATION Dominant language or languages; affiliation with other languages and position within a linguistic stock or family; dialectal differentiation; comments on processes of linguistic change (e.g., sound change, borrowing, drift ); etc. Cultural affiliations 101 IDENTIFICATION Cultural affiliations 171 COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE Racial affiliations 144 RACIAL IDENTIFICATION 198 SPECIAL LANGUAGES This category is used to index information on true languages (e.g., creoles, American Sign Language) used by particular types of people (e.g., genders, occupations, social classes, the hearing impaired); and not fully developed languages such as pidgins; special adaptations of speech (e.g., yodeling, whistling, ventriloquism); etc. Drum languages 202 TRANSMISSION OF MESSAGES Writing 212 WRITING Sign languages 201 GESTURES AND SIGNS 200 COMMUNICATION General statements dealing with several aspects of communication over space. For communication over time by means of records 210 201 GESTURES AND SIGNS Patterned expressions of emotion (e.g., affection, aggression, derision, fear, disgust); gestures of affirmation and negation; indications of size and shape; directive signs (e.g., beckoning, warning); sign languages in intertribal communication); etc. Postures 516 POSTURES Recreation gestures 520 Sexually suggestive gestures 532 REPRESENTATIVE ART Gestures in dancing, drama and oratory 530 Greetings and obeisances 576 ETIQUETTE Sign language used by the hearing impaired 198 SPECIAL LANGUAGES Sexually suggestive gestures 832 SEXUAL STIMULATION Numerical signs 802 NUMERATION Humor 522 HUMOR Nervous gestures 157 PERSONALITY TRAITS Ideas about facial reactions 827 ETHNOPHYSIOLOGY 202 TRANSMISSION OF MESSAGES This category is used for to index information on the technologically simple transmission of messages. The category includes information on signaling devices (e.g., fire, smoke, blinker, semaphore); signal codes (e.g., drum language, flag codes, Morse code); cryptography; use of carrier birds and animals; messenger and courier systems; etc. Oral communication 191 SPEECH International relations 648 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Scouts in warfare 726 WARFARE Railway signaling systems 496 RAILWAYS Post and relay stations 495 AUXILIARY HIGHWAY SERVICES Information on more technologically advanced transmission of messages by internet 2010 INTERNET COMMUNICATIONS Travel 484 TRAVEL Information on more technologically advanced transmission of messages by mail 205 MAIL Information on more technologically advanced transmission of messages by telephone and telegraph 206 TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH Information on more technologically advanced transmission of messages by radio and television 207 RADIO AND TELEVISION 203 DISSEMINATION OF NEWS AND INFORMATION This category is used to index information on informal verbal transmission (e.g., rumor, grapevine); criers and heralds; bulletins and newsletters; etc. Conversation 521 CONVERSATION Information on more technologically advanced systems of news and information dissemination 2010 INTERNET COMMUNICATIONS Advertising 447 ADVERTISING 204 PRESS This category is used to index information on newspapers and magazines; gathering of news and information (e.g., reporters, press releases, news services); content (e.g., news, stories, features); publication and distribution (including Internet distribution); ownership, organization, and personnel; financial support (e.g., subscriptions, advertising, subsidies); regulation; etc. Printing 213 PRINTING Typesetting and printing machinery 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Advertising 447 ADVERTISING Internet news services and distribution methods 2010 INTERNET COMMUNICATIONS Literature 5310 VERBAL ARTS Printing supplies 218 WRITING AND PRINTING SUPPLIES Publishing 214 PUBLISHING Literature 538 LITERATURE 205 MAIL This category is used to index information on traditional mail services for paper documents and packages (e.g., collection, delivery); transportation of mail (e.g., by pony express, rail, air); special equipment; parcel post; postal organization and personnel; finance (e.g., postal rates, subsidies). The category also contains information on electronic mail services (personal, listservs), service providers, and fees; etc. Express and freight transportation 490 Express and freight transportation 480 Express and freight transportation 500 Government enterprises 655 GOVERNMENT ENTERPRISES Postoffice buildings 344 PUBLIC STRUCTURES Postal savings 454 SAVING AND INVESTMENT 206 TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH This category is used to index information on technology (instruments, modems, lines (fiber optic, etc.); use of equipment; facilities and services; organization and personnel; public and private systems; finance (e.g., rates, subsidies); regulation etc. Municipal telephone and telegraph systems 365 PUBLIC UTILITIES Military signal corps 708 AUXILIARY CORPS Military communications equipment 718 SPECIAL MILITARY EQUIPMENT Manufacture of equipment 393 ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRY Description of equipment 403 ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND APPLIANCES Telegraphic codes 202 TRANSMISSION OF MESSAGES 207 RADIO AND TELEVISION This category is used to index information on radio, television, radar, sonar, etc.; technology; use of equipment; facilities and services (including cable, satellite); organization and specialized personnel; programs and their preparation; audience; finance (e.g., advertising, subsidies); regulation; etc. Advertising 447 ADVERTISING Manufacture of radio and television equipment 393 ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRY Use of radio and radar in aviation 507 AVIATION Military radio and radar equipment 718 SPECIAL MILITARY EQUIPMENT Description of equipment 403 ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND APPLIANCES Electric power 377 ELECTRIC POWER 208 PUBLIC OPINION This category is used to index information on attitudes; importance accorded them; modes of expression; measurements (e.g., informal means, public opinion polls and surveys); molding of public opinion (e.g., publicity propaganda); influence of various media; specialized personnel etc. This category is designed primarily to cover the expression and molding of public opinions and attitudes; in nearly all instances information on specific attitudes will be classified elsewhere under the relevant subject categories. Psychological warfare 723 STRATEGY Sociocultural trends 178 SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS Education 870 Social control 626 SOCIAL CONTROL Political behavior 660 Motion pictures 546 MOTION PICTURE INDUSTRY Advertising 447 ADVERTISING 209 PROXEMICS This category is used to index information on conscious and unconscious structuring of space between individuals in interpersonal communication; ideas and knowledge about and interpretation of such space as a special elaboration of culture; etc. Social relationships and groups 571 SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND GROUPS Status, role and prestige 554 STATUS, ROLE, AND PRESTIGE Social personality 156 SOCIAL PERSONALITY Kinesics 201 GESTURES AND SIGNS Postures 516 POSTURES Modification of behavior 153 MODIFICATION OF BEHAVIOR Beliefs about space 822 ETHNOPHYSICS Proxemic behavior in animals, ideas about 825 ETHNOZOOLOGY Proxemic behavior in animals, occurrence of 136 FAUNA 2010 INTERNET COMMUNICATIONS This category is used to index information on Internet communications including information on the technology (hardware and software), facilities and services; the World Wide Web; specialized personnel (e.g. webmasters); etc. This category was introduced in 1997. Computer technology 408 COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY 210 RECORDS General statements dealing with several aspects of communication over time, by means of more or less permanent records. For communication over space use the "Communication" (200) categories. Communication over space 200 211 MNEMONIC DEVICES Aids to memory; elaborated devices (e.g., wampum, quipu); uses; interpretation; commemorative monuments (e.g., statues); etc. Property marks 422 PROPERTY IN MOVABLES Memorial structures 349 MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES Grave monuments 764 BURIAL PRACTICES AND FUNERALS Representative art 532 REPRESENTATIVE ART Tallies 802 NUMERATION 212 WRITING Picture writing (e.g., type, technique, use); written symbols (e.g., ideograms, phonograms); systematization (e.g., syllabary, alphabet); reading and spelling; incidence of literacy; writing materials (e.g., parchment, paper, ink); instruments (e.g., pen, brush); methods (e.g., shorthand, chirography); products (e.g., inscriptions, diaries, letters, personal records, manuscripts); clerical specialists (e.g., scribes, stenographers); etc. Signs for numerals 802 NUMERATION Dictionaries 192 VOCABULARY Forms of literature 5310 VERBAL ARTS Communication 200 Description of typewriters 405 WEIGHING, MEASURING, AND RECORDING MACHINES Description of writing instruments 413 SPECIAL TOOLS Draftsmanship 341 ARCHITECTURE Forms of literature 538 LITERATURE Representative art 532 REPRESENTATIVE ART 213 PRINTING Methods (e.g., block printing, movable type, linotype, photographic reproduction); materials (e.g., paper, ink); typography; binding; products (e.g., sheet music, maps, pamphlets); specialists; etc. Manufacture of printing and binding machinery 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES Description of printing and binding machinery 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Route maps and charts 487 ROUTES Newspapers and magazines 204 PRESS 214 PUBLISHING Organized production and distribution or records; products (e.g., books, sheet music, phonograph records); personnel and organization; selection of material to be published; business arrangements with authors; (e.g., advances, royalties); sales promotion; finance (e.g., profits, subsidies); etc. Humanistic studies 814 HUMANISTIC STUDIES Copyrights 424 INCORPOREAL PROPERTY Music, art, and literature 530 Newspaper and magazine publishing 204 PRESS Book dealers 549 ART AND RECREATIONAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES 215 PHOTOGRAPHY Techniques of photographic reproduction; equipment used; products and their uses; specialists; business elaboration of photographic services; etc. Motion pictures 546 MOTION PICTURE INDUSTRY Description of photographic apparatus 416 APPLIANCES Photography as a hobby 523 HOBBIES Photography as an art 5311 VISUAL ARTS News photographers 204 PRESS Manufacture of photographic supplies 395 MANUFACTURE OF OPTICAL AND PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT 216 SOUND RECORDS Techniques of sound recording; appliances used (e.g., phonographs, tape and wire recorders); uses; products; specialists; etc. Recording and playing equipment 405 WEIGHING, MEASURING, AND RECORDING MACHINES Sound records in motion pictures 546 MOTION PICTURE INDUSTRY Radio 207 RADIO AND TELEVISION Music 533 MUSIC Electronic equipment manufacture 393 ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRY 217 ARCHIVES Collections and repositories of institutional or personal records (e.g., libraries, art galleries, museums); state archives (e.g., court records, administrative records); making collections; accessions; filing and indexing; curatorial activities; services (e.g., exhibits, loans); organization and specialized personnel; sources of support (e.g., public, private); etc. Library and museum buildings 346 RELIGIOUS AND EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURES Land records 423 REAL PROPERTY Financial records 451 ACCOUNTING Exhibitions 543 EXHIBITIONS Collecting as a hobby 523 HOBBIES Archivists 814 HUMANISTIC STUDIES 218 WRITING AND PRINTING SUPPLIES Miscellaneous materials and supplies for offices, libraries, and museums; description and manufacture of expendable supplies not elsewhere classified (e.g., stationery, index cards); etc. Paper manufacture 289 PAPER INDUSTRY Special tools and apparatus 410 Printing machinery 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 220 FOOD QUEST General statements dealing with several aspects of food gathering. Food production with animal husbandry 230 Food production with agriculture 241 TILLAGE Relative importance of various productive activities 433 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY 221 ANNUAL CYCLE Seasonal distribution and succession of food-getting and other economic activities; seasonal migrations in the gathering or production of food (e.g., transhumance, nomadism). Economic productivity 433 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY Transhumance, general 361 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS Annual ceremonial calendar 796 ORGANIZED CEREMONIAL Immigration and emigration 167 EXTERNAL MIGRATION Calendar 805 ORDERING OF TIME Internal migration 166 INTERNAL MIGRATION 222 COLLECTING Edible materials gathered (e.g., roots, fruits, seeds, seaweed, insects, honey, sap, syrup, eggs); techniques and artifacts employed; economic importance of collecting; organization of activities; division of products; associated beliefs and practices; etc. Collection of marine fauna 226 FISHING Collection of non-edible raw materials and salt 310 Diet 262 DIET Edible natural resources 130 223 FOWLING Birds sought; methods and techniques (e.g., nets, snares, birdlime, decoys); special elaborations (e.g., falconry); organization of labor and division of catch; associated beliefs and practices; regulation (e.g., game laws); etc. Native fauna 136 FAUNA Weapons 411 WEAPONS 224 HUNTING AND TRAPPING Animals sought; hunting methods and techniques (e.g., stalking, collective drive); description and use of traps and snares; use of domestic animals (e.g., dogs, ferrets); special elaborations (e.g., trapping for the fur trade); hunting trips; economic importance of hunting; organization of labor and division of catch; associated beliefs and practices; hunting for sport; regulation (e.g., game laws, open seasons); etc. Transportation of animal carcasses 483 WEIGHT MOVING Native fauna 136 FAUNA Weapons 411 WEAPONS 225 MARINE HUNTING Animals sought (e.g., whale, alligator, seal, dugong, turtle); methods and techniques employed; special elaborations (e.g., whaling and sealing); organization of labor and division of catch; associated beliefs and practices; regulation; etc. Weapons 411 WEAPONS 226 FISHING Species sought (e.g., fish, shellfish); gathering of marine fauna; fishing methods and techniques (e.g., hook and line, nets, poison); description and use of traps and weirs; special elaborations (e.g., fishing for sport); economic importance of fishing; organization of labor and division of catch; associated beliefs and practices; regulation (e.g., licenses); etc. Native fauna 136 FAUNA Manufacture of poisons 278 PHARMACEUTICALS Net manufacture 286 WOVEN FABRICS Boats 501 BOATS 227 FISHING GEAR Description of fishing implements and equipment; miscellaneous gear used in fishing (e.g., rods, baskets, lures); etc. Manufacture of tackle 391 HARDWARE MANUFACTURE Weapons 411 WEAPONS Special garments 292 SPECIAL GARMENTS Manufacture of nets 286 WOVEN FABRICS Manufacture of lines 283 CORDAGE 228 MARINE INDUSTRIES Commercial elaboration of the fishing industry; cultivation of fish and shellfish; non-food marine industries (e.g., sponge collection, pearl diving, shell gathering); specialized equipment and apparatus; organization of labor and production; regulation; fish packing industry; scientific fisheries research; etc. Work in shell 321 BONE, HORN, AND SHELL TECHNOLOGY Canning industry 255 CANNING INDUSTRY 230 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY General statements dealing with several of the specialized aspects of animal husbandry indicated below. Information on unspecialized animal husbandry will indexed under "Domesticated Animals" (231). Relative importance of various productive activities 433 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY 231 DOMESTICATED ANIMALS Captive and tamed animals; domesticated insects (e.g., silkworms, bees); pets (e.g., dogs, cats); domestic animals; special treatment and use of each; taming and training; care and feeding; grooming; slaughtering; associated beliefs and rituals; raising of pig herds; raising of fur-bearing animals; economic and social importance of animal husbandry; diseases; etc. Use of animals in transportation 492 ANIMAL TRANSPORT Animals as wealth 556 ACCUMULATION OF WEALTH Animal shelters 343 OUTBUILDINGS Ethnozoology 825 ETHNOZOOLOGY Names of animals 552 NAMES OF ANIMALS AND THINGS Work in bone and horn 321 BONE, HORN, AND SHELL TECHNOLOGY Work in furs, hides, and skins 281 WORK IN SKINS Fauna 136 FAUNA 232 APPLIED ANIMAL SCIENCE Practical and scientific knowledge about animal husbandry; veterinary science; specialized knowledge of animal nutrition and disease control; selective breeding of animals; artificial insemination; raising of hybrids; special elaborations (e.g., raising and breeding of racehorses); veterinary services and fees; etc. Zoological science 815 SCIENCE Horse racing 541 SPECTACLES 233 PASTORAL ACTIVITIES Large-scale herding of grazing animals (e.g., cattle, sheep, reindeer); ranges; driving and watering; branding; roundups; special equipment; specialized personnel and organization; etc. Nomadism 221 ANNUAL CYCLE Fences and corrals 417 APPARATUS 234 DAIRYING Milking; handling and processing of milk; manufacture of butter and cheese; dairy equipment; special care of dairy animals; creameries; specialized distribution of milk products; organization and regulation of the dairy industry; etc. Dairy machines 407 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY Diet 262 DIET Ice cream manufacture 254 REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY Milk inspections 744 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION Stables 343 OUTBUILDINGS 235 POULTRY RAISING Domesticated fowl of economic importance; care and treatment (e.g., incubation); raising of birds for special purposes (e.g., for eggs, for feathers, for fighting); elaboration of a specialized poultry industry; etc. Diet 262 DIET Falconry 223 FOWLING Cock fighting 541 SPECTACLES Poultry shelters 343 OUTBUILDINGS Poultry breeding 232 APPLIED ANIMAL SCIENCE Incubators 416 APPLIANCES Featherwork 287 NONWOVEN FABRICS 236 WOOL PRODUCTION Specialized raising of sheep and other animals for wool; dipping; shearing; combing and carding; special equipment and apparatus; personnel and organization; etc. Textile manufacture 280 Tools and apparatus 410 237 ANIMAL BY-PRODUCTS Uses of animal by-products (e.g., bone, teeth, horn, hoofs, claws, eggshells, hides, fur, hair, bristles, feathers, sinews, brains, entrails, urine, manure); processing of such materials not elsewhere described; etc. Fertilizer industry 387 FERTILIZER INDUSTRY Amulets, fetishes, and charms 778 SACRED OBJECTS AND PLACES Work in bone and horn 321 BONE, HORN, AND SHELL TECHNOLOGY Use of manure in agriculture 241 TILLAGE Work in skins and furs 281 WORK IN SKINS Ethnozoology 825 ETHNOZOOLOGY Cordage made from animal by-products 283 CORDAGE Amulets, fetishes, and charms 789 MAGIC Amulets, fetishes, and charms 751 PREVENTIVE MEDICINE Featherwork 287 NONWOVEN FABRICS Ornament 301 ORNAMENT Glue manufacture 381 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 240 AGRICULTURE This category contains general statements dealing with several of the specialized aspects of agriculture detailed below. This category is used to index general data on agriculture. Data on unspecialized agriculture will be indexed using "Tillage" (241). Relative importance of various productive activities 433 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY Ethnobotany 824 ETHNOBOTANY 241 TILLAGE This category is used to index information on plants cultivated and their relative importance; size of fields; special treatment accorded each crop; intensity of cultivation (e.g., brand tillage); clearing of land; soil preparation (e.g., hoeing, plowing); use of fertilizers and irrigation; planting; care and protection of growing crops (e.g., weeding, fencing, scarecrows); pest control; tools and implements used; Economic importance, and adequacy for needs, of agriculture; organization of labor and production; distribution of products; agricultural beliefs, taboos, and rituals; etc. Manufacture of agricultural machines 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES Annual cycle of economic activities 221 ANNUAL CYCLE Granaries and barns 343 OUTBUILDINGS Irrigation systems 312 WATER SUPPLY Fertilizer manufacture 387 FERTILIZER INDUSTRY Land use 311 LAND USE Fences 417 APPARATUS Ceremonial calendar 796 ORGANIZED CEREMONIAL Agricultural machines 407 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY Agricultural tools and appliances 410 242 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE Descriptions of practical and scientific knowledge of plant breeding, soils, and parasites; related practices (e.g., seed selection, hybridization, crop rotation, spraying); agricultural experiment and extension work; organization and specialized personnel; etc. Veterinary science and stock breeding 232 APPLIED ANIMAL SCIENCE Agricultural education 874 VOCATIONAL EDUCATION Conservation policy 185 CULTURAL GOALS Applied science 816 APPLIED SCIENCE 243 CEREAL AGRICULTURE Data on the specialized cultivation of cereal crops (e.g., maize, millet, rice, wheat); techniques of planting and harvesting (e.g., transplantation, threshing); use of specialized tools, equipment, and machinery; organization of labor and production; etc. Milling industry 256 CEREAL INDUSTRY Harvesting and threshing machinery 407 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY 244 VEGETABLE PRODUCTION This category is used to index information on horticulture or gardening where differentiated from field agriculture; truck gardening; specialized production of particular root crops, leaf plants, or vegetable fruits (e.g., peanuts, potatoes, cabbage, beans tomatoes, melons, mushrooms, sunflowers, amaranths, strawberries, pineapples); special techniques and apparatus; organization of labor and production; etc. Food preservation and storage 251 PRESERVATION AND STORAGE OF FOOD Canning industry 255 CANNING INDUSTRY 245 ARBORICULTURE Specialized cultivation of trees and shrubs (e.g., woody perennials) for their fruits, nuts, berries, or other Data on the cultivation of trees for edible products (e.g., apple, breadfruit, coconut, cacao, coffee, orange, raspberry, tea, hops); special care and treatment of each (e.g., grafting, picking, drying, packing); viticulture; silviculture (e.g., raising of trees for wood pulp, soil anchor, screens, shade, decoration); organization of labor and production; etc. Canning industry 251 PRESERVATION AND STORAGE OF FOOD City parks 367 PARKS State and national parks 529 RECREATIONAL FACILITIES Forestry science 313 LUMBERING 246 FORAGE CROPS Information on the specialized production of crops for animal fodder (e.g., hay, alfalfa, vetch); techniques of planting and harvesting; use of specialized tools, equipment, and machinery; organization of labor and production; processing (e.g., baling); storage of product (e.g., in stacks, silos, barns); etc. Animal husbandry 230 Barns and silos 343 OUTBUILDINGS 247 FLORICULTURE Data about the cultivation of flowering and ornamental plants, shrubs, and trees; flower gardens; greenhouses; special techniques, care, and equipment; business elaboration (e.g., florists, nurseries); etc. Parks and botanical gardens 367 PARKS Residential grounds and landscape architecture 351 GROUNDS Flower arrangement 353 BUILDING INTERIORS AND ARRANGEMENT 248 TEXTILE AGRICULTURE This category is used to index specialized cultivation of crops for their fibers (e.g., cotton, flax, hemp, jute); techniques of planting and harvesting; use of specialized tools and equipment; separation of fibers (e.g., ginning); organization of labor and production; etc. Silk production 231 DOMESTICATED ANIMALS Description of cotton gins and other special machinery 407 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY Textile manufactures 280 Wool production 236 WOOL PRODUCTION 249 SPECIAL CROPS Description of the specialized cultivation of plants not classifiable under the foregoing headings (e.g., cinchona, indigo, oil palm, coca, opium poppy, rubber, sugarcane, bamboo, tobacco); techniques of planting and harvesting; use of specialized tools and equipment; organization of labor and production; processing prior to shipment or industrial use (e.g., curing, refining, grading); etc. Confectionery industries 257 CONFECTIONERY INDUSTRIES Condiments 263 CONDIMENTS Rubber industry 383 RUBBER INDUSTRY Dyes 386 PAINT AND DYE MANUFACTURE Manufacture and use of narcotics 270 250 FOOD PROCESSING General statements dealing with several aspects of the techniques by which foodstuffs are transformed from their original state into forms more suitable for preservation or consumption. 251 PRESERVATION AND STORAGE OF FOOD Techniques of food preservation (e.g., drying, smoking, pickling, refrigeration, home canning); use of preservatives and special equipment; accumulation and storage of supplies and reserves; etc. Data on culturally elaborated or commercialized techniques of preservation and storage are indexed with more specialized sibling categories. Granaries 343 OUTBUILDINGS Warehousing 488 WAREHOUSING 252 FOOD PREPARATION Processing of edible materials (e.g., grinding, cutting, mixing); cooking methods and techniques (e.g., broiling, roasting, baking, boiling, frying); use of special apparatus (e.g., mills, motors, earth ovens, stoves); use of cooking implements and utensils; recipes; associated beliefs and practices; etc. Data on culturally elaborated or commercialized techniques of food preparation are indexed for more specialized sibling categories. Fire and fuel 372 FIRE Animal slaughtering industry 253 MEAT PACKING INDUSTRY Animal slaughtering, general 231 DOMESTICATED ANIMALS Ovens and stoves 354 HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Household implements and utensils 410 Cook houses 343 OUTBUILDINGS Manufacture of butter and cheese 234 DAIRYING Condiments 263 CONDIMENTS Meals 264 EATING 253 MEAT PACKING INDUSTRY The specialized industry of animal slaughtering and meat packing. Techniques of slaughtering; methods of preservation (e.g., drying, smoking, refrigeration); special equipment and apparatus; specialized personnel; organization and regulation of the meat packing industry; etc. Non-industrialized animal slaughtering 231 DOMESTICATED ANIMALS Work in hides and skins 281 WORK IN SKINS Description of stockyards and factories 348 INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES Fertilizer manufacture 387 FERTILIZER INDUSTRY Work in bone and horn 321 BONE, HORN, AND SHELL TECHNOLOGY Meat inspection 744 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION Use of animal by-products 237 ANIMAL BY-PRODUCTS Fish packing industry 228 MARINE INDUSTRIES 254 REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY Ice harvesting and manufacture; specialized production of refrigerated fruits and vegetables; ice cream manufacture; cold storage plants; technology and equipment; personnel and organization; etc. Refrigeration of marine products 228 MARINE INDUSTRIES Description of industrial plants 348 INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES Refrigerated railway and truck transportation 497 RAIL TRANSPORT Cooling and air-conditioning systems 354 HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Refrigeration of meat products 253 MEAT PACKING INDUSTRY Manufacture of refrigerators 394 MANUFACTURE OF HEATING AND LIGHTING APPLIANCES Description of refrigerators 416 APPLIANCES Refrigerated railway and truck transportation 494 HIGHWAY TRANSPORT 255 CANNING INDUSTRY Industrialized processing of meat, fish, and vegetable foods in air-tight containers (e.g., cans, jars, bottles); canneries, special factories, and their equipment; organization of labor and production; etc. Agricultural production 240 Manufacture of canning machinery 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES Manufacture of bottles and jars 323 CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY Description of food processing machinery 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Marine industries 228 MARINE INDUSTRIES Utensils 415 UTENSILS 256 CEREAL INDUSTRY Industrialized processing of cereal products (e.g., flour, starch, breakfast foods); storage facilities (e.g., grain elevators); mills and bakeries; technology and special equipment; organization of labor and production; etc. Beverage industries 274 BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES Baking ovens 354 HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Manufacture of milling machinery 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES Milling machines 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Manufacture of bakery equipment 394 MANUFACTURE OF HEATING AND LIGHTING APPLIANCES Cereal agriculture 243 CEREAL AGRICULTURE 257 CONFECTIONERY INDUSTRIES Industrialized processing of sweet condiments and confections (e.g., sugar, honey, syrup, jam, candy, chewing gum); materials, techniques, and equipment; organization of labor and production; etc. Cultivation of sugarcane 249 SPECIAL CROPS Condiments 263 CONDIMENTS Collection of honey 222 COLLECTING 258 MISCELLANEOUS FOOD PROCESSING AND PACKING INDUSTRIES Specialized processing of foods and nutrients not classifiable under the foregoing categories (e.g., salt, dried and powdered foods, vinegar, edible oils, vitamins); food packaging in paper or miscellaneous containers; special materials, techniques, and equipment; organization of labor and production; etc. Dairy industry 234 DAIRYING Beverages and narcotics 270 Salt gathering 317 SPECIAL DEPOSITS Boxes and barrels 415 UTENSILS 260 FOOD CONSUMPTION General statements covering various aspects pertaining directly to the eating of food. 261 GRATIFICATION AND CONTROL OF HUNGER Ideas about food and ingestion; eating sparingly or to excess; attitudes toward wasting food; special adjustments to hunger or famine; dieting; cultural elaboration of food appetites (e.g., geophagy, gum chewing, epicures); etc. Famine relief 731 DISASTERS Religious fasting 785 ASCETICISM Theory of digestion 827 ETHNOPHYSIOLOGY Food craving during pregnancy 843 PREGNANCY Conception of the hunger drive 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY Food training of children 862 WEANING AND FOOD TRAINING Infant feeding 853 INFANT FEEDING 262 DIET Staple and other foods consumed; seasonal changes in diet; proportion of various foods in diet; group differences in diet (e.g., by age, gender, social class); discriminations between edible and harmful foods; food preferences and avoidances; food taboos; etc. Standard of living Standard of living Standard of living 511 STANDARD OF LIVING Religious taboos 784 AVOIDANCE AND TABOO Food processing 250 Food taboos in the reproductive cycle 840 Nutritional balance 146 NUTRITION Infant feeding 853 INFANT FEEDING 263 CONDIMENTS Kinds of condiments used in the preparation and consumption of food (e.g., salt, sugar, honey, spices); processing of savory herbs and spices; uses of condiments; etc. Use of seasoning in cooking 252 FOOD PREPARATION Salt manufacture 258 MISCELLANEOUS FOOD PROCESSING AND PACKING INDUSTRIES Manufacture of sugar and sweet confections 257 CONFECTIONERY INDUSTRIES 264 EATING Regularity of eating; informal eating (e.g., between meals, at work or play); meals (e.g., hours, number per day, participation, composition); techniques of eating; table manners; sequels to eating (e.g., disposal of waste and excess food, cleaning of utensils); associated beliefs and practices; etc. Feasts and entertaining at meals 574 VISITING AND HOSPITALITY Eating implements and utensils 410 Food preparation 252 FOOD PREPARATION Military mess arrangements 705 SUPPLY AND COMMISSARIAT Etiquette 576 ETIQUETTE Ablutions 515 PERSONAL HYGIENE 265 FOOD SERVICE INDUSTRIES Specialized eating establishments (e.g., restaurants, tea shops, lunchrooms); food carting services organization and specialized personnel; regulation; etc. Public health and sanitation 744 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION Night clubs and cabarets 547 NIGHT CLUBS AND CABARETS Drinking establishments 275 DRINKING ESTABLISHMENTS Hotels and inns 485 TRAVEL SERVICES Food retail outlets 444 RETAIL BUSINESSES Food processing industries 250 Restaurant buildings 347 BUSINESS STRUCTURES 266 CANNIBALISM Prevalence of cannibalism; participants; victims (e.g., captives, felons, slaves, sacrificial victims); parts eaten; occasions; associated and beliefs and practices (e.g., sorcery, witchcraft); etc. Human sacrifice 782 PRAYERS AND SACRIFICES 270 DRINK AND DRUGS General statements covering several aspects of the allaying of thirst and special appetite cravings, with the manufacture of artificial means of satisfying them, and with the preparation of drugs for other purposes. The name of this category was changed from "DRINK, DRUGS, AND INDULGENCES" to "DRINK AND DRUGS" in 2000. 271 WATER AND THIRST Use of water for drinking; manifestations and control of thirst; ideas and practices related to the drinking of water; etc. Notions about water 823 ETHNOGEOGRAPHY Municipal purification of water 364 REFUSE DISPOSAL AND SANITARY FACILITIES Libations 782 PRAYERS AND SACRIFICES Water supply 312 WATER SUPPLY Utensils Utensils 415 UTENSILS Conception of the thirst drive 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY 272 NONALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES Drinking of nonalcoholic beverages (e.g., tea, coffee, lemonade, milk, blood); special techniques of preparation (e.g., boiling, percolating); consumption (e.g., quantities, occasions); food values and physiological effects; d inking etiquette; etc. Dairying 234 DAIRYING Meals 264 EATING Utensils 415 UTENSILS Cultivation of tea, coffee and cacao 245 ARBORICULTURE 273 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES Types of alcoholic beverages used (e.g., beer, wine, spirits); techniques of preparation (e.g., brewing, distilling); apparatus (e.g., stills); consumption (e.g., users, quantities, occasions); drinking etiquette; craving for liquor; prevalence of drunkenness and behavior under intoxication; associated beliefs and practices; social and legal controls; etc. Religious intoxication 786 ECSTATIC RELIGIOUS PRACTICES Sanctions against inebriation 689 SOCIAL OFFENSES Industrialized manufacture of alcoholic beverages 274 BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES Alcoholism 733 ALCOHOLISM AND DRUG ADDICTION Utensils 415 UTENSILS 274 BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES Industrialized production of beverages (e.g., brewing, wine making, distilling, manufacture of soft drinks); specialized techniques and equipment; organization of labor and production; regulation; etc. Canning and bottling machines 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Dairy industry 234 DAIRYING Industrial structures 348 INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES Sugar manufacture 257 CONFECTIONERY INDUSTRIES Vineyard production 245 ARBORICULTURE Brewing and distilling apparatus and utensils 415 UTENSILS Manufacture of canning and bottling machines 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES Cereal agriculture 243 CEREAL AGRICULTURE 275 DRINKING ESTABLISHMENTS Specialized dispensers of beverages; types of establishment (e.g., bars, taverns, soft-drink parlors); services and clientele; special equipment; organization; regulation (e.g., licensing, curfew); etc. Business Structures 347 BUSINESS STRUCTURES Retail beverage outlets 444 RETAIL BUSINESSES Restaurants 265 FOOD SERVICE INDUSTRIES Nightclubs and cabarets 547 NIGHT CLUBS AND CABARETS Structures 340 Hotels and inns 485 TRAVEL SERVICES 276 RECREATIONAL AND NON-THERAPEUTIC DRUGS Drugs consumed for non-therapeutic purposes (e.g., tobacco, betel, coca, peyote); techniques of manufacture and preparation; methods of consumption (e.g., eating, chewing, smoking); special apparatus (e.g., cigarette holders, pipes, hypodermic needles); users; quantities consumed; physiological effects, behavior under narcosis and stimulation; associated beliefs and practices; social and legal controls; etc. The name of this category was changed from "NARCOTICS AND STIMULANTS" to "RECREATIONAL DRUGS AND NON-THERAPEUTIC DRUGS" in 2000. Notions about drug cravings 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY Psychiatric aspects of drug addiction 158 PERSONALITY DISORDERS Condiments 263 CONDIMENTS Palliation of labor with drugs 461 LABOR AND LEISURE Cultivation of narcotic plants 249 SPECIAL CROPS Illicit narcotics traffic 548 ILLEGAL ENTERTAINMENT Sanctions for drug use 689 SOCIAL OFFENSES Treatment of drug addicts 733 ALCOHOLISM AND DRUG ADDICTION 277 TOBACCO INDUSTRY Industrialized production of tobacco; specialized techniques and equipment; organization of labor and production; regulation; etc. Government tobacco monopolies 655 GOVERNMENT ENTERPRISES Industrial structures 348 INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES Growing of tobacco 249 SPECIAL CROPS Description of tobacco processing machines 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Manufacture of tobacco manufacturing machines 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES 278 PHARMACEUTICALS Materia medica and pharmacology; manufacture of narcotics, drugs, and poisons; processing techniques; products; organization of labor and production; regulation; specialists (e.g., pharmacists); etc. Use of medicines 757 MEDICAL THERAPY Drug stores 444 RETAIL BUSINESSES Use of poisons in hunting and fishing 220 280 LEATHER, TEXTILES, AND FABRICS General statements dealing with several aspects of the processing of raw materials to yield textile products and other flat goods such as leather and paper. 281 WORK IN SKINS Preparation of hides and furs (e.g., drying, scraping, tanning, tawing); materials and products; special apparatus; cutting and sewing of skins; specialization and organization; etc. Animal by-products 237 ANIMAL BY-PRODUCTS Manufacture of garments 294 CLOTHING MANUFACTURE General tools 412 GENERAL TOOLS 282 LEATHER INDUSTRY Industrialized processing of skins; specialized manufacture of leather goods other than wearing apparel (e.g., harness, leather utensils); special techniques and apparatus; organization of labor and production; etc. Shoe manufacture 295 SPECIAL CLOTHING INDUSTRIES 283 CORDAGE Types of cordage made (e.g., thread, yarn, string, rope); materials used (e.g., best fiber, cotton, wool, silk, sinew, hair); preparation of materials (e.g., soaking, retting); techniques of manufacture (e.g., twisting, spinning, braiding); special apparatus (e.g., spindle, spinning wheel); specialized personnel and organization; etc. Vegetable fiber, carding and combing 248 TEXTILE AGRICULTURE Manufacture of wire cordage 325 METALLURGY Nautical rigging 501 BOATS String figures 524 GAMES Wool, carding and combing 236 WOOL PRODUCTION Sewing 294 CLOTHING MANUFACTURE Industrialized manufacture of cordage 288 TEXTILE INDUSTRIES 284 KNOTS AND LASHINGS Types of knots and their uses; splices; methods of lashing, hafting, and joining; etc. Knot records 211 MNEMONIC DEVICES Surgical ligatures 752 BODILY INJURIES Weapons and tools 410 285 MATS AND BASKETRY Techniques of manufacture (e.g., checkerwork, coiling, twilled work, twining, wickerwork, wrapped work); materials; products; uses of mats and baskets; personnel and organization; etc. Utensils 415 UTENSILS Household appurtenances 352 FURNITURE 286 WOVEN FABRICS Textiles; weaving, knitting, and netting techniques; special apparatus (e.g., netting needle, loom); products and their uses; specialized personnel and organization; etc. Clothing 290 Spinning 283 CORDAGE Description of power looms 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Industrialized production of textiles 288 TEXTILE INDUSTRIES 287 NONWOVEN FABRICS Manufacture of non-textile fabrics (e.g., barkcloth, felt, featherwork); materials; techniques; apparatus; personnel; etc. Animal by-products 237 ANIMAL BY-PRODUCTS Non-textile uses of feathers 825 ETHNOZOOLOGY Plastics 384 SYNTHETICS INDUSTRY 288 TEXTILE INDUSTRIES Industrialized production of textile products; cotton, woolen, silk, and rayon mills; cordage manufacture; specialized techniques and apparatus; economic importance of and self-sufficiency in textile manufactures; organization of labor and production; etc. Clothing manufacture 294 CLOTHING MANUFACTURE Textile machinery 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Textile agriculture 248 TEXTILE AGRICULTURE Silk production 231 DOMESTICATED ANIMALS Manufacture of synthetic fabrics 384 SYNTHETICS INDUSTRY Wool production 236 WOOL PRODUCTION 289 PAPER INDUSTRY Manufacture of paper; materials (e.g., wood pulp, rags); processing methods; special artifacts and apparatus used; organization of labor and production; special products; types of paper produced; etc. Food packaging 258 MISCELLANEOUS FOOD PROCESSING AND PACKING INDUSTRIES Pulp mills 313 LUMBERING Writing and printing supplies 218 WRITING AND PRINTING SUPPLIES Paper-making machinery 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 290 CLOTHING General statements covering several aspects of the manufacture, description, use, and care of wearing apparel. Adornment 300 291 NORMAL GARB Nude and covered parts of body; services of clothing (e.g., protection, vanity, modesty); standard costume; age and gender differences; seasonal variations; styles and fashions; description of individual garments; means of attachment and suspension (e.g., belt); headbands; etc. Cyclical trends in fashions 178 SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS Swaddling and infant attire 854 INFANT CARE Sumptuary laws 434 INCOME AND DEMAND Sexual modesty 834 GENERAL SEX RESTRICTIONS 292 SPECIAL GARMENTS Clothing of special occasions (e.g., festive apparel, rain gear, bathing costumes); headgear and footwear not ordinarily worn; costumes associated with special statuses and activities; special methods of wearing garments; etc. Ceremonial attire 796 ORGANIZED CEREMONIAL Dance costumes 535 DANCE Military uniforms 714 UNIFORM AND ACCOUTERMENT Dance and dramatic costumes 530 Drama costumes 536 DRAMA 293 PARAPHERNALIA Dress accessories (e.g., fans, special paraphernalia and regalia); protective apparatus (e.g., umbrellas, goggles); etc. Hearing aids 732 DISABILITIES Amulets 778 SACRED OBJECTS AND PLACES Riding gear 492 ANIMAL TRANSPORT Ornaments 301 ORNAMENT Medals 554 STATUS, ROLE, AND PRESTIGE Canes, crutches, and other aids to locomotion 481 LOCOMOTION Athletic equipment 526 ATHLETIC SPORTS Amulets 751 PREVENTIVE MEDICINE Ceremonial paraphernalia 796 ORGANIZED CEREMONIAL Eyeglasses 416 APPLIANCES Shamanistic paraphernalia 756 SHAMANS AND PSYCHOTHERAPISTS 294 CLOTHING MANUFACTURE Techniques of manufacture (e.g., cutting, fitting, sewing); special treatment of particular materials and products (e.g., shoe-making, hat manufacture); decoration (e.g., embroidery); use of special implements and apparatus (e.g. sewing machines); specialization (e.g., dressmakers, tailors, cobblers, hatters); etc. Visual arts 5311 VISUAL ARTS Leather and textile industries 280 Factory buildings 348 INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES Decorative art 531 DECORATIVE ART Household sewing machines 404 HOUSEHOLD MACHINES AND APPLIANCES 295 SPECIAL CLOTHING INDUSTRIES Industrialized production of shoes and hats; ready-made garment industries; industrial manufacture of underwear, hose, shirts, gloves, and furs; specialized techniques and equipment; organization of labor and production; etc. Textile industries 288 TEXTILE INDUSTRIES Leather industry 282 LEATHER INDUSTRY Machines used in clothing production 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Manufacture of machines used in clothing production 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES Retail clothing shops 444 RETAIL BUSINESSES 296 GARMENT CARE Methods of laundering clothes; repair techniques (e.g., darning, patching); special care and preservation of clothing (e.g., drying, snow removal, waterproofing, storage); organized services (e.g., laundries, dry-cleaning and pressing establishments, shoe-shining and repairing specialists); special techniques and apparatus; etc. Commercial laundry and dry-cleaning machinery 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Soap manufacture 388 SOAP AND ALLIED PRODUCTS Domestic laundry appliances 404 HOUSEHOLD MACHINES AND APPLIANCES 300 ADORNMENT General statements dealing with several aspects of methods of adorning the body other than by the wearing of clothing, and with the manufacture of the means of adornment. 301 ORNAMENT Types of ornament worn (e.g., necklaces, bracelets, rings, anklets, earrings, labrets, hair ornaments); mode of attachment of suspension; age, gender, and status differences; materials and manufacture; occasions of use; etc. Work in bone, horn and shell 321 BONE, HORN, AND SHELL TECHNOLOGY Sexual stimulation 832 SEXUAL STIMULATION 302 TOILET Shaving and depilation; hair styles (e.g., cutting, parting, arranging); care of the hair (e.g., washing, brushing); care of the nails (e.g., cutting filing); body painting; use of cosmetics, ointments and perfumes; age, gender, and status differences in toilet; associated beliefs and practices; etc. Visual Arts 5311 VISUAL ARTS Decorative art 531 DECORATIVE ART Sexual stimulation 832 SEXUAL STIMULATION Menstrual hygiene 841 MENSTRUATION Elimination 514 ELIMINATION Electrical appliances 403 ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND APPLIANCES War paint 714 UNIFORM AND ACCOUTERMENT Barbering tools 413 SPECIAL TOOLS Bathing and laving 515 PERSONAL HYGIENE Combs, brushes, etc. 412 GENERAL TOOLS 303 MANUFACTURE OF TOILET ACCESSORIES Preparation of cosmetics, ointments, and perfumes; production of toilet articles (e.g., compacts); special apparatus; organization of labor and production; specialists; etc. Manufacture of electrical appliances 393 ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRY Soap manufacture 388 SOAP AND ALLIED PRODUCTS Manufacture of paints, dyes, and pigments 386 PAINT AND DYE MANUFACTURE Manufacture of razors, clippers and tweezers 391 HARDWARE MANUFACTURE 304 BODY ALTERATIONS Scarification and tattooing; cranial deformations; tooth filing and removal; piercing of ears, nose, and lips; genital mutilation (e.g., castration, circumcision, clitoridectomy); age, gender, and status differences; special techniques and apparatus; associated beliefs; etc. The name of this category was changes from "Mutilation" to "Body Alterations" in 2000. Eunuchs 839 MISCELLANEOUS SEX BEHAVIOR Sexual stimulation 832 SEXUAL STIMULATION Initiatory rites in infancy 852 CEREMONIAL DURING INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD Initiatory rites in adolescence 881 PUBERTY AND INITIATION Masochism 158 PERSONALITY DISORDERS Mayhem 683 OFFENSES AGAINST THE PERSON Mutilation of captives 727 AFTERMATH OF COMBAT Mutilation of criminals 681 SANCTIONS Self-torture 785 ASCETICISM 305 BEAUTY SPECIALISTS Barbers and hairdressers; manicurists; tattooers; specialized cosmetic services (e.g., beauty salons); special techniques (e.g., shampoos); special apparatus; organization and training; etc. Public baths 368 MISCELLANEOUS FACILITIES Electrical appliances 403 ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND APPLIANCES 306 JEWELRY MANUFACTURE Cutting, polishing, and mounting of gems; specialized work in precious metals; lapidary art; manufacture of valuable ornaments and costume jewelry; specialized jewelers; etc. Manufacture of silverware and gold plate 328 NONFERROUS METAL INDUSTRIES Nonprofessional manufacture of ornaments 301 ORNAMENT Work in ivory and mother-of-pearl 321 BONE, HORN, AND SHELL TECHNOLOGY Lapidary tools 413 SPECIAL TOOLS Smiths and their crafts 326 SMITHS AND THEIR CRAFTS 310 EXPLOITATIVE ACTIVITIES General statements dealing with several aspects of the extraction from nature of raw materials other than food. Transformation of raw materials into tools, structures, clothing, and other finished products is classified elsewhere. 311 LAND USE Completeness and efficiency with which the potentialities of the land and its resources are utilized; distribution of waste land, forests, pasture, tilled land, and areas of settlement and industrial use; diversification and specialization e.g., monoculture); trends; etc. Productive capacity of the economy 433 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY Animal husbandry 230 Settlements 360 Natural resources 130 Forestry 313 LUMBERING Conservation 185 CULTURAL GOALS Agriculture 240 312 WATER SUPPLY Sources of water (e.g., springs, wells, rainwater catchment); waters with special properties (e.g., mineral water); waterworks (e.g., dams, reservoirs, settling basins); transportation of water (e.g., containers, pipes, aqueducts, canal ); irrigation and drainage systems; construction, maintenance, and regulation of water supply systems; etc. Excavation 332 EARTH MOVING Containers 415 UTENSILS Water power 376 WATER POWER Natural occurrence of water 133 TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY Plumbing 414 MISCELLANEOUS HARDWARE Use of irrigation in agriculture 241 TILLAGE Bathing 515 PERSONAL HYGIENE Water purification 364 REFUSE DISPOSAL AND SANITARY FACILITIES Plumbing 336 PLUMBING Canal navigation 502 NAVIGATION Beliefs about water 823 ETHNOGEOGRAPHY Water rights 423 REAL PROPERTY Pumps 406 WEIGHT-MOVING MACHINERY Public health 744 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION Flood control 731 DISASTERS 313 LUMBERING Kinds of timber exploited; gathering of firewood; logging operations (e.g., felling, trimming, hauling); techniques and apparatus used; sawmills and pulp mills; economic importance of lumbering; organization of labor and production; forestry science, practices, and policy; etc. Woodworking 322 WOODWORKING Forest resources 137 FLORA State and national forests 659 MISCELLANEOUS GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES Tools 412 GENERAL TOOLS Silviculture 245 ARBORICULTURE Building supplies industries 339 BUILDING SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES Conservation policies 185 CULTURAL GOALS Fuel 372 FIRE Lumbering machinery 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Moving of heavy weights 483 WEIGHT MOVING Paper manufacture 289 PAPER INDUSTRY Industrial structures 348 INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES 314 FOREST PRODUCTS Exploitation of forests and other uncultivated areas for products other than timber or food (e.g., gums and resins, rubber, vegetable oils, dyestuffs, medicines, bark, textile fibers, peat); intermediate processing (e.g., refining of palm oil or rubber, production of charcoal); organization of labor and production; etc. Collecting of edible materials 222 COLLECTING Ethnobotany 824 ETHNOBOTANY Materia medica 278 PHARMACEUTICALS Chemical industries 380 315 OIL AND GAS WELLS Exploration for oil and natural gas; methods of extraction (e.g., skimming, drilling); use of special apparatus; pipelines, pumping stations, and storage tanks; special precautions against fire and explosion; organization of labor and production; specialized personnel; regulation; etc. Petroleum refining 382 PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES Heating and lightning appliances 354 HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Manufacture of drilling machinery 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES Natural resources 130 Drilling machinery 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Fire and fuel 372 FIRE Urban fire protection 368 MISCELLANEOUS FACILITIES 316 MINING AND QUARRYING Minerals exploited (e.g., flint, coal, iron); methods of extraction; mining engineering; economic importance of mining and quarrying; organization of labor and production; etc. Explosives 389 MANUFACTURE OF EXPLOSIVES Digging tools 412 GENERAL TOOLS Stone industries 324 LITHIC INDUSTRIES Mining schools 874 VOCATIONAL EDUCATION Metal industries 320 Mineral resources 135 MINERAL RESOURCES Mining machinery 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 317 SPECIAL DEPOSITS Minerals sought (e.g., sand, salt, clay, ocher, sulfur, phosphates); methods of extraction; organization of labor and production; utilization of products; etc. Salt manufacture 258 MISCELLANEOUS FOOD PROCESSING AND PACKING INDUSTRIES Mineral resources 135 MINERAL RESOURCES Property in exploitative sites with monopoly value 423 REAL PROPERTY 318 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Extent to which the quality of the physical environment has been altered as the result of human activity; causes, incidence and types of pollution (e.g., air, water, radiation, noise, etc.); methods of measuring (e.g., indices of pollution); organized attempts to contain or clean up environmental pollution (e.g., oil or chemical spills, litter, etc.); attempts at legal control (e.g., through governmental agencies, laws and regulations, etc.); anti-pollution devices; recycling of waste materials (e.g., cans, bottles, paper, etc.); recycling centers; general statements on the effects of pollution; etc. Geography 130 Public health and sanitation 744 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION Government regulation 656 GOVERNMENT REGULATION Urban growth, ecology and planning 361 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS Sewage disposal 364 REFUSE DISPOSAL AND SANITARY FACILITIES Urban development 369 URBAN AND RURAL LIFE Water supply 312 WATER SUPPLY Government research and development 654 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Administrative agencies 647 ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES Legal norms 671 LEGAL NORMS Pollution as a cause of disease 164 MORBIDITY Pollution as a cause of disease 753 THEORY OF DISEASE Energy and power 370 Disasters 731 DISASTERS Environmental adjustment 182 FUNCTIONAL AND ADAPTATIONAL INTERPRETATIONS Cultural goals 185 CULTURAL GOALS 320 PROCESSING OF BASIC MATERIALS This category is used for information on the technology of converting basic raw materials into finished or semi-finished products. Data on the acquisition of raw materials, descriptions of the finished products, and information on the manufacture of complex artifacts will be classified elsewhere. This category also includes data on spatial and temporal variation and trends in these technologies. 321 BONE, HORN, AND SHELL TECHNOLOGY This category contains information on the technology used for working bone, horn, and shell and for information on spatial and temporal trends and variations in these technologies. This category includes information on techniques of cutting, drilling, and polishing; treatment of special materials (e.g., ivory, mother-of-pearl, chitin); use of special implements and apparatus; bone, horn, and shell products not elsewhere described; industrial elaborations (e.g., button manufacture); specialized personnel and organization; etc. Ornaments 301 ORNAMENT Animal by-products 237 ANIMAL BY-PRODUCTS Marine industries 228 MARINE INDUSTRIES Tools 410 Featherwork 287 NONWOVEN FABRICS 322 WOODWORKING This category is used to index information on woodworking technology in general and spatial and/or temporal trends or variations in such technology. The category includes information on methods of seasoning wood; techniques of shaping (e.g., cutting, planing, burning, warping); treatment of special materials (e.g. coconut, bamboo, gourds, bark); use of special apparatus; finishing techniques (e.g., oiling, lacquering); elaborated woodworking crafts (e.g., cooperage, cabinet making), manufacture of wooden and other furniture; specialized personnel and organization; wooden products not elsewhere described; etc. Shipbuilding 396 SHIPBUILDING Tools 412 GENERAL TOOLS Lathes and other woodworking machines 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Carpentry in building construction 335 CARPENTRY Description of furniture 352 FURNITURE Lumbering and sawmills 313 LUMBERING Sculpture in wood 532 REPRESENTATIVE ART Sculpture in wood 5311 VISUAL ARTS Woodworking machine manufacture 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES 323 CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY Manufacture of pottery and glass; preliminary processing of materials (e.g., cleaning, mixing); shaping (e.g. modeling, use of molds, coiling, blowing; firing; special apparatus (e.g., potter's wheels, kilns); methods of decoration (e.g., glazing, painting, incising); ceramic products not elsewhere described; specialization (e.g., potters, glass blowers); industrially elaborated ceramic manufactures (e.g., bottle making, porcelain manufacture); etc. Types of ceramics manufactured; special types; etc. Description and classification of ceramics. Temporal and spatial variation in the manufacture and use of ceramics, pottery, and glass. Acquisition of raw materials 317 SPECIAL DEPOSITS Interior decorating 353 BUILDING INTERIORS AND ARRANGEMENT Brick and tile manufacture 339 BUILDING SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES Decorative designs and motifs 531 DECORATIVE ART Decorative designs and motifs 5311 VISUAL ARTS Optical instruments 416 APPLIANCES Utensils 415 UTENSILS 324 LITHIC INDUSTRIES This category includes information on the technologies used in working stone including information on materials and types of stone used and products not elsewhere described. Methods of shaping stone (e.g., chipping, pecking, grinding); materials used; products not elsewhere described; special stone industries (e.g., carving of tombstones and monuments); specialized personnel and organization; etc. Types of lithics manufactured; special types; etc. Description and classification of lithics; temporal and spatial variations and trends in stoneworking technology. Work in gems 306 JEWELRY MANUFACTURE Tools 412 GENERAL TOOLS Moving of heavy weights 483 WEIGHT MOVING Monuments 349 MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES Masonry 333 MASONRY Cement manufacture 339 BUILDING SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES Quarrying 316 MINING AND QUARRYING 325 METALLURGY This category is used to index discussions of smelting and refining of ores; alloys; methods of casting; hot and cold forging; tempering; soldering; welding; special apparatus (e.g., bellows, anvil); practical and scientific metallurgical knowledge (e.g., the making of wire thread); etc. Temporal and spatial variations and trends in metallurgy are also included in this category. Capital goods industries 390 Tools and weapons 410 Nonferrous metal industries 328 NONFERROUS METAL INDUSTRIES Mining 316 MINING AND QUARRYING Iron and steel industry 327 IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY 326 SMITHS AND THEIR CRAFTS Non-industrialized specialization in metallurgical crafts; types of specialists (e.g., blacksmiths, coppersmiths, tinsmiths, silversmiths, goldsmiths, gunsmiths); special skills and services of each; products not elsewhere described; organization (e.g., guilds); social status of smiths; etc. Tools, weapons, utensils, and appliances 410 Iron and steel industry 327 IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY Jewelers 306 JEWELRY MANUFACTURE Nonferrous metal industries 328 NONFERROUS METAL INDUSTRIES 327 IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY Industrial production of iron and steel products (e.g., pig iron, rails, sheet steel, wire); special plants (e.g., iron foundries, blast furnaces, rolling mills); products and their uses; economic importance of and self-sufficiency in iron and steel production; organization of labor and production; etc. Industrial organization 470 Industrial machines 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Mining 316 MINING AND QUARRYING Structural steel work 334 STRUCTURAL STEEL WORK Manufacture of industrial machines 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES Metallurgical science 325 METALLURGY 328 NONFERROUS METAL INDUSTRIES Industrialized processing of nonferrous metals (e.g., aluminum, copper, tin, zinc, silver, gold, mercury); smelting, refining, and ingot production; products and their uses; economic importance of nonferrous metal industries; organization of labor and production; etc. Jewelry manufacture 306 JEWELRY MANUFACTURE Mining 316 MINING AND QUARRYING Coppersmiths, tinsmiths, silversmiths, and goldsmiths 326 SMITHS AND THEIR CRAFTS Aircraft industry 399 AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY Coinage 436 MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE 330 BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION General statements on several topics primarily concerned with the technological skills involved in assembling raw or semi-finished materials to construct buildings and other structures, together with certain business and industrial activities directly related thereto. 331 CONSTRUCTION Civil and structural engineering; construction industries; specialized builders, contractors, and wreckers; organization of labor and production; etc. Data on construction and materials not classifiable under succeeding categories will be filed here. Architecture 341 ARCHITECTURE Waterways improvements 503 WATERWAYS IMPROVEMENTS Military engineering and the construction of military installations 710 Labor 460 Adquacy of housing 362 HOUSING Dwellings 342 DWELLINGS Highway and railway construction 499 HIGHWAY AND RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION Business and industrial organization 470 Contracts 675 CONTRACTS 332 EARTH MOVING Techniques of excavating, grading, and earth removal; use of special implements and apparatus; specialized personnel and organization; etc. Manufacture of earth-moving machines 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES Weight moving 483 WEIGHT MOVING Dredging 503 WATERWAYS IMPROVEMENTS Earth-moving machines 406 WEIGHT-MOVING MACHINERY Explosives 389 MANUFACTURE OF EXPLOSIVES Mining and quarrying 316 MINING AND QUARRYING Digging tools 412 GENERAL TOOLS Railway and highway construction 499 HIGHWAY AND RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION 333 MASONRY Laying of bricks and stones; use of mortar; mixing and laying of adobe and concrete; types of construction (e.g., foundations, floors, walls); structural principles (e.g., arch, dome); use of special implements and apparatus (e.g., trowel, hod, cement mixer); specialized personnel and organization; etc. Brick and cement manufacture 339 BUILDING SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES General Tools 412 GENERAL TOOLS Special Tools 413 SPECIAL TOOLS Stone industry 324 LITHIC INDUSTRIES 334 STRUCTURAL STEEL WORK Erection and assembly of structural steel elements (e.g., girders, cables); joining techniques (e.g., welding, riveting); products (e.g., bridges, radio towers, skeleton framework of buildings); specialized personnel and organization; etc. Tools and apparatus 410 Bridges 491 HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES Iron and steel industry 327 IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY Weight moving 483 WEIGHT MOVING 335 CARPENTRY Special treatment of wooden materials in building construction; techniques of joining (e.g., by mortise and tenon, with nails or screws); structural devices (e.g., struts, king-post); specialized personnel and organization (e.g., carpenters' guilds or unions); etc. Hardware 414 MISCELLANEOUS HARDWARE Nonstructural woodworking 322 WOODWORKING Shipbuilding 396 SHIPBUILDING Tools 412 GENERAL TOOLS 336 PLUMBING Laying and fitting of water, gas, and sewer pipe; installation and repair of plumbing fixtures; implements and apparatus; steamfitting; specialized personnel and organization; etc. Gas plants 382 PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES Water supply 312 WATER SUPPLY Heating and lighting systems 354 HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Sewer systems 364 REFUSE DISPOSAL AND SANITARY FACILITIES Oil and gas pipelines 315 OIL AND GAS WELLS Plumbing fixtures 414 MISCELLANEOUS HARDWARE 337 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION Wiring structures for electricity; installation of electrical fixtures and appliances; special equipment and apparatus; specialized personnel and organization; etc. Electrical appliances 403 ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND APPLIANCES Electrical supplies industry 393 ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRY Electric power 377 ELECTRIC POWER 338 MISCELLANEOUS BUILDING TRADES Structural specialists not classifiable under the preceding categories (e.g., plasterers, roofers, painters, paperhangers, glaziers); special techniques, equipment, and services of each; organization; etc. Interior decoration 353 BUILDING INTERIORS AND ARRANGEMENT Tools and hardware 410 Coppersmiths and tinsmiths 326 SMITHS AND THEIR CRAFTS 339 BUILDING SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES Manufacture of building and construction supplies not elsewhere described (e.g., brick, cement, tile); processors of building materials (e.g., mill work companies, brick yards); suppliers to builders and contractors; business organization of manufacturers, processors, and suppliers of building materials; etc. Manufacture of electrical supplies 393 ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRY Manufacture of construction hardware 391 HARDWARE MANUFACTURE Lumbering 313 LUMBERING Stone industry 324 LITHIC INDUSTRIES Hardware 414 MISCELLANEOUS HARDWARE Retail marketing 443 RETAIL MARKETING Steel industry 327 IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY Paint manufacture 386 PAINT AND DYE MANUFACTURE 340 STRUCTURES General statements describing several types of structures detailed below. Only purely descriptive information on types of buildings and other structures, as well as data on materials and construction not classifiable under the "Building and Construction" (330) categories will be indexed with these categories. The uses of each type of structure are described under appropriate headings. 341 ARCHITECTURE Styles of domestic and non-domestic buildings; architectural theory and principles; practice of architecture (e.g., solicitation of business; planning, draftsmanship, supervision of construction, fees); specialization (e.g., architects, draftsmen); etc. Landscape architecture 351 GROUNDS Interior decoration 353 BUILDING INTERIORS AND ARRANGEMENT Visual Arts 5311 VISUAL ARTS Decorative art 531 DECORATIVE ART Construction 330 342 DWELLINGS Description of residential buildings; seasonal, local and status differences in dwelling types; caves as dwellings; durability and portability of dwellings; mode of construction; adequacy (e.g., for protection from elements, for security, or light and ventilation); typical number of occupants; ceremonies during and after construction; etc. House building specialists 330 Household organization 592 HOUSEHOLD Adequacy of housing 362 HOUSING Names of houses 552 NAMES OF ANIMALS AND THINGS 343 OUTBUILDINGS Description of domestic nonresidential buildings (e.g., cook houses, latrines, menstrual lodges, bathhouses, granaries, barns, stables); special characteristics of each; mode of construction; etc. Cookhouses 252 FOOD PREPARATION Latrines 514 ELIMINATION Stables and stalls 231 DOMESTICATED ANIMALS Boathouses 504 PORT FACILITIES Bathhouses 515 PERSONAL HYGIENE Menstrual lodges 841 MENSTRUATION 344 PUBLIC STRUCTURES Description of public buildings (e.g., municipal halls, courthouses, prisons and jails, post offices, hospitals); special characteristics and facilities of each; mode of construction; etc. Postal service 205 MAIL Functioning of courts, jails and prisons 690 Building trades 330 Municipal government 630 Hospital administration 743 HOSPITALS AND CLINICS 345 RECREATIONAL STRUCTURES Description of clubhouses, theaters, stadiums, gymnasiums; special characteristics and construction of each; etc. Sodalities 575 SODALITIES Inns, taverns, restaurants, etc. 347 BUSINESS STRUCTURES Drama 536 DRAMA Entertainment 540 Functioning of recreational facilities 529 RECREATIONAL FACILITIES 346 RELIGIOUS AND EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURES Description of shrines, temples, churches, libraries, museums, schools, and other religious and educational structures; special characteristics of each; mode of construction; etc. Administration of sacred places 778 SACRED OBJECTS AND PLACES Administration of libraries and museums 217 ARCHIVES Administration of schools and colleges 870 Administration and functioning of churches 794 CONGREGATIONS 347 BUSINESS STRUCTURES Description of office buildings, retail stores, and other business structures; special characteristics of each; mode of construction; etc. Operation of restaurants 265 FOOD SERVICE INDUSTRIES Retail marketing 443 RETAIL MARKETING Commercial facilities 366 COMMERCIAL FACILITIES Elevators 406 WEIGHT-MOVING MACHINERY Operation of banks 453 BANKING Operation of garages and filling stations 495 AUXILIARY HIGHWAY SERVICES Operation of warehouses 488 WAREHOUSING Building trades 330 Operation of bars and taverns 275 DRINKING ESTABLISHMENTS 348 INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES Description of factories and other manufacturing plants; special characteristics of each type; mode of construction; etc. Operation of food processing plants 250 Operation of clothing factories 294 CLOTHING MANUFACTURE Operation of paper mills 289 PAPER INDUSTRY Operation of chemical factories 380 Operation of breweries and distilleries 274 BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES Operation of iron foundries and steel mills 327 IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY Operation of munitions factories 719 MUNITIONS INDUSTRIES Building trades 330 Operation of tobacco factories 277 TOBACCO INDUSTRY Operation of textile industries 288 TEXTILE INDUSTRIES Operation of sawmills and pulp mills 313 LUMBERING Capital goods industries 390 349 MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES Description of structures not classifiable above (e.g., monuments, radio towers, lighthouses, hangars, railway stations); special characteristics of each; mode of construction; etc. Adjuncts to navigation 502 NAVIGATION Commemorative statues and monuments 211 MNEMONIC DEVICES Railway terminal facilities 498 TERMINAL FACILITIES Radio and television 207 RADIO AND TELEVISION Funerary monuments 764 BURIAL PRACTICES AND FUNERALS Airport facilities 508 AIRPORT FACILITIES 350 EQUIPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF BUILDINGS General statements covering several aspects of the material equipment, care, and upkeep of dwellings and nonresidential buildings. Descriptions of other machines used buildings 400 Descriptions of other appliances, tools, utensils, hardware, and apparatus used in buildings 410 351 GROUNDS House plots and building lots; courtyards; walls, fences, and gates; grading; gardens and ornamental plants; swimming pools; landscape architecture; upkeep of grounds; choice of house site; etc. Gardening 240 Description of fences and gates 417 APPARATUS Fences used in agriculture 241 TILLAGE 352 FURNITURE Pegs, racks, shelves, and cupboards; description of furniture (e.g., chairs, tables, chests, beds, hammocks, head-rests); floor covering (e.g., mats, rugs); special uses of furniture; etc. Hardware 414 MISCELLANEOUS HARDWARE Bedding 513 SLEEPING Mat making 285 MATS AND BASKETRY Furniture manufacture 322 WOODWORKING 353 BUILDING INTERIORS AND ARRANGEMENT This category includes descriptions of painting, carving, and incising of walls and woodwork; screens and draperies; color schemes; furniture arrangement; use of pictures and prints; household shrines and sacred objects; bric-a-brac and objects d'art; flower arrangement; specialization in interior decoration (e.g., interior decorators); storage of household items; archaeological storage and cache pits; etc. The name of this category was changed from INTERIOR DECORATION AND ARRANGEMENT in 2000. Storage of food 251 PRESERVATION AND STORAGE OF FOOD Religious significance of household shrines and sacred objects 778 SACRED OBJECTS AND PLACES Visual Arts 5311 VISUAL ARTS Decorative art 531 DECORATIVE ART Storage of clothing 296 GARMENT CARE 354 HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Systems for the lighting, heating, insulation, ventilating and air-conditioning of buildings; hearths and fireplaces; special lighting equipment (e.g., candles, oil lamps, gas lights, electric lights); special heating appliances (e.g., wood, coal, oil, gas, and electric stoves and furnaces); air-conditioning installations; insulating materials; etc. Manufacture of candles 388 SOAP AND ALLIED PRODUCTS Heat, light, and power 370 Plumbing fixtures 414 MISCELLANEOUS HARDWARE Household machines 404 HOUSEHOLD MACHINES AND APPLIANCES Electrical installations 337 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION Cooking 252 FOOD PREPARATION Utensils 415 UTENSILS Elevators 406 WEIGHT-MOVING MACHINERY Electrical appliances 403 ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND APPLIANCES Manufacture of fuel oil and illuminating gas 382 PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES Manufacture of heating and lighting appliances 394 MANUFACTURE OF HEATING AND LIGHTING APPLIANCES Refrigerators, incubators, and portable lights 416 APPLIANCES Installation of plumbing 336 PLUMBING Water supply 312 WATER SUPPLY 355 MISCELLANEOUS BUILDING EQUIPMENT Description of building equipment not classifiable elsewhere (e.g., eaves and drains, fire extinguishers, dumb waiters); special uses of each; etc. 356 HOUSEKEEPING Information on the upkeep of dwelling and outbuildings (e.g., painting, repairs); routine indoor chores (e.g., housecleaning, bedmaking); unspecified routine domestic tasks that occur outdoor adjacent to a dwelling in archaeological contexts; use and care of household implements and appliances; etc. The description was updated in 2000. Household tools and appliances 410 Painters and paperhangers 338 MISCELLANEOUS BUILDING TRADES Cleaning of cooking and eating utensils 264 EATING Food preparation 252 FOOD PREPARATION Household machines 404 HOUSEHOLD MACHINES AND APPLIANCES Daily routine 512 DAILY ROUTINE Laundering 296 GARMENT CARE 357 DOMESTIC SERVICE Prevalence and functional differentiation of household servants (e.g., cooks, butlers, chambermaids, gardeners, chauffeurs, governesses); status and activities of each; arrangements for room and board; wages; hiring and firing; master-servant relationships; etc. Slavery 567 SLAVERY Labor relations 466 LABOR RELATIONS Composition of household 592 HOUSEHOLD 358 MAINTENANCE OF NON-DOMESTIC BUILDINGS Upkeep and repair of public, business, industrial, religious, educational, and recreational buildings, maintenance activities (e.g., sweeping, window-cleaning, tending of furnaces); specialized caretakers (e.g., janitors, scrubwomen, chimney sweeps, watchmen); organization of maintenance activities; etc. 360 SETTLEMENTS General statements covering several specific aspects of the physical configuration and material facilities of settlements ranging in size and complexity from a temporary camp to a great metropolis. Social and political organization of municipalities, etc. 630 Telephone services 206 TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH Characteristics of urban and rural life 369 URBAN AND RURAL LIFE Social and political organization of communities 620 Water supply 312 WATER SUPPLY 361 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS Information on the location and distribution of settlements; house census; physical types and descriptions of settlements and the incidence of each (e.g., temporary camp, settled hamlet or village, town, city, urban metropolis); degree of permanence or impermanence; settlement plan; urban ecology (e.g., residential, business, and industrial areas); satellite areas (e.g., suburbs); patterns of settlement growth; zoning; city planning; statements about the size, plan, and/or distribution of archaeological sites; etc. The description was updated in 2000. Social planning 185 CULTURAL GOALS Community organization 621 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE Place names 103 PLACE NAMES Land use 311 LAND USE Demography 160 Transhumance, seasonal 221 ANNUAL CYCLE 362 HOUSING Adequacy of housing facilities (e.g., for physical protection, for comfort, for privacy); housing shortages and overcrowding; effects of poverty, war, and natural calamities; public and private housing and slum clearance programs; etc. Standard of living 511 STANDARD OF LIVING Renting and leasing 427 RENTING AND LEASING Public welfare 657 PUBLIC WELFARE Dwellings 342 DWELLINGS 363 STREETS AND TRAFFIC Type and plan of settlement paths and streets; paving, gutters, and sidewalks; type and amount of urban traffic (e.g., pedestrians, animals, carts, automobiles, trams); parking and traffic regulations; street maintenance; etc. Highways and bridges 491 HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES Street lighting 373 LIGHT Routes 487 ROUTES 364 REFUSE DISPOSAL AND SANITARY FACILITIES This category is used to index information on sewerage system; sewage disposal plants; collection and disposal of garbage and waste; street-cleaning services; purification of water; municipal sanitary facilities and regulations; refuse pits; middens; etc. The description was updated in 2000. Personal hygiene 515 PERSONAL HYGIENE Water supply 312 WATER SUPPLY Fertilizer industry 387 FERTILIZER INDUSTRY Elimination 514 ELIMINATION Plumbing 336 PLUMBING Public health 744 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION Plumbing 414 MISCELLANEOUS HARDWARE Army sanitary corps 708 AUXILIARY CORPS 365 PUBLIC UTILITIES Availability of publicly and privately operated municipal utilities (e.g., water system, telephone facilities, bus and tram services, power and light systems); services rendered and the extent of their utilization; etc. Manufacture of illuminating gas 382 PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES Water supply 312 WATER SUPPLY Telephone service 206 TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH Electric power plants 377 ELECTRIC POWER Ownership and control of capital 471 OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF CAPITAL Cab, bus, and tram services 494 HIGHWAY TRANSPORT 366 COMMERCIAL FACILITIES Availability and location of markets, retail shops, wholesale outlets, warehouses, office buildings, banks, restaurants, hotels, garages, and other business facilities; trading centers and trade areas; etc. Garages 495 AUXILIARY HIGHWAY SERVICES Warehouses 488 WAREHOUSING Banks 453 BANKING Business buildings 347 BUSINESS STRUCTURES Hotels 485 TRAVEL SERVICES Marketing 440 Restaurants 265 FOOD SERVICE INDUSTRIES 367 PARKS Availability, location, use, and maintenance of municipal parks, playgrounds, and athletic fields; zoological and botanical gardens (e.g., location, support, operation, use); etc. State and national forests 659 MISCELLANEOUS GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES Landscape architecture 351 GROUNDS Amusement parks and other recreational facilities 529 RECREATIONAL FACILITIES Entertainment 540 Floriculture 247 FLORICULTURE 368 MISCELLANEOUS FACILITIES Fire protection services (e.g., fire-fighting apparatus and equipment, specialized personnel); availability and location of piers, railway stations, airports and bus terminals; availability and location of religious, educational, recreational and administrative facilities (e.g., churches, temples, city halls, schools, libraries, police stations, museums, theaters, opera houses, art galleries, gymnasiums, public baths, clubhouses); etc. Description of structures 340 Transportation 500 Transportation 490 Entertainment 540 Police protection 625 POLICE Manufacture of fire-fighting machinery 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES Functioning of recreational facilities 529 RECREATIONAL FACILITIES Transportation 480 369 URBAN AND RURAL LIFE Degree of differentiation of rural, small town, and urban modes of life; characteristics of each and contrasts between them; effects of urbanization upon social institutions; trends in urban development; etc. Social stratification 560 Statistics on rural and urban population 162 COMPOSITION OF POPULATION Cultural participation 184 CULTURAL PARTICIPATION Sociocultural trends 178 SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS Communities 620 370 ENERGY AND POWER General statements dealing with several aspects of the utilization of the sources of energy in nature and with the transformation of such energies into industrial power. Machines that provide energy 400 Human labor as energy 460 371 POWER DEVELOPMENT Sources of energy utilized and not utilized; potential and development power resources; public and private programs of power development; etc. For the use and development of specific power resources see the siblings of this category. Ownership and control of capital 471 OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF CAPITAL Productive capacity of the economy 433 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY Urban public utilities 365 PUBLIC UTILITIES 372 FIRE Generation of fire; techniques and apparatus (e.g., fire plow, fire drill, flint and steel, fire piston, matches); borrowing, preservation, and transportation of fire; tinder and kindling; fuels; uses of fire; beliefs about fire and associated practices; etc. Brand tillage 241 TILLAGE Conflagrations 731 DISASTERS Hearths, stoves, and lamps 354 HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Gathering of firewood 313 LUMBERING Coal mining 316 MINING AND QUARRYING Production of charcoal 314 FOREST PRODUCTS Cooking 252 FOOD PREPARATION Firing of pottery 323 CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY Fire protection 368 MISCELLANEOUS FACILITIES Manufacture of oil and gas 382 PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES 373 LIGHT Sources of light; methods of producing light; practical and scientific knowledge about lighting; uses of light; outdoor lighting systems (e.g., street lighting); beliefs about light; etc. Photography 215 PHOTOGRAPHY Signaling with lights 202 TRANSMISSION OF MESSAGES Theatrical lighting 536 DRAMA Portable lights 416 APPLIANCES Manufacture of lighting appliances 394 MANUFACTURE OF HEATING AND LIGHTING APPLIANCES Indoor lighting systems and appliances 354 HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Ideas about colors and shadows 822 ETHNOPHYSICS Ideas about day and night 821 ETHNOMETEOROLOGY 374 HEAT Sources of heat; methods of producing and regulating heat; beliefs about heat and cold; practical and scientific knowledge about heat; uses of heat; etc. Refrigerators and incubators 416 APPLIANCES Chemical industries 380 Ethnophysics 822 ETHNOPHYSICS Heating, insulation, and air-conditioning systems and appliances 354 HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Cooking 252 FOOD PREPARATION Manufacture of heating appliances 394 MANUFACTURE OF HEATING AND LIGHTING APPLIANCES Refrigeration industry 254 REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY 375 THERMAL POWER Generation of power for industrial purposes through the combustion of fuels; engines (e.g., heat, steam, internal combustion); fuels (e.g., wood, coal, oil, gas); thermal power plants; actual and potential output of thermal power; specialized personnel; organization of labor and production; etc. Power-operated machinery 400 Production of fuel oil and illuminating gas 382 PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES Railway and automobile engines 490 Natural resources of coal and petroleum 135 MINERAL RESOURCES Coal mining 316 MINING AND QUARRYING Airplane and marine engines 500 376 WATER POWER Generation of industrial power by harnessing the energy of flowing or falling water; hydraulic engines (e.g., rams, water wheels, turbines); special installations and facilities (e.g., tidal installations); actual and potential output of water power; specialized personnel (e.g., hydraulic engineers); organization of labor and production; etc. Water supply 312 WATER SUPPLY Pumps and power-operated machinery 406 WEIGHT-MOVING MACHINERY Hydroelectric plants 377 ELECTRIC POWER 377 ELECTRIC POWER Conversion of other energies into electricity; electrical generators; electric power plants; special installations and apparatus; methods of storage and transmission; electrical engineering; actual and potential output of electric power; specialized personnel; organization of labor and production; regulation; etc. Radio 207 RADIO AND TELEVISION Telephone and telegraph 206 TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH Municipal power and light systems 365 PUBLIC UTILITIES Manufacture of electrical equipment 393 ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRY Heating and lighting appliances 354 HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Description of electrical machinery and appliances 403 ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND APPLIANCES Electrical installations in building construction 337 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION 378 ATOMIC ENERGY Generation of power through nuclear fission and fusion; materials used; special installations and apparatus; actual and potential output of atomic power; specialized personnel; organization of labor and production; regulation; etc. Development of nuclear physics 815 SCIENCE Atomic weapons 713 ORDNANCE 379 MISCELLANEOUS POWER PRODUCTION Special utilization of sources of power not classifiable under previous categories (e.g., human and animal energies, wind power, solar radiation); special apparatus (e.g., treadmills, windmills, rotor engines, solar radiation plants); specialization and organization; etc. Description of power machinery 400 Human labor 460 Sailing vessels 501 BOATS Use of animals in travel and transportation 492 ANIMAL TRANSPORT 380 CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES General statements dealing with several aspects of the processing of raw materials in a series of industries where the technology is primarily chemical rather than physical. Power 370 Industrial structures structures see Category 348 348 INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES 381 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Industrial chemistry; research laboratories, equipment, and techniques; specialized personnel (e.g., technicians, engineers); special chemical industries not classifiable in the succeeding categories (e.g., adhesive manufacture) including products and their uses; etc. Alchemy 822 ETHNOPHYSICS Chemistry as a science 815 SCIENCE Military engineering 711 MILITARY ENGINEERING 382 PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES Refining and processing of petroleum; manufacture of coal products (e.g., illuminating gas, coal tar); use of special apparatus and machinery; processing techniques; products and their uses; economic importance of petroleum and coal products industries; organization of labor and production; etc. Plumbing fixtures 414 MISCELLANEOUS HARDWARE Refining machinery 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Oil and gas wells and pipelines 315 OIL AND GAS WELLS Heating and lighting systems 354 HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Filling stations 495 AUXILIARY HIGHWAY SERVICES Coal mines 316 MINING AND QUARRYING Thermal power 375 THERMAL POWER 383 RUBBER INDUSTRY Processing of natural rubber; refining techniques; methods of shaping and molding; products and their uses (e.g., rubber balls, syringes, automobile tires); organization of labor and production; synthetic rubber industry; etc. Rubber gathering 314 FOREST PRODUCTS Industrial machinery 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Agricultural production of rubber 249 SPECIAL CROPS 384 SYNTHETICS INDUSTRY Manufacture of plastics and other synthetic products; materials used; processing techniques and apparatus; products and their uses; organization of labor and production; etc. Manufacture of ceramics 323 CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY Industrial machinery 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 385 INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS Production of acids, bases, and other industrial chemicals; materials used; processes of manufacture; special techniques and apparatus; products and their uses; organization of labor and production; etc. Manufacture of drugs and poisons 278 PHARMACEUTICALS 386 PAINT AND DYE MANUFACTURE Paints, dyes, and pigments, materials used in their manufacture; processing techniques; special equipment; products and their uses (e.g., aniline dyes, ink, art supplies); organization of labor and production; etc. body painting 302 TOILET Interior decoration 353 BUILDING INTERIORS AND ARRANGEMENT Manufacture of cosmetics 303 MANUFACTURE OF TOILET ACCESSORIES Visual art 532 REPRESENTATIVE ART House painting 356 HOUSEKEEPING Special deposits 317 SPECIAL DEPOSITS Forest products 314 FOREST PRODUCTS Visual art 5311 VISUAL ARTS House painting 338 MISCELLANEOUS BUILDING TRADES 387 FERTILIZER INDUSTRY Manufacture of agricultural fertilizers; specialized techniques and equipment; materials and products; organization of labor and production; etc. Exploitation of guano, nitrate, and phosphate deposits 317 SPECIAL DEPOSITS Use of fertilizers 241 TILLAGE Animal by-products 237 ANIMAL BY-PRODUCTS Sewage conversion plants 364 REFUSE DISPOSAL AND SANITARY FACILITIES Use of hydroelectric power in the manufacture of nitrates 377 ELECTRIC POWER 388 SOAP AND ALLIED PRODUCTS Manufacture of soap, detergents, and other oil and fat products (e.g., candles); materials used; specialized techniques and apparatus; products and their uses; organization of labor and production; etc. Laundering 296 GARMENT CARE Edible oil production 258 MISCELLANEOUS FOOD PROCESSING AND PACKING INDUSTRIES Bathing and laving 515 PERSONAL HYGIENE 389 MANUFACTURE OF EXPLOSIVES Production of gunpowder, nitroglycerin, and other explosives; materials used; processing techniques and equipment; products and their uses (e.g., fireworks, dynamite, ammunition); manufacturing plants; organization of labor and production; etc. Munitions industries 719 MUNITIONS INDUSTRIES Military weapons 713 ORDNANCE Mining 316 MINING AND QUARRYING Atomic energy 378 ATOMIC ENERGY 390 CAPITAL GOODS INDUSTRIES General statements dealing with several aspects of the manufacturing processes which produce tools and machines, and with their technological and economic organization. Descriptions of the specific artifacts used in or produced by these industries are indexed under other headings. Industrial structures 347 BUSINESS STRUCTURES Productive capacity of the economy 433 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY 391 HARDWARE MANUFACTURE Production of agricultural, industrial, and other tools; manufacture of cooking and eating implements and utensils (e.g., cutlery, kitchen utensils); manufacture of construction hardware (e.g., nails, wire, bolts, pipe, fixtures); manufacture of fishing tackle; industrial specialization; organization of labor and production; etc. Building construction 330 Description of fishing gear 227 FISHING GEAR Furniture manufacture 322 WOODWORKING Description of tools, utensils, and apparatus 410 Wood, stone, metal, and ceramic industries 320 Basketry 285 MATS AND BASKETRY 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES Machine shops; industrial manufacture of all types of machines and complex mechanical appliances other then those operated by electricity and those employed in transportation, heating, lighting, and photography; industrial specialization; economic importance of and self-sufficiency in machine industries; organization of labor and production; etc. Power 370 Ordnance manufacture 719 MUNITIONS INDUSTRIES Description of specific machines 400 393 ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRY Construction of electric motors, generators, and transformers; manufacture of electrical equipment (e.g., wiring, insulation, connections, coils, batteries); production of electrical appliances; industrialization; manufacture of electronic equipment; organization of labor and production; etc. Electric power 377 ELECTRIC POWER Description of electrical heating and lighting appliances 345 RECREATIONAL STRUCTURES Use of telephone, telegraph, radio, and television equipment 200 Description of electrical machinery and equipment 403 ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND APPLIANCES Description of electrical heating and lighting appliances 354 HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Electrical installations in building construction 337 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION 394 MANUFACTURE OF HEATING AND LIGHTING APPLIANCES Manufacture of stoves, furnaces, bakery equipment, and other non-electrical heating appliances; production of ice-making machinery; manufacture of heat-regulating appliances (e.g., incubators, refrigerators, air-conditioning apparatus); manufacture of lamps and other non-electric lighting appliances; industrial specialization; organization of labor and production; etc. Description of heating and lighting appliances 354 HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Heat, light, and power 370 Refrigeration industry 254 REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY Description of incubators and refrigerators 416 APPLIANCES 395 MANUFACTURE OF OPTICAL AND PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT Lens-grinding; manufacture of optical instruments and supplies; manufacture of still and motion-picture cameras and projectors; manufacture of photographic equipment and supplies (e.g., film, developing materials); industrial specialization; organization of labor and production; etc. Description of optical instruments and photographic apparatus 416 APPLIANCES Glass manufacture 323 CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY Motion-picture industry 546 MOTION PICTURE INDUSTRY Photography 215 PHOTOGRAPHY 396 SHIPBUILDING Construction and repair of boats, ships, and underwater craft; manufacture of shipbuilding materials and equipment (e.g., marine motors, nautical gear); industrial specialization (e.g., shipyards); organization of labor and production; etc. Carpentry 335 CARPENTRY Manufacture of cordage 283 CORDAGE Woodworking 322 WOODWORKING Naval vessels 716 NAVAL VESSELS Description of water craft 501 BOATS Water transport 505 WATER TRANSPORT 397 RAILWAY EQUIPMENT INDUSTRY Locomotive works; manufacture of rolling stock; production of railway equipment (e.g., rails, signaling devices, brakes); manufacture of special rail vehicles (e.g., trams); industrial specialization; organization of labor and production; etc. Description of railway vehicles 493 VEHICLES Rail transportation 497 RAIL TRANSPORT Iron and steel industry 327 IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY 398 MANUFACTURE OF VEHICLES Wagon making; manufacture of bicycles and motorcycles; production of automobiles, trucks, and buses; manufacture of automobile parts and accessories (e.g., engines, bodies, upholstery, instruments); manufacture of automobile servicing equipment; industrial specialization; organization of labor and production (e.g., assembly lines); etc. Manufacture of automobile tires 383 RUBBER INDUSTRY Manufacture of tractors 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES Highway transportation 494 HIGHWAY TRANSPORT Description of vehicles 493 VEHICLES Motorized military equipment 715 MILITARY VEHICLES 399 AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY Construction of air and space craft; manufacture of airplane parts, accessories, and servicing equipment; industrial specialization; organization of labor and production; etc. Aluminum industry 328 NONFERROUS METAL INDUSTRIES Air transportation 509 AIR TRANSPORT Description of aircraft 506 AIRCRAFT Military aircraft 717 MILITARY AIRCRAFT 400 MACHINES General statements describing several distinct types of machines and complex appliances and with the mechanical knowledge embodied in them. Manufacture of machines 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES 401 MECHANICS Knowledge and utilization of simple machines (e.g., lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, wedge, screw); elements utilized in the construction of complex machines (e.g., cam, ratchet, shaft, rack and pinion, chain, belt, ball and socket, valve, piston, governor, bearing); machine designing; mechanical engineering; etc. Applied science 816 APPLIED SCIENCE Civil engineering 331 CONSTRUCTION Patents 424 INCORPOREAL PROPERTY Moving of heavy weights 483 WEIGHT MOVING 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Power generating machines (e.g., steam engines, turbines, windmills); machine tools (e.g., lathes, planing and stamping machines); typesetting, printing, and bookbinding machines; mining, lumbering, and drilling machinery; stone crushers; pile drivers; milling and refining machinery; spinning and weaving machinery; scanning, bottling, and packaging machinery; machines for processing leather, paper, chemicals, and other industrial materials; etc. Ground transportation machines 490 Hydraulic engines 376 WATER POWER Water and air transportation machines 500 Power 370 Description of hand looms 286 WOVEN FABRICS 403 ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND APPLIANCES Electric motors, generators, and transformers; machines and appliances operated by electric current (e.g., electric fans, electric razors); electrical supplies (e.g., wiring, insulation, connections, batteries); telephone, telegraph, radio, and television equipment and supplies; electrical engineering; etc. Electrical installations in building construction 337 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION Radio and television 207 RADIO AND TELEVISION Electric heating and lighting appliances 354 HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Electric trams and locomotives 493 VEHICLES Telephone and telegraph 206 TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH Manufacture of electric equipment 393 ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRY Generation of electric power 377 ELECTRIC POWER 404 HOUSEHOLD MACHINES AND APPLIANCES Grinding and mixing machines; sewing machines; laundry appliances (e.g., washing machines, wringers); dishwashing machines; sweeping appliances (e.g., carpet Sweepers); etc. Use and care of household machines and appliances 356 HOUSEKEEPING Non-household appliances 416 APPLIANCES 405 WEIGHING, MEASURING, AND RECORDING MACHINES Scales; meters; thermostats; clocks and watches; calculating machines; cash registers; phonographs; sound recorders; typewriters; etc. Sound records 216 SOUND RECORDS Mensurating tools 413 SPECIAL TOOLS Weights and measures 804 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Writing 212 WRITING 406 WEIGHT-MOVING MACHINERY Pumps; hoisting machines (e.g., cranes, jacks, elevators); earth-moving machines (e.g., bulldozers, dredges); other weight-moving machines (e.g., winches); etc. Dredging 503 WATERWAYS IMPROVEMENTS Moving of heavy weights 483 WEIGHT MOVING Vehicles 493 VEHICLES Earth removal 332 EARTH MOVING 407 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY Farm tractors; machines used in animal husbandry (e.g., milking machines); ground breaking machines (e.g., plows, harrows); planting and cultivating machines; mowing machines and harvesters; sorting and packing machines; processing machines (e.g., cotton gins, threshing machines); repairs and maintenance; etc. Agriculture 240 Manufacture of agricultural machinery 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES Animal husbandry 230 Agricultural tools 412 GENERAL TOOLS 408 COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY This category is used to index information on computer technology including information on hardware, software (i.e., programs, applications), maintenance and repair, application and use (e.g., word processing, accounting, databases, communication); public and private accessibility to services; specialized personnel (e.g., programmers); special commercial services; etc. This category was introduced in 1997. Writing 212 WRITING Weights and measures 804 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Internet communications 2010 INTERNET COMMUNICATIONS Libraries, museums, and archives 217 ARCHIVES 410 TOOLS AND APPLIANCES General statements describing several distinct types of artifacts employed in industrial activities and of the motor habits involved in their use. The manufacture and industrial uses of the artifacts are treated under a variety of other headings, and are described below only in instances where there is no provision for their description elsewhere. 411 WEAPONS Striking and thrusting weapons (e.g., club, spear); missile weapons (e.g., boomerang, lance, harpoon, bola); complex projectile weapons (e.g., sling, bow and arrow, spearthrower, blowgun, firearms); other weapons employed in hunting, fowling fishing, marine hunting, and animal husbandry; methods of gripping, striking, and hurling; arrow and dart poisons; arm guards; etc. Fishing gear 227 FISHING GEAR Manufacture of poisons 278 PHARMACEUTICALS Specialized military weapons 713 ORDNANCE Shields 714 UNIFORM AND ACCOUTERMENT Decoration of weapons 5311 VISUAL ARTS Games with weapons 526 ATHLETIC SPORTS Decoration of weapons 531 DECORATIVE ART Lashings and bindings 284 KNOTS AND LASHINGS 412 GENERAL TOOLS Tools with many potential uses such as cutting tools (e.g., knife, ax, adze, chisel, wedge, plane, scissors, saw, sickle); boring tools (e.g., awl, needle, drill, auger, bit, reamer); abrading tools (e.g., scraper, file, grindstone); striking tools (e.g., maul, hammer, pestle); eating utensils (e.g., knife, fork, spoon); digging tools (e.g., digging stick, spade, pick, hoe, shovel); gripping tools (e.g., tongs, tweezers, pincers, vise, grapnel, wrench); miscellaneous tools of general utility (e.g., broom, brush, fan, comb, rake, fork); parts and their assembly (e.g., blades, handles); etc. Hardware manufacture 391 HARDWARE MANUFACTURE Lashings 284 KNOTS AND LASHINGS 413 SPECIAL TOOLS Tools used for specialized tasks such as writing instruments (e.g., pencil, pen, brush); artists' tools; surgical instruments; specialized tools of particular crafts (e.g., of jewelers, barbers, smiths, masons, weavers); mensurating tools (e.g., gauge, compass, calipers, measuring rod, square, level, quadrant); etc. Weighing and measuring machines 405 WEIGHING, MEASURING, AND RECORDING MACHINES Oars and paddles 501 BOATS 414 MISCELLANEOUS HARDWARE Nails and screws; nuts, bolts, and rivets; pins and clips; pothooks; hinges, latches, and locks; plumbing fixtures (e.g., pipe, hose, faucets); miscellaneous fixtures; etc. Machines and parts 400 Cordage 283 CORDAGE Hardware manufacture 391 HARDWARE MANUFACTURE Building supplies industries 285 MATS AND BASKETRY 415 UTENSILS Water containers (e.g., tanks, barrels); food and beverage containers (e.g., cans, bottles, jars); kitchen utensils (e.g., pans, dishes, kettles, bowls, ladles); containers made from special materials (e.g., gourds, baskets, earthen pots, leather bags, wooden boxes, paper cartons); chemical utensils (e.g., test tubes, flasks, retorts, vats); brewing and distilling apparatus; utensils with special functions (e.g., molds, funnels, sieves, drinking straws); etc. Cooperage 322 WOODWORKING Household equipment 358 MAINTENANCE OF NON-DOMESTIC BUILDINGS Eating utensils 412 GENERAL TOOLS Drinking 270 Decorative art 531 DECORATIVE ART Ceramic technology 323 CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY Basket making 285 MATS AND BASKETRY Measures 804 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Decorative art 5311 VISUAL ARTS 416 APPLIANCES Portable lights (e.g., torches, lanterns, flashlights); heat-regulating appliances (e.g., refrigerators, incubators); cameras; optical instruments (e.g., eyeglasses, microscope, telescope); appliances not elsewhere described; etc. Household appliances 404 HOUSEHOLD MACHINES AND APPLIANCES Manufacturing of incubators and refrigerators 394 MANUFACTURE OF HEATING AND LIGHTING APPLIANCES Hearing aids 732 DISABILITIES Lighting, heating, and air-conditioning appliances for buildings 354 HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Umbrellas and goggles 293 PARAPHERNALIA Photography 215 PHOTOGRAPHY Machines 400 Manufacture of optical and photographic equipment 395 MANUFACTURE OF OPTICAL AND PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT Plumbing fixtures 414 MISCELLANEOUS HARDWARE 417 APPARATUS Supports (e.g., posts, frames, ladders, scaffolds); fences and gates; pens and corrals; bird cages; apparatus not elsewhere described; etc. Plumbing fixtures 414 MISCELLANEOUS HARDWARE Fences and used in agriculture 241 TILLAGE Traps, snares, and fishing gear 220 Riding gear 492 ANIMAL TRANSPORT Furniture 352 FURNITURE Nautical rigging and gear 501 BOATS Looms 286 WOVEN FABRICS Aids to locomotion and burden carrying 480 420 PROPERTY General statements dealing with several of the specific aspects of the property system. Material concerning the property system as a whole will be filed in Category 421. The term "property" is to be distinguished from wealth, material possessions, or any object of ownership. It is to be understood only in the strict technical sense of the jural relations of people with regard to some subject matter and governing the use and enjoyment of the latter. In precise usage, a "right" is correlated with a "duty" (if A has a right against B, B is under a corresponding duty toward A); a "privilege" is correlated with "no right" (if A has a privilege as against B, B has no right against A, instead of a duty); a "power" is correlated with "liability" (if A has a power as against B, B is under a liability that his jural relations may be changed by a voluntary act on the past of A). A "title" is a distinct constellation of rights, privileges, and powers with respect to some subject matter. A "type of ownership" refers to the social composition of the holders of a title, e.g., an individual, a partnership, a clan, a corporation, a state. A "property transaction" is an act which transfers a title to a new owner. A "property system" consists of every type of title, ownership, and property transaction recognized by a society with respect to all culturally defined classes of subject matter, and is not dependent upon the statistical frequency with which its constituent elements manifest themselves. 421 PROPERTY SYSTEM Principles of property law; rights, privileges, and powers commonly involved in property relations (e.g., rights that others shall not use or destroy, privileges of enjoyment, powers of alienation and of transmission after death); recognized types of titles or tenure; recognized types of ownership (e.g., individual, joint, corporate, collective, public); their relation to classes of subject matter (e.g., land, movables, slaves); their degree of integration, their legal and statistical importance; their association with kin and other social groups; etc. Property arrangements upon termination of marriage 586 TERMINATION OF MARRIAGE Law 670 Ownership of productive capital 471 OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF CAPITAL 422 PROPERTY IN MOVABLES Culturally defined categories of movables (e.g., food stores, personal clothing and ornaments, artifacts, domestic animals, ceremonial objects); recognized types of title or tenure; rights, privileges, and powers involved in each; relation of types of title to categories of movables; recognized types of ownership (e.g., individual, collective, corporate); legal and statistical distribution of types of ownership according to categories of movables, types of title, and classes of persons; records of ownership (e.g., property marks, registration); etc. Standard of living 511 STANDARD OF LIVING Social classes 565 CLASSES Offenses against property 685 PROPERTY OFFENSES Accumulation of wealth 556 ACCUMULATION OF WEALTH Slavery 567 SLAVERY 423 REAL PROPERTY Conception of the subject matter of real property (e.g., as that which produces food, as things that are fixed or immovable); culturally defined categories (e.g., land, trees, growing crops, buildings, water); types of land subject and not subject to property (e.g., sites with monopoly value, waste land); recognized types of title or estate (e.g., eminent domain, fee simple, life, leasehold, sufferance); rights, privileges, and powers involved in each (e.g., usufruct, reversionary claim s, privileges of gift and sale, power of expropriation); recognized types of ownership (e.g., individual, collective public); legal and statistical distribution of types of ownership according to categories of immovables, types of title or tenure, and classes of persons (e.g., exclusion of minors, of women, of slaves); general characteristics of the system of real property (e.g., private property, feudal tenure, collective property with periodic reallotments, communism); land reform; records of ownership (e.g., boundary marks, deeds); registration of titles; etc. Territories of kin and local groups 620 Land use 311 LAND USE Ownership of productive capital 471 OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF CAPITAL Serfdom 566 SERFDOM AND PEONAGE Taxation 651 TAXATION AND PUBLIC INCOME Territories of kin and local groups 610 424 INCORPOREAL PROPERTY Extent to which property is recognized in intangible things (e.g., names, titles, songs, dances, visions, recipes, rituals, inventions); culturally defined categories of intangibles; recognized types of title; rights, privileges and power involved in titles to each type of incorporeal property; recognized types of ownership (e.g., individual, collective, corporate); distribution of types of ownership according to categories of intangibles, types of title, and classes of persons; records of ownership (e.g., registration of patents and copyrights); patent and copyright law; etc. Contractual rights 675 CONTRACTS Corporate securities 473 CORPORATE ORGANIZATION Invention 176 INNOVATION 425 ACQUISITION AND RELINQUISHMENT OF PROPERTY Recognized means by which property rights may be acquired (e.g., appropriation, forceful seizure, gift, purchase); creation of new property rights (e.g., by physical appropriation, by priority of claim, by expenditure of labor in manufacture); rituals and symbols of appropriation; recognized means by which property rights may be extinguished, (e.g., destruction, abandonment, confiscation, gift, sale); rights, privileges, and powers of the finders and losers of objects of property; etc. Taxation 651 TAXATION AND PUBLIC INCOME Theft 685 PROPERTY OFFENSES Buying and selling 432 BUYING AND SELLING War booty 721 INSTIGATION OF WAR Marine salvage 502 NAVIGATION Judicial confiscation 681 SANCTIONS Gifts 431 GIFT GIVING War booty 727 AFTERMATH OF COMBAT 426 BORROWING AND LENDING Bailment; rights, privileges, and powers of bailor and bailee; loans and debts; pawning rights, privileges, and powers of debtor and creditor; formalities in the arrangement and repayment of loans (e.g., witnesses, surety, sponsors); security; interest; notes and mortgages; specialization (e.g., pawn shops); bankruptcy (e.g., law, administration) etc. Credit 452 CREDIT Banking 453 BANKING Public finance 652 PUBLIC FINANCE Penalties for the nonpayment of debts 686 NONFULFILLMENT OF OBLIGATIONS Debt slavery 567 SLAVERY Corporate securities and receivership 473 CORPORATE ORGANIZATION 427 RENTING AND LEASING Extent to which real, movable, and incorporeal property may be leased or rented; leases and rents (e.g., negotiations, terms, formalities); modes of payment (e.g., money rent, share cropping); rights, privileges, and powers of lessor and lessee; eviction; prevalence of tenancy and of home and farm ownership; factors determining rental rates; regulation (e.g., rent controls); etc. Peonage and serfdom 566 SERFDOM AND PEONAGE Control of ownership of capital 471 OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF CAPITAL 428 INHERITANCE Forms of property and types of title subject and not subject to inheritance; disposition of non-inherited property (e.g., destruction, abandonment, distribution by gift , reversion to a prior owner or his heirs); non-distribution (e.g., maintenance of estates intact within an extended family); preferred or natural heirs and relatives excluded from inheritance (e.g., children, siblings, spouses, parents); gender and age preferences (e.g., exclusion of females, primogeniture, ultimogeniture); persons who inherit in default of preferred heirs; types of ownership acquired by heirs; variant rules for different possessions and type of title; characterization of inheritance systems (e.g., as matrilineal, patrilineal, testamentary); dower (e.g., special provision for widow or widower); testamentary disposition (e.g., wills, bequests, legacies); formalities (e.g., probate procedure); probate law; etc. Rule of descent 611 RULE OF DESCENT Adjustments to death 768 SOCIAL READJUSTMENTS TO DEATH Family 590 Probate courts 698 SPECIAL COURTS Heirlooms 523 HOBBIES Inheritance taxes 651 TAXATION AND PUBLIC INCOME 429 ADMINISTRATION Guardianship (e.g., of minors, of widows, of disabled); rights, privileges, and powers of guardian and ward; trusts; rights, privileges, and powers of trustee and beneficiary; law of trusts; formalities; administration of estates; bankruptcy administration; specialization in administration (e.g., trust companies); regulation; etc. Receivership 473 CORPORATE ORGANIZATION Care of wards 732 DISABILITIES Definition of minors 858 STATUS OF CHILDREN Embezzlement 685 PROPERTY OFFENSES Philanthropic foundations 741 PHILANTHROPIC FOUNDATIONS Role of heads of families and of kin and local groups as trustees for the property of their social groups 590 Role of heads of families and of kin and local groups as trustees for the property of their social groups 620 Agency 676 AGENCY Role of heads of families and of kin and local groups as trustees for the property of their social groups 610 Levirate 587 SECONDARY MARRIAGES 430 EXCHANGE General statements dealing with several aspects of the mechanisms of transferring economic goods and the titles to them, with the volume of such transactions, and with the determination of prices and economic values. Specialization in exchange 440 Specialization in water and air transport 500 Specialization in land transport 490 General travel and transportation 480 431 GIFT GIVING Alienation of property by gift; rights, privileges, and powers of donor and recipient; frequency, types, occasions (e.g., ceremonial, religious, secular holidays, ritual) and purposes of gifts; social relationships within which gifts are given; formalities of giving and receiving; potlatches; reciprocal gift exchange (e.g., kula); role of gifts in the distribution of economic goods; etc. Almsgiving and charity 735 POVERTY Bequests 428 INHERITANCE Feasts 574 VISITING AND HOSPITALITY Philanthropic foundations 741 PHILANTHROPIC FOUNDATIONS Acquisition and relinquishment of property 425 ACQUISITION AND RELINQUISHMENT OF PROPERTY Sacrifice 782 PRAYERS AND SACRIFICES Tribute giving 651 TAXATION AND PUBLIC INCOME Status and mobility 550 Bribery of officials 662 POLITICAL INTRIGUE Property transactions in marriage 580 432 BUYING AND SELLING Alienation of property by sale; rights, privileges, and powers of buyer and seller; law of sales; frequency of sales in comparison with gifts; cultural limitations on the sale of property; etc. Merchants 441 MERCANTILE BUSINESS Types of formalities of exchange transactions 437 EXCHANGE TRANSACTIONS Salesmanship 446 SALES PROMOTION Fraud 685 PROPERTY OFFENSES Bride-price 583 MODE OF MARRIAGE Acquisition and relinquishment of property 425 ACQUISITION AND RELINQUISHMENT OF PROPERTY Slavery 567 SLAVERY 433 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY Productive capacity o f the economy (e.g., actual and potential productivity of agriculture and industry); relative importance of various productive activities; economic supply (e.g., production of surpluses available for distribution); over-production and shortages; restrictions on production; general statements on production costs and on different types of economic activity; etc. Power development 371 POWER DEVELOPMENT Economic organization and structure 471 OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF CAPITAL Business cycles 458 BUSINESS CYCLES Natural resources 130 Local and regional specialization in production 438 DOMESTIC TRADE Land use 311 LAND USE Economic planning and development 179 ECONOMIC PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT Division of products in food-getting activities 230 Division of products in food-getting activities 220 Capital goods industries 390 Occupation specialization 463 OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION Annual economic cycle 221 ANNUAL CYCLE Division of products in food-getting activities 240 434 INCOME AND DEMAND National, family, and individual income; distribution of income by sources (e.g., wages, interest, rent, profits); economic demand (e.g., potential demand, effective purchasing power); restrictions on demand (e.g., rationing, sumptuary laws); general statements on supply and demand; etc. Saving and investment 454 SAVING AND INVESTMENT Individual accumulation of wealth 556 ACCUMULATION OF WEALTH Income taxes 651 TAXATION AND PUBLIC INCOME Standard of living 511 STANDARD OF LIVING Rent 427 RENTING AND LEASING Poverty 735 POVERTY Interest 426 BORROWING AND LENDING Wages and salaries 465 WAGES AND SALARIES 435 PRICE AND VALUE Relation of economic values to other systems of value; factors determinative of price and value (e.g., abundance and scarcity, utility, cost of production, precedent); customary prices and conventional values; competitive prices; monopoly prices; price fixing; black market prices, price levels; prices of particular goods (e.g., in money, in purchasing power); etc. Rent control 427 RENTING AND LEASING Competition and monopoly 477 COMPETITION Social values 181 ETHOS Inflation and deflation 458 BUSINESS CYCLES Bride-price 583 MODE OF MARRIAGE 436 MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE Articles circulating in exchange at their intrinsic value as standard money (e.g., salt, cattle, grain, shells, metal bars or coins); forms of representative money (e.g., warehouse receipts, certificates of deposit of standard money); credit money (e.g., government notes, bank notes); token money (e.g., subsidiary coins, shell money, bead money); coinage and mints; right of issuance; counterfeiting, etc. Punishment of counterfeiting 687 OFFENSES AGAINST THE STATE Weights and measures 804 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Foreign exchange 457 FOREIGN EXCHANGE Government issuance and manipulation of currency 652 PUBLIC FINANCE 437 EXCHANGE TRANSACTIONS Types of exchange (e.g., barter, purchase of goods with money, exchange of services for goods); negotiations (e.g., haggling, auctioning); formalities; guarantees; trading expeditions; special trading relationships; etc. Foreign exchange 457 FOREIGN EXCHANGE Exchange of services 476 MUTUAL AID Gift exchange 431 GIFT GIVING Property transactions in marriage 580 Marketing 440 438 DOMESTIC TRADE Local and regional specialization in production within the society; (e.g., home and cottage industry, location of particular industries); division of labor between town and country; volume of trade within and between communities and regions; articles entering into domestic commerce; motivation (e.g., profit, prestige); patterns of internal commerce; etc. Business and industrial organization 470 Agricultural specialization 240 Urban and rural contrasts 369 URBAN AND RURAL LIFE Trade routes 487 ROUTES Trade centers and areas 366 COMMERCIAL FACILITIES Land use 311 LAND USE Marketing 440 439 FOREIGN TRADE Intergroup specialization in production for export; articles entering into inter-group trade; volume of foreign trade (e.g., statistics of imports and exports); international trade agreements; smuggling; embargoes; etc. Slave trade 567 SLAVERY Penalties for smuggling 687 OFFENSES AGAINST THE STATE Productive capacity of the economy 433 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY Negotiation of trade agreements 648 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Tariffs and tolls 651 TAXATION AND PUBLIC INCOME Foreign exchange 457 FOREIGN EXCHANGE Trading expeditions 437 EXCHANGE TRANSACTIONS 440 MARKETING General statements dealing with several aspects of the specialized elaboration and promotion of trade. Business organization 470 Financing of trade 450 Mechanisms, articles, and volume of trade 430 441 MERCANTILE BUSINESS Extent of specialization in commerce; types and distribution of mercantile businesses; social status and special characteristics of merchants; business men's organizations (e.g., merchant guilds, trade associations, chambers of commerce); general characteristics of merchandising; special mercantile privileges and restrictions; etc. Business schools 874 VOCATIONAL EDUCATION Urban commercial facilities 366 COMMERCIAL FACILITIES Competition 477 COMPETITION Occupational specialization 463 OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION Craft guilds 467 LABOR ORGANIZATION 442 WHOLESALE MARKETING Degree of specialization in wholesale marketing; prevalent types of wholesale business; methods and techniques of wholesale merchandising; buying at wholesale (e.g., specialized buyers, conventions, wholesale lots, discounts); information on specific wholesale businesses; etc. Producers' cooperatives 474 COOPERATIVE ORGANIZATION Warehousing 488 WAREHOUSING Stock exchanges 455 SPECULATION 443 RETAIL MARKETING Extent and variety of retail specialization; types of retail outlets (e.g., itinerant merchants, markets, bazaars, general stores, trading posts, specialty shops, chain stores, department stores, mail-order houses); pricing (e.g., fixed, variable); services to customers (e.g., deliveries); specialized personnel (e.g., sales of clerks); etc. Articles in commerce 439 FOREIGN TRADE Business organization 470 Upkeep of store buildings 358 MAINTENANCE OF NON-DOMESTIC BUILDINGS Accounting methods 451 ACCOUNTING Description of business structures 347 BUSINESS STRUCTURES Employer-employee relations 466 LABOR RELATIONS Trading centers 366 COMMERCIAL FACILITIES Extension of credit 452 CREDIT Articles in commerce 438 DOMESTIC TRADE 444 RETAIL BUSINESSES Special characteristics and business methods of particular types of retail outlets (e.g., pharmacists, grocers, furniture stores, dress shops); information on individual retail businesses; etc. Articles in commerce 438 DOMESTIC TRADE Florists 247 FLORICULTURE Articles in commerce 439 FOREIGN TRADE Business structures 347 BUSINESS STRUCTURES Filling stations 495 AUXILIARY HIGHWAY SERVICES Suppliers of building materials 339 BUILDING SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES Distribution of art and recreational supplies 549 ART AND RECREATIONAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES 445 SERVICE INDUSTRIES Degree of elaboration of retail businesses selling services rather than goods; types, distribution, and physical characteristics of service industries; specific information on those not elsewhere described (e.g., consultants, rental services, repairing); etc. Hotels 485 TRAVEL SERVICES Artists 530 Veterinarians 232 APPLIED ANIMAL SCIENCE Undertakers 767 MORTUARY SPECIALISTS Travel and transportation services 500 Travel and transportation services 490 Travel and transportation services 480 Restaurants 265 FOOD SERVICE INDUSTRIES Prostitution 548 ILLEGAL ENTERTAINMENT Laundries 296 GARMENT CARE Interior decorators 353 BUILDING INTERIORS AND ARRANGEMENT Financial services 450 Entertainers 540 Employment agencies 464 LABOR SUPPLY AND EMPLOYMENT Domestic service 357 DOMESTIC SERVICE Business structures 347 BUSINESS STRUCTURES Building trades 330 Beauty specialists 305 BEAUTY SPECIALISTS Landscape architects 351 GROUNDS Agency 676 AGENCY 446 SALES PROMOTION Methods employed by industrial and business enterprises to promote their products (e.g., salesmen, display of products, bargain offers, credit extension); market research; sales campaigns; specialists (e.g., sales managers, salesmen) etc. Exhibits 543 EXHIBITIONS Credit system 452 CREDIT Travel 484 TRAVEL 447 ADVERTISING Uses and degree of elaboration of advertising; media (e.g., handbills, mail advertising, billboards, newspapers and periodicals, radio); special techniques and research; advertising programs; specialized personnel (e.g., counselors, copy writers); advertising agencies; regulation; etc. Fine arts 530 Newspapers and periodicals 204 PRESS Radio and television 207 RADIO AND TELEVISION Public opinion and polling techniques 208 PUBLIC OPINION 450 FINANCE General statements dealing with several aspects of transactions in money and credit rather than in material goods. 451 ACCOUNTING Bookkeeping methods (e.g., double entry); principles and techniques of business accounting; preparation of financial statements (e.g., debits and credits, income and expenditures, profit and loss); methods of dealing with intangible factors (e.g., good will, depreciation); specialists (e.g., accountants, financial counselors); financial records; etc. Government accounts 652 PUBLIC FINANCE Records 210 Mathematics 803 MATHEMATICS 452 CREDIT Extension of credit by producers and middlemen; methods and terms; advances and discounts; bills of exchange; credit ratings and rating services; credit institutions other than banks (e.g., loan associations, finance companies); installment buying; etc. Bankruptcy 426 BORROWING AND LENDING Credit money 436 MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE Cycles of expanding and contracting credit 458 BUSINESS CYCLES 453 BANKING Commercial banks; deposits and accounts; checks and drafts; bank loans and discounts; banking services and fees; clearing houses; specialized personnel; regulation; etc. Pawn shops 426 BORROWING AND LENDING Loan associations 452 CREDIT Embezzlement 685 PROPERTY OFFENSES Trust services 429 ADMINISTRATION Bank notes 436 MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE Savings accounts 454 SAVING AND INVESTMENT Bank buildings 347 BUSINESS STRUCTURES Government banks 652 PUBLIC FINANCE 454 SAVING AND INVESTMENT Saving; hoarding; safekeeping (e.g., safes, safe deposit boxes); savings in relation to income; funds available for investment; available and preferred forms of investment (e.g., in land, buildings, cattle, business and productive enterprises, corporate securities, government obligations); savings accounts, postal savings, and savings banks; underwriting and issuance of corporate securities; investment banking; specialized personnel (e.g., investment brokers); regulation; etc. Food preservation and storage 251 PRESERVATION AND STORAGE OF FOOD Fluctuation in investment capital 458 BUSINESS CYCLES Fraud 685 PROPERTY OFFENSES Government finance 652 PUBLIC FINANCE Income 434 INCOME AND DEMAND Interest, loans, and mortgages 426 BORROWING AND LENDING Joint stock companies 473 CORPORATE ORGANIZATION Accumulation of wealth 556 ACCUMULATION OF WEALTH 455 SPECULATION Speculative transactions (e.g., futures, margins, hedging); speculative trading and specialized personnel; stock and produce exchanges; speculative booms; etc. Ideas about luck and chance 777 LUCK AND CHANCE Gambling 525 GAMBLING 456 INSURANCE Distribution of risks through mutual aid; associations with insurance functions (e.g., lodges, mutual benefit societies); insurance organizations (e.g., private, mutual, governmental); types of insurance (e.g., life, health and casualty, fire, marine, old age); annuities, actuarial practice; insurance contracts; premiums; specialized personnel (e.g., adjustors, agents, salesmen); regulation; etc. Voluntary associations 575 SODALITIES Social insurance 745 SOCIAL INSURANCE Contracts 675 CONTRACTS Mutual aid 476 MUTUAL AID 457 FOREIGN EXCHANGE International trade balances and their payment; role of invisible factors (e.g., tourist trade, immigrant remittances); international credits and loans; foreign exchange brokers and markets; exchange controls (e.g., pegged currencies, special trade restrictions); etc. International relations 648 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Foreign trade 439 FOREIGN TRADE Money 436 MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE Public finance 652 PUBLIC FINANCE Price levels 435 PRICE AND VALUE 458 BUSINESS CYCLES Periods of prosperity and depression; financial panics and recovery; cyclical expansion and contraction of credit; fluctuations in investment capital; inflation and deflation; etc. Cyclical effects on production and supply 433 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY Speculative booms 455 SPECULATION Social trends 178 SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS Seasonal and cyclical unemployment 464 LABOR SUPPLY AND EMPLOYMENT Prevalence of periodic famines 731 DISASTERS Public finance and currency inflation 652 PUBLIC FINANCE 460 LABOR General statements dealing with several aspects of work habits, economic specialization, employment, and labor relations. Information on the organization of labor of specific activities will be found in the pertinent categories. 461 LABOR AND LEISURE Ideas of the value and dignity of labor; notions of pleasant and unpleasant tasks; distribution of labor and leisure time; incentives to labor (e.g., pride in craftsmanship, prestige, material rewards, compulsion); time and motion studies; intensity of effort; palliation of labor (e.g., with drugs, rhythm, music); work tempo (e.g., steady, intermittent); social work groups (e.g., work "bees"); standards of productivity and production norms; laziness and malingering; rest periods; loafing and loitering; etc. Leisure-time activities 517 LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES Social offenses 689 SOCIAL OFFENSES Unemployment 464 LABOR SUPPLY AND EMPLOYMENT Slavery 567 SLAVERY Annual cycle of economic activities 221 ANNUAL CYCLE Holidays 527 REST DAYS AND HOLIDAYS 462 DIVISION OF LABOR BY GENDER Activities customarily performed exclusively or predominantly by males or by females; activities forbidden to or despised by one gender; activities in which both genders participate (e.g., jointly, alternatively); routine tasks a d relative economic contribution of each gender; gender-limited occupations and professions; etc. This category is designed primarily for summary statements about gender specialization; incidental information will frequently appear only under the headings for specific activities. Relations between husband and wife 593 FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS Specialization by age 887 ACTIVITIES OF THE AGED Daily routine 512 DAILY ROUTINE Household division of labor 592 HOUSEHOLD Specialization by age 883 ADOLESCENT ACTIVITIES Specialization by age 561 AGE STRATIFICATION Relative status of the genders 562 GENDER STATUS Specialization by age 857 CHILDHOOD ACTIVITIES 463 OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION Number of partially and fully specialized occupations; major occupational categories (e.g., learned and artistic professions, independent industrial and business entrepreneurs, managerial personnel, independent and tenant farmers, government officials, clerical and white-collar workers, skilled artisans, semi-skilled and unskilled industrial workers, farm laborers, domestic servants, slaves); general information about occupational specialization; vocational guidance; specific information on occupations not classifiable elsewhere; etc. This category is designed for summary statements about occupational specialization; in nearly all instances specific information will be classified elsewhere under a wide range of functional and occupational headings. Status, role, and prestige 554 STATUS, ROLE, AND PRESTIGE Stratification of occupations by class and caste 560 Occupational composition of the population 162 COMPOSITION OF POPULATION Vocational education 874 VOCATIONAL EDUCATION 464 LABOR SUPPLY AND EMPLOYMENT Availability and scarcity of labor force; skilled and unskilled labor; incidence and types of unemployment (e.g., voluntary, intermittent, seasonal, cyclical, residual, technological); employment opportunities; labor mobility and turnover; employment agencies; regulation (e.g., age and gender restrictions); etc. Unemployment relief 746 PUBLIC ASSISTANCE Business cycles 458 BUSINESS CYCLES Unemployment insurance 745 SOCIAL INSURANCE Internal migration 166 INTERNAL MIGRATION Immigration 167 EXTERNAL MIGRATION 465 WAGES AND SALARIES Wage levels (e.g., real and money wages); range and variation by occupational categories; composition (e.g., proportion paid in money, in board and keep, in share of product); fees and percentages; determination of wages (e.g., by custom, negotiation; edict or legislation); payments (e.g., daily, weekly, monthly); regulation (e.g., minimum wage legislation); etc. Standard of living 511 STANDARD OF LIVING Income and purchasing power 434 INCOME AND DEMAND 466 LABOR RELATIONS Respective rights, privileges, and powers of employers and employees, hiring and firing; tenure of employment; instruction and supervision; promotion and retirement; pension plans; working conditions (e.g., hours, hygienic conditions safety provisions, recreational facilities); prevalence and types of forced labor; indentured labor; regulation (e.g., labor legislation); etc. Peonage and serfdom 566 SERFDOM AND PEONAGE Social insurance 745 SOCIAL INSURANCE Domestic servants 357 DOMESTIC SERVICE Military labor battalions 708 AUXILIARY CORPS Business and industrial organization 470 Slavery 567 SLAVERY Vocational training 874 VOCATIONAL EDUCATION Contracts 675 CONTRACTS Bride-service 583 MODE OF MARRIAGE Taxation through labor levies 651 TAXATION AND PUBLIC INCOME Prison and penal labor 697 PRISONS AND JAILS 467 LABOR ORGANIZATION Existence of labor organizations (e.g., craft guilds, labor unions); prevalent types (e.g., craft, industrial, company, and government-sponsored unions); rules of admission; dues; status levels (e.g., apprentices, journeymen); officers (e.g., mode of selection, functions, powers); services to members; general political activities (e.g., affiliation with political parties, political action committees); relations with other labor organizations; with international organizations; government regulation of labor organization; etc. Specific political behavior 660 Mutual benefit societies 456 INSURANCE Mutual aid 476 MUTUAL AID Merchant guilds 441 MERCANTILE BUSINESS Building trades 330 468 COLLECTIVE BARGAINING Negotiations between labor unions and employers; strikes and lockouts; strike-breaking and picketing; boycotts; labor agreements; arbitration; etc. Landlord-tenant negotiations 427 RENTING AND LEASING Contracts 675 CONTRACTS Political movements 668 POLITICAL MOVEMENTS Rioting 579 BRAWLS, RIOTS, AND BANDITRY 470 BUSINESS AND INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION General statements covering several types of business or industrial organizations. Specific types and modes of organization for the production and distribution of economic goods, with the characteristics of each, and with their relationship to the ownership and control of capital. 471 OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF CAPITAL Major forms of productive capital (e.g., land, cattle, industrial plants); extent to which the instruments of production are individually, collectively, internationally and publicly owned; forms and elaboration of governmental control (e.g., nationalized industries); etc. Only generalized data will be indexed here. Property 420 Capital goods industries 390 General statements on different types of economic activity 433 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY Government enterprises and government regulation 650 Accumulation of wealth 556 ACCUMULATION OF WEALTH Political doctrines 668 POLITICAL MOVEMENTS Social classes 565 CLASSES Ideas about economics and political systems 829 ETHNOSOCIOLOGY 472 INDIVIDUAL ENTERPRISE Business and industrial enterprises with owner management; specific characteristics and forms of organization (e.g., individual ownership and management, partnerships, family businesses); opportunities for and justifications of individual enterprise; distribution of profits between owners and employees; etc. Employer-employee relations 466 LABOR RELATIONS Income 434 INCOME AND DEMAND Industrial enterprise 390 Accumulation of wealth 556 ACCUMULATION OF WEALTH Bankruptcy 426 BORROWING AND LENDING Mercantile enterprises 440 Domestic trade 438 DOMESTIC TRADE 473 CORPORATE ORGANIZATION Business and industrial enterprises of a corporate nature (e.g., joint stock companies, holding companies, international stock companies); incorporation; registration; corporate securities (e.g., bonds, preferred and common stocks); managerial structure and functions (e.g., directors, officers, managers, foremen); rights, privileges, and powers of stockholders and management; corporation law; reorganization and receivership; etc. Incorporeal property 424 INCORPOREAL PROPERTY Agency 676 AGENCY Investment in corporate securities 454 SAVING AND INVESTMENT Monopolies and competition 477 COMPETITION Philanthropic foundations 741 PHILANTHROPIC FOUNDATIONS Labor relations 466 LABOR RELATIONS 474 COOPERATIVE ORGANIZATION Producers' and consumers' cooperatives; relationship between ownership, control, and management; organization (e.g., Rochdale plan); services to members; collective farms; etc. Craft guilds 467 LABOR ORGANIZATION Wholesale marketing 442 WHOLESALE MARKETING Cooperative work groups 476 MUTUAL AID 475 STATE ENTERPRISE Business and industrial enterprises under government operation; method of finance; system of direction, supervision, and control; managerial structure and functions; evidence bearing upon cost and efficiency of operation; etc. Governmental control in the absence of public ownership 656 GOVERNMENT REGULATION Municipal public utilities 365 PUBLIC UTILITIES Political doctrines 668 POLITICAL MOVEMENTS Postal system 205 MAIL Public schools 870 Social insurance 745 SOCIAL INSURANCE Specific government enterprises 655 GOVERNMENT ENTERPRISES 476 MUTUAL AID Cooperation in economic activities (e.g., mutual aid); exchange of services; cooperative work groups; material and social rewards of cooperation; interaction and relative elaboration of cooperative and competitive activities; etc. Organization of labor and division of products in food-getting and exploitative activities 220 Cooperative relationships among kin 610 Cooperative relationships among kin 600 Personality 150 Organization of labor and division of products in food-getting and exploitative activities 310 Organization of labor and division of products in food-getting and exploitative activities 230 Mutual benefit societies 456 INSURANCE Interpersonal relations 570 Exchange of services for goods 437 EXCHANGE TRANSACTIONS Cooperative relationships among kin 590 Organization of labor and division of products in food-getting and exploitative activities 240 477 COMPETITION Incidence of competition between economic enterprises of the same and of different organizational types; manifestations of competition (e.g., price-cutting); methods of restricting competition (e.g., price agreements, monopolistic arrangements); characteristics of competitive and monopolistic enterprises; regulation (e.g., "trust-busting"); etc. Government monopolies 655 GOVERNMENT ENTERPRISES Sales promotion 446 SALES PROMOTION Competitive and monopoly prices 435 PRICE AND VALUE Competitive sports 526 ATHLETIC SPORTS Ingroup antagonisms 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS 480 TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION General statements dealing with several aspects of travel and transportation. Major facilities for travel and transportation by land 490 Major facilities for travel and transportation by sea and air 500 481 LOCOMOTION Walking and running; gaits; speed and distances covered; artificial aids (e.g., canes, crutches, stilts, snowshoes, skis, skates); special modes of locomotion (e.g., crawling, jumping, climbing, swimming, diving); etc. Transmission of skills 868 TRANSMISSION OF SKILLS Exercise 526 ATHLETIC SPORTS Therapeutic apparatus 758 MEDICAL CARE Postures 516 POSTURES Ladders 417 APPARATUS Figure skating 535 DANCE Riding 492 ANIMAL TRANSPORT Prosthetic devices 732 DISABILITIES Couriers 203 DISSEMINATION OF NEWS AND INFORMATION 482 BURDEN CARRYING Methods of carrying burdens (e.g., on head, shoulders, back); gear (e.g., head pad, tumpline, carrying pole, pack basket); specialists in burden carrying (e.g., porters, coolies); uses (e.g., on safari); etc. Gathering of firewood 313 LUMBERING Litters 493 VEHICLES Methods of carrying infants 854 INFANT CARE Transport of corpse to place of disposal 764 BURIAL PRACTICES AND FUNERALS Water carrying 312 WATER SUPPLY Animal transport 492 ANIMAL TRANSPORT 483 WEIGHT MOVING Application of human energy in the transportation of heavy weights (e.g., logs, heavy stones, carcasses of large animals); mechanical aids and cooperative techniques employed; use of weight-moving machinery; lifting or raising of heavy objects (e.g., in loading vessels, erection of megaliths); etc. Vehicles 493 VEHICLES Building and construction 330 Knowledge of rollers, pulleys, and inclined planes 401 MECHANICS Logging 313 LUMBERING Weight-moving machines 406 WEIGHT-MOVING MACHINERY 484 TRAVEL Volume, frequency, range, and occasions of travel; trips and expeditions (e.g., tourist travel, exploring expeditions); routine of travel (e.g., marching, caravans, camping); commuting; etc. Immigration 167 EXTERNAL MIGRATION Military expeditions 726 WARFARE Traveling salesmen 446 SALES PROMOTION Seasonal migrations 221 ANNUAL CYCLE Pilgrimages 788 RITUAL Means of travel 500 Internal migration 166 INTERNAL MIGRATION Hunting trips 224 HUNTING AND TRAPPING Guest friendship 572 FRIENDSHIPS Government-supported exploration 654 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Vacation resorts 529 RECREATIONAL FACILITIES Visiting and hospitality 574 VISITING AND HOSPITALITY Means of travel 490 Trading expeditions 437 EXCHANGE TRANSACTIONS Itinerant merchants 443 RETAIL MARKETING 485 TRAVEL SERVICES Accommodations (e.g., hotels, inns, guest houses); information and travelers' aid services; guides; ticket and travel agencies; organizations of and for travelers (e.g., automobile clubs); etc. Highway services 495 AUXILIARY HIGHWAY SERVICES Restaurants 265 FOOD SERVICE INDUSTRIES Foreign exchange 457 FOREIGN EXCHANGE 486 REGULATION OF TRAVEL Restrictions on travel; permits and passports; examinations and inspections; registration; safe-conduct; etc. Diplomatic immunity 648 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Traffic regulations 363 STREETS AND TRAFFIC Traffic regulations 494 HIGHWAY TRANSPORT Immigration regulations 167 EXTERNAL MIGRATION Police 625 POLICE 487 ROUTES Footpaths and trails (e.g., character, distribution); sea and air lanes; trade and caravan routes; marking of routes (e.g., blazes, signposts); route maps and charts; etc. Map making 126 RECORDING AND COLLECTING IN THE FIELD Aids to navigation 502 NAVIGATION Map making 823 ETHNOGEOGRAPHY Maps and place names 100 Railways 496 RAILWAYS Streets 363 STREETS AND TRAFFIC Topography 133 TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY Highways and bridges 491 HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES 488 WAREHOUSING Operation and regulation of warehouses; services (e.g., storage, preservation, stockpiling, care of goods in transit); organization and personnel; charges; etc. Warehouse receipts as money 436 MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE Storage and preservation of food 251 PRESERVATION AND STORAGE OF FOOD Warehouse buildings 347 BUSINESS STRUCTURES 489 TRANSPORTATION Extent of transportation; carrying capacity and volume of traffic by types of transport; transportation systems and their integration; regulation of transportation (e.g., permits, customs inspections); etc. Foreign trade 439 FOREIGN TRADE Articles entering into domestic commerce 438 DOMESTIC TRADE Water and air transport 500 Tariffs and tolls 651 TAXATION AND PUBLIC INCOME Postal service 205 MAIL Military supply and transport services 705 SUPPLY AND COMMISSARIAT Land transport 490 Government ownership and control 655 GOVERNMENT ENTERPRISES Government ownership and control 471 OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF CAPITAL 490 LAND TRANSPORT General statements dealing with several of the specialized means and facilities for land travel and transportation. General information on travel and transportation 480 491 HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES Number, location, and distribution of roads; character (e.g., straight, meandering); surfacing and drainage; adjuncts (e.g., culverts, bridges, causeways, tunnels, fords, ferries); highway maintenance (e.g., responsibility, techniques, special apparatus, personnel); etc. Routes,footpaths, and trails 487 ROUTES Urban streets 363 STREETS AND TRAFFIC Use of roads 494 HIGHWAY TRANSPORT Ferry boats 501 BOATS 492 ANIMAL TRANSPORT Use of pack, draft, and riding animals; gear (e.g., saddle, bridle, stirrup, yoke, harness); loads; methods of guiding and riding; etc. Human burden carrying 482 BURDEN CARRYING Animal husbandry 230 Carrier birds and animals 202 TRANSMISSION OF MESSAGES Cavalry 704 GROUND COMBAT FORCES Horse racing 541 SPECTACLES 493 VEHICLES Burden vehicles (e.g., litter, sedan chair); drag vehicles (e.g., sledge, travois); wheeled vehicles (e.g., cart, wagon, wheelbarrow, bicycle, motorcycle, automobile, tram, railway rolling stock); motive power; structure and capacity; methods of guiding and riding; mode of operation; gear; etc. This category is designed for descriptive data only; uses of vehicles will be found in separate categories. Manufacture of vehicles 398 MANUFACTURE OF VEHICLES Military vehicles 715 MILITARY VEHICLES 494 HIGHWAY TRANSPORT Use of highways for travel and transportation; animal and vehicular traffic; private and public transport systems (e.g., carting, stagecoaches, cab services, trucking, tramways, bus lines); organization; specialized personnel (e.g. drivers; carters, tram and bus conductors); fares and tolls; regulation (e.g., licenses, traffic rules); highway patrols; etc. Incidence of highway accidents 165 MORTALITY Incidence of highway accidents 164 MORBIDITY Urban transportation facilities 36 495 AUXILIARY HIGHWAY SERVICES Post and relay stations; livery stables; garages and repair shops; filling stations; organization and personnel; services; etc. Miscellaneous retail businesses 444 RETAIL BUSINESSES Business structures 347 BUSINESS STRUCTURES Hotels 485 TRAVEL SERVICES Petroleum industry 382 PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES Restaurants 265 FOOD SERVICE INDUSTRIES Bus terminals 498 TERMINAL FACILITIES 496 RAILWAYS Number, location, and distribution of railways; tracks and roadbeds; bridges, trestles, and tunnels; sidings and switches; signaling and control systems; maintenance of roadbeds and rolling stock; etc. Railway construction 499 HIGHWAY AND RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION Tram lines 494 HIGHWAY TRANSPORT Manufacture of railway equipment 397 RAILWAY EQUIPMENT INDUSTRY Description of rolling stock 493 VEHICLES Signaling 202 TRANSMISSION OF MESSAGES Military trains 715 MILITARY VEHICLES 497 RAIL TRANSPORT Freight and passenger services and accommodations; make-up and operation of trains; schedules; fares and freight charges; traffic control; special services (e.g., railway express, refrigerated freight service); organization and specialized personnel; regulation; etc. Postal system 205 MAIL Labor unions 467 LABOR ORGANIZATION Government ownership and control 655 GOVERNMENT ENTERPRISES Government ownership and control 471 OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF CAPITAL Corporate organization 473 CORPORATE ORGANIZATION 498 TERMINAL FACILITIES Bus, tram, railway terminals; passenger services at railway and bus stations; freight yards; terminal repair facilities; freight and fuel storage facilities; etc. Description of terminal structures 349 MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES Warehousing 488 WAREHOUSING Port facilities 504 PORT FACILITIES 499 HIGHWAY AND RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION Surveying of route; grading; construction of culverts, bridges, trestles, and tunnels; laying of ties and rails or of highway surface; organization of labor and production; etc. Surveying 804 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Specialization in construction 330 Corporate financing 454 SAVING AND INVESTMENT Corporate financing 473 CORPORATE ORGANIZATION Labor 460 Weight-moving machinery 406 WEIGHT-MOVING MACHINERY Public finance 652 PUBLIC FINANCE 500 WATER AND AIR TRANSPORT General statements dealing with several aspects of the means and facilities for travel and transportation by water and air. General information on travel and transportation 480 501 BOATS Types of water craft (e.g., rafts, skin and plank boats, bark and dugout canoes, motor boats, sailing vessels, steamships); specialized craft (e.g., ferries, tugs, canal boats, tankers); mode of propulsion (e.g., poling, towing, paddling, rowing, sailing, power propulsion); ragging; machinery; gear (e.g., oars, paddles, rudders, anchors); seating, eating, and sleeping accommodations; etc. This category is designed for descriptive data only. Cordage 283 CORDAGE Shipbuilding 396 SHIPBUILDING Water transport 505 WATER TRANSPORT Boat names 552 NAMES OF ANIMALS AND THINGS Power 370 Naval vessels 716 NAVAL VESSELS 502 NAVIGATION Direction of water craft (e.g., steering, tacking, piloting); watches; laying of courses (e.g., by landmarks, compass); fixing of positions (e.g., by sounding, celestial observations); adjuncts to navigation (e.g., buoys, lighthouses); adaptations to special situations (e.g., docking, running of rapids, portaging, ice-breaking, canal navigation); maritime customs and regulations; shipwrecks; salvage; life-saving and sea rescue services; etc. Sea lanes and charts 487 ROUTES Military use of radar and loran 718 SPECIAL MILITARY EQUIPMENT Optical instruments 416 APPLIANCES Description of lighthouses 349 MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES Boat racing 541 SPECTACLES Boat racing 526 ATHLETIC SPORTS Admiralty courts 698 SPECIAL COURTS Boat racing 542 COMMERCIALIZED SPORTS 503 WATERWAYS IMPROVEMENTS Description and building of canals; dredging of rivers and harbors; construction of piers and breakwaters; etc. Public finance 652 PUBLIC FINANCE Pile drivers 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Logging 313 LUMBERING Dredges 406 WEIGHT-MOVING MACHINERY Development of water power 376 WATER POWER Water supply 312 WATER SUPPLY 504 PORT FACILITIES Boathouses; piers and docks; facilities for mooring, loading, and unloading; storage facilities; supply services (e.g., ship chandlers, fueling stations); facilities for repair and overhaul; use of natural harbors; etc. Cranes 406 WEIGHT-MOVING MACHINERY Rail terminals 498 TERMINAL FACILITIES Construction 330 Warehousing 488 WAREHOUSING Trucking 494 HIGHWAY TRANSPORT Weight moving 483 WEIGHT MOVING Ship repairs 396 SHIPBUILDING 505 WATER TRANSPORT Number, types, and distribution of shipping services; passenger and freight capacity and traffic; sailing schedules; fares and freight charges; booking arrangements; specialized personnel (e.g., line and engineer officers, crews, longshoremen, traffic agents); organization (e.g., shipping companies); regulation; etc. This category includes all types of water transportation. Marine insurance 456 INSURANCE Labor unions 467 LABOR ORGANIZATION Government subsidies 654 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Corporate organization 473 CORPORATE ORGANIZATION 506 AIRCRAFT Types of air and space craft (e.g., balloons, dirigibles, gliders, airplanes); mode of propulsion; machinery and instruments; landing gear; freight and passenger accommodations; etc. Military aircraft 717 MILITARY AIRCRAFT Kites 524 GAMES Manufacture of aircraft 399 AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY Power 370 Rocket weapons 713 ORDNANCE Air transport 509 AIR TRANSPORT Carrier birds 202 TRANSMISSION OF MESSAGES 507 AVIATION Aeronautic and astronautic science; operation of aircraft (e.g., takeoff, banking, instrument flying, landing); laying of courses; fixing of positions; adjuncts to aerial navigation (e.g., beacons, radio beams, radar tracking stations); regulations governing flying; etc. Air lanes and charts 487 ROUTES Radio 207 RADIO AND TELEVISION Navigation 502 NAVIGATION Aviation personnel 509 AIR TRANSPORT 508 AIRPORT FACILITIES Air fields; loading, unloading, and fueling facilities; facilities for repair and overhaul; freight and passenger facilities at airports and air terminals; etc. Urban airport facilities 368 MISCELLANEOUS FACILITIES Military air fields 712 MILITARY INSTALLATIONS Description of hangars and other structures 349 MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES 509 AIR TRANSPORT Number and distribution of airlines; passenger and freight capacity and traffic; mode of conveyance to and from airports; flight schedules; fares and freight charges; booking arrangements; specialized personnel (e.g., pilots, navigator , radio operations, stewardesses, ground crews, sales force); private and public operation; mail subsidies; government regulation; etc. Military air transport services 705 SUPPLY AND COMMISSARIAT Government aid 654 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Postal system 205 MAIL 510 LIVING STANDARDS AND ROUTINES General statements concerned with several aspects of economic and aesthetic standards, and with some of the routine habits of life. Routine habits concerned with recreation 520 Routine habits concerned with locomotion 481 LOCOMOTION Routine habits concerned with labor 460 Routine habits concerned with language 190 Routine habits concerned with adornment 300 Routine habits concerned with housekeeping 356 HOUSEKEEPING Routine habits concerned with eating 264 EATING Standards of etiquette and ethics 570 Routine habits concerned with sex 830 Routine habits concerned with drinking 270 Routine habits concerned with religion 780 511 STANDARD OF LIVING Ideal standards and actual levels of quantity and quality in regard to shelter, clothing, food, and other consumers' goods; extent to which actual levels fall below the minimal requirements for normal, healthy living; results of statistical studies (e.g., of family budgets); cultural standards of indulgence and luxuries in excess of minimal biological requirements; etc. Nutrition 146 NUTRITION Taxation 651 TAXATION AND PUBLIC INCOME Income and purchasing power 434 INCOME AND DEMAND Diet 262 DIET Education statistics 871 EDUCATION SYSTEM Gradations in wealth 556 ACCUMULATION OF WEALTH Health and welfare 740 Ownership of dwelling 592 HOUSEHOLD Wages and salaries 465 WAGES AND SALARIES Population policy 168 POPULATION POLICY Poverty 735 POVERTY Prevalence of home ownership and tenancy 427 RENTING AND LEASING Leisure-time activities 517 LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES Social classes 565 CLASSES Housing 362 HOUSING 512 DAILY ROUTINE Succession of activities throughout a typical day; time of arising and retiring; hours of work and relaxation; daily chores; longer rhythms (e.g., weekly, monthly); etc. Holidays 527 REST DAYS AND HOLIDAYS Housecleaning 356 HOUSEKEEPING Distribution of labor and leisure 461 LABOR AND LEISURE Annual cycle of economic activities 221 ANNUAL CYCLE Mealtimes 264 EATING 513 SLEEPING Hours of sleeping; postures in sleeping; segregation in sleeping (e.g., by age, by gender); bedding; ideas about sleep and sleepiness; naps and siestas; etc. Beds 352 FURNITURE Sleeping habits of children 857 CHILDHOOD ACTIVITIES Sexual intercourse 833 SEXUAL INTERCOURSE Conceptions of fatigue and dreams 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY Dream interpretation 787 REVELATION AND DIVINATION 514 ELIMINATION Postures in urination and defecation; conception of appropriate times and places for elimination; spitting; disposal of excreta; toilet facilities and fixtures; associated ideas and practices (e.g., modesty, scatological rites); etc. Diseases 164 MORBIDITY Ideas about elimination 827 ETHNOPHYSIOLOGY Public health and sanitation 744 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION Description of outdoor latrines 343 OUTBUILDINGS Exuvial magic 754 SORCERY Toilet training of children 863 CLEANLINESS TRAINING Sewage disposal 364 REFUSE DISPOSAL AND SANITARY FACILITIES Use of cathartics 757 MEDICAL THERAPY Anal humor 522 HUMOR 515 PERSONAL HYGIENE Frequency and methods of bathing and laving; use of washing and bathing facilities; use of soap and other cleansers; use of towels; conception and idealization of cleanliness; miscellaneous hygienic practices (e.g., brushing of teeth, washing of hair, removal of body lice); etc. Hairdressing and cosmetics 302 TOILET Sexual hygiene 833 SEXUAL INTERCOURSE Cleanliness of infants and children 854 INFANT CARE Bathhouses 343 OUTBUILDINGS Bathing apparel 292 SPECIAL GARMENTS Cleanliness training of children 863 CLEANLINESS TRAINING Laundering and cleaning 296 GARMENT CARE Ritual uncleanness and purification 783 PURIFICATION AND ATONEMENT Cleanliness of infants and children 855 CHILD CARE Sexual modesty 834 GENERAL SEX RESTRICTIONS Soap manufacture 388 SOAP AND ALLIED PRODUCTS Menstrual hygiene 841 MENSTRUATION Bathing resorts 529 RECREATIONAL FACILITIES 516 POSTURES Bodily positions assumed in standing (e.g., with feet apart, on one leg, leaning against a support, slumping); relaxed postures (e.g., sitting, squatting, kneeling); recumbent postures (e.g., reclining on elbow); occasions for assuming particular postures; ideas about correct postures; motor habits not elsewhere described; etc. Motor habits in the use of artifacts 410 Dance postures 535 DANCE Dramatic postures 536 DRAMA Positions in sleeping 513 SLEEPING Furniture 352 FURNITURE Gaits 481 LOCOMOTION Genuflection 782 PRAYERS AND SACRIFICES Nervous habits 157 PERSONALITY TRAITS Positions in elimination 514 ELIMINATION Positions in sexual intercourse 833 SEXUAL INTERCOURSE Etiquette 576 ETIQUETTE Gestures 201 GESTURES AND SIGNS Military drill 702 RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING 517 LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES Standards of amusement, recreation, and artistic appreciation; distribution of leisure time between active and passive, between social and individualistic, and between culturally preferred and less preferred pursuits; aesthetic ideals and principles; canons of taste; levels of appreciation and "culture"; etc. Social classes 565 CLASSES Distribution of labor and leisure 461 LABOR AND LEISURE Education 870 Artistic expression 530 Visiting 574 VISITING AND HOSPITALITY Religious activities 796 ORGANIZED CEREMONIAL Religious activities 780 Recreation 520 Entertainment 540 520 RECREATION General statements dealing with several different forms of recreation involving active participation. Recreation involving primarily spectatorship 540 521 CONVERSATION Loquacity and reserve; boasting and shyness; conversational patterns (e.g., idle chatter, rambling discourse, discussion, argument); occasions and places; participants; typical subjects (e.g., weather, news, gossip, politics); privilege and unprivileged communications; etc. Oratory 537 ORATORY Idling and loitering 461 LABOR AND LEISURE Drinking establishments 275 DRINKING ESTABLISHMENTS Interpersonal relations 570 Lying 577 ETHICS Story telling 5310 VERBAL ARTS Sociolinguistics 195 SOCIOLINGUISTICS Verbal news dissemination and rumor 203 DISSEMINATION OF NEWS AND INFORMATION Gossip and intentional silence as a means of social control 626 SOCIAL CONTROL Debates 544 PUBLIC LECTURES Story telling 538 LITERATURE 522 HUMOR Conception of humor; sources of amusement (e.g., mishaps); types of humor (e.g., wit, puns, practical jokes); expressions of amusement (e.g., smiling, laughter); droll stories; coarse humor (e.g., anal, pornographic); humorists (e.g., wits, jesters, comedians); special elaborations of humor (e.g., comic strips); etc. Ridicule as a means of social control 626 SOCIAL CONTROL Obscenity and pornography 831 SEXUALITY Clowns 536 DRAMA Patterned expressions of emotion 201 GESTURES AND SIGNS Humor in the fine arts 530 Joking relationships between kinsmen 602 KIN RELATIONSHIPS Ideas about laughing and smiling 827 ETHNOPHYSIOLOGY Humor in entertainment 540 523 HOBBIES Individual pastimes (e.g., reading); elaboration of economic and technological pursuits into hobbies (e.g., animal breeding, bookbinding, cookery, embroidery, woodworking); construction of models; collectors' hobbies (e.g., philately, coins, antiques, first editions, heirlooms); etc. Gardening 247 FLORICULTURE Club activities 575 SODALITIES Special dealers 549 ART AND RECREATIONAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES Personality traits 157 PERSONALITY TRAITS Museum and library collections 217 ARCHIVES Hunting and fishing 220 Heirlooms as property 420 Commercial breeding of animals 232 APPLIED ANIMAL SCIENCE Artistic hobbies 530 524 GAMES Playthings (e.g., dolls, blocks, mechanical toys); games of dexterity (e.g., string figures, tops, juggling, kite flying, billiards); problem games (e.g., riddles, charades, puzzles); games of calculation (e.g., chess, checkers, card games); special children's games; occasions for playing games; participants and spectators; special equipment; rules; organizers and sponsors of games (e.g., cliques, clubs, churches, communities, business organizations); etc. Childhood activities 857 CHILDHOOD ACTIVITIES 525 GAMBLING Laying of wagers on games, athletic contests, and spectacles; betting; lotteries; special gambling devices (e.g., roulette wheels); calculation of odds (e.g., bookmakers, pari-mutuel machines); informal gambling; gaming houses and their operation; gambling as a method of finance (e.g., government lotteries, church bingo games, hospital sweepstakes, club slot machines); specialists (e.g., gamblers, croupiers); prevalence of and attitudes toward gambling; restrictions and regulations; etc. Debts 426 BORROWING AND LENDING Illicit gambling establishments 548 ILLEGAL ENTERTAINMENT Speculation 455 SPECULATION Conception and manipulation of luck and chance 777 LUCK AND CHANCE Horse racing 541 SPECTACLES 526 ATHLETIC SPORTS Forms of exercise (e.g., hiking, swimming, skating, skiing, riding, mountain climbing, calisthenics, gymnastics); sports of pursuit (e.g., hide-and-seek, paper chases); individual contests (e.g., foot races, jumping, weight lifting, boxing, wrestling, archery, hoop and dart game, javelin throwing, trap shooting, bowling, tennis, golf); team contests (e.g., tug-of-war, boat races, lacrosse, hockey, football, baseball, basketball, polo); occasions; participants and spectators; special equipment; rules; associated ideas (e.g., sportsmanship, amateur status, value of physical fitness); organizers and sponsors of sports (e.g., clubs, schools, business organizations, promoters); etc. Fishing and hunting 220 Recreational structures 345 RECREATIONAL STRUCTURES Athletic clubs 529 RECREATIONAL FACILITIES Manufacture and distribution of sporting goods 549 ART AND RECREATIONAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES Racing and fighting with animals 541 SPECTACLES Military training 702 RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING Locomotion 481 LOCOMOTION Commercialized sports 542 COMMERCIALIZED SPORTS 527 REST DAYS AND HOLIDAYS Days reserved for rest from labor; conceptualization (e.g., as harvest celebrations, as patriotic or commemorative occasions, as reserved by religious taboos): secular festivals (e.g., harvest, housewarming, patriotic); birthdays and anniversaries; holiday activities (e.g., feasting, drinking, visiting, games, pageants); etc. For ceremonies associated with specific economic activities see the term(s) for those activities. Pageants 541 SPECTACLES Leisure time activities 517 LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES Feasting 574 VISITING AND HOSPITALITY Potlatches 431 GIFT GIVING Religious festivals 796 ORGANIZED CEREMONIAL Taboos 784 AVOIDANCE AND TABOO Victory celebrations 727 AFTERMATH OF COMBAT Distribution of labor and leisure 461 LABOR AND LEISURE Birthdays and age stratification 561 AGE STRATIFICATION 528 VACATIONS Extended leave from labor; incidence, duration, and cultural justifications; vacation activities (e.g., rest, recreation, travel, visiting, frequenting of resorts); etc. Military leave 701 MILITARY ORGANIZATION Invalidism 734 INVALIDISM Travel 484 TRAVEL Visiting 574 VISITING AND HOSPITALITY Honeymoons 585 NUPTIALS Pilgrimages 788 RITUAL 529 RECREATIONAL FACILITIES Vacation resorts (e.g., spas, mountain retreats, winter sports facilities, beach resorts, state and national parks); bridge, chess, riding, and rifle clubs and their facilities; athletic and country clubs; amusement parks; enterprises catering to games and sports (e.g., pool rooms, bowling alleys, shooting galleries, gymnasiums, skating rinks); special equipment, organization, operation and specialized personnel; etc. Recreational structures 345 RECREATIONAL STRUCTURES Social clubs 575 SODALITIES Hotels and tourist services 485 TRAVEL SERVICES Manufacture and distribution of recreational equipment 549 ART AND RECREATIONAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES Facilities catering to entertainment 540 Urban parks and recreational facilities 360 530 ARTS General statements about the creation and interpretation of various objects and products generally considered to be art forms. This category was called "Fine Arts" until 1997. Popular aesthetic ideals and canons of taste 517 LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES Art forms associated with ceremonials 796 ORGANIZED CEREMONIAL Art as a commercial venture and source of entertainment 540 531 DECORATIVE ART Types of artifacts decorated and not decorated; decorative techniques (e.g., carving, engraving, painting, inlay, embroidery); use of color and relief; designs and patterns (e.g., naturalistic, geometric); decorative symbols and their meanings; elaborated styles); associated beliefs and practices; specialists; etc. This term was used until 1997. To search for information on this subject in materials indexed after 1996, use "Visual Arts" (5311). Ornament 301 ORNAMENT Interior decoration 353 BUILDING INTERIORS AND ARRANGEMENT Architecture 341 ARCHITECTURE Chirography 212 WRITING Clothing 290 Face and body decoration 302 TOILET Tattooing 304 BODY ALTERATIONS Tools, utensils, and appliances 410 Manufacture of paints and dyes 386 PAINT AND DYE MANUFACTURE Textiles 280 Esthetics 517 LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES 532 REPRESENTATIVE ART Techniques in painting and sculpture (e.g., drawing or painting on flat surfaces, incising in relief, modeling of carving in the round); materials and implements used; subjects (e.g., still life, landscapes, human beings, abstractions); use of color; composition; appreciation of form and perspective; styles (e.g., naturalistic, idealistic, symbolic abstract); special products (e.g., etchings, bas-reliefs, masks); specialized fields (e.g., portraiture, commercial art, religious sculpture); artists and sculptors; etc. This term was used until 1997 when it was replaced with the term "Visual Arts". See the latter term for information on this subject in data indexed from 1997 on. Photography 215 PHOTOGRAPHY Art galleries 217 ARCHIVES Commemorative statues 211 MNEMONIC DEVICES Ideas about form and color 822 ETHNOPHYSICS Idols and images 778 SACRED OBJECTS AND PLACES Lapidary art 306 JEWELRY MANUFACTURE Paints and pigments 386 PAINT AND DYE MANUFACTURE Advertising 447 ADVERTISING Art supplies industry 549 ART AND RECREATIONAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES 533 MUSIC Musical form and structure (e.g., scale , pitch, tone, tempo, rhythm); melody; harmony; vocal music (e.g., singing, humming, chanting; instrumental music (e.g., accompaniment, solo playing, orchestras); occasions for music; song styles (e.g., work songs, drinking songs, dance songs, war songs, love songs, lullabies, sacred music, dirges and laments); musical training and appreciation; composition of music; techniques of playing and performance; specialization (e.g., composers, minstrels, musicologists, musicians); organization (e.g., choirs, bands, orchestras); etc. Added "techniques of playing and performance" in 2000. Musical texts 539 LITERARY TEXTS Palliation of labor with music 461 LABOR AND LEISURE Musical performances on the stage 545 MUSICAL AND THEATRICAL PRODUCTIONS Property in songs 424 INCORPOREAL PROPERTY 534 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS Idiophones (e.g., clappers, gongs, rattles); membranophones (e.g., drums); cordophones (e.g., zithers, lutes, harps); aerophones (e.g., flutes, pipes, trumpets); special instruments (e.g., bullroarers); complex mechanical instruments (e.g., piano, organ); care and repair of musical instruments; etc. Drum signaling 202 TRANSMISSION OF MESSAGES Musical supplies industry 549 ART AND RECREATIONAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES Radio 207 RADIO AND TELEVISION Sound recordings 216 SOUND RECORDS 535 DANCE Dance is the art of rhythmic and patterned movements of the body, usually accompanied by music. This category includes information on dance styles (e.g., imitative, pantomimic, symbolic, stylized); technique (e.g., movements of the head, trunk, and limbs); gestures, postures, and their symbolism; solo, pair, and group dancing; choreographic patterns; extemporization and formalization; rhythm; musical accompaniment; occasions for dancing and associated dance forms (e.g., war dances, shamanistic dances, ballroom dancing, tap dancing); participants and spectators; dancing places (e.g., dance halls); dance costumes and paraphernalia; emotional expression in dancing; training in dancing; specialized dancers and dance leaders; choreographic arts allied to dancing (e.g., figure skating); etc. Gestures 201 GESTURES AND SIGNS Night clubs 547 NIGHT CLUBS AND CABARETS Skating 526 ATHLETIC SPORTS Dance performances on the stage 545 MUSICAL AND THEATRICAL PRODUCTIONS Postures 516 POSTURES 536 DRAMA Compositions for dramatic representation; types (e.g., tragedy, comedy, farce); themes (e.g., from myth, history, everyday life); treatment (e.g., realistic, stylized); conventional limitations on dramatic composition; characters and parts; impersonation; acting techniques (e.g., gestures, postures, emotional expression); costumes and paraphernalia; make-up; staging (e.g., scenery, lighting, props, musical accompaniment); acts, scenes, choruses, and interludes; specialists (e.g., playwrights, actors, stagehands, directors); relation of drama to dancing, mythology, magic, and ritual; special types of plays (e.g., puppet shows, shadow plays, musical comedies); special roles (e.g., clowns); etc. Radio and television 207 RADIO AND TELEVISION Postures 516 POSTURES Cosmetics 302 TOILET Theater buildings 345 RECREATIONAL STRUCTURES Motion pictures 546 MOTION PICTURE INDUSTRY Masks 532 REPRESENTATIVE ART Humor 522 HUMOR Gestures 201 GESTURES AND SIGNS Religious ceremonial 796 ORGANIZED CEREMONIAL Pageants and circuses 541 SPECTACLES Stage productions 545 MUSICAL AND THEATRICAL PRODUCTIONS 537 ORATORY Oratory is the art of speaking in public eloquently or effectively. This category included information on rhetorical style; patterned forms of oratory (e.g., narration, debating, exhortation); techniques of declamation (e.g., exaggeration, repetition, figures of speech); gestures and postures in orating; training in public speaking; occasions for oratory; etc. Lectures and debates 544 PUBLIC LECTURES Arguments in court 695 TRIAL PROCEDURE Boasting 521 CONVERSATION Gestures 201 GESTURES AND SIGNS Preaching 793 PRIESTHOOD Pronouncing of spells 789 MAGIC Sociolinguistics 195 SOCIOLINGUISTICS Postures 516 POSTURES Parliamentary debates 646 PARLIAMENT Electioneering 666 ELECTIONS 538 LITERATURE Literary styles; poetry (e.g., epic, lyric); verse forms (e.g., couplets, stanzas); poetic techniques (e.g., meter, rhyme, alliteration); prose forms (e.g., tales, sagas, proverbs, fiction, short stories, essays); narrative plot and structure; literary subjects and themes; characters (e.g., animals, men, gods); treatment (e.g., realism, fantasy, allegory, satire); composition; literary conventions; recitation and narration (e.g., occasions, audiences); specialists (e.g., poets, prose authors, story tellers, ghost writers); etc. This category is reserved for generalized descriptions of literature. This term was used until 1997 when it was replaced with the term "Verbal Arts" (5310). See "Verbal Arts" (5310) for information on the subjects listed here in material that was indexed after 1996. Sacred literature 779 THEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS Aesthetic ideals and canons of taste 517 LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES Lectures 544 PUBLIC LECTURES News stories and magazine articles 204 PRESS Books and their publication 214 PUBLISHING Literary texts, and analyses and commentaries related to specific literary works see categories 900 Literary texts, and analyses and commentaries related to specific literary works see categories "Literary Texts" (539) and "Texts" (900). 539 LITERARY TEXTS Stylists 195 SOCIOLINGUISTICS Riddles 524 GAMES Wit and humor 522 HUMOR Humanistic studies 814 HUMANISTIC STUDIES 539 LITERARY TEXTS Texts, translations, and abstracts of folktales, myths, songs, and other individual literary products; critical analyses and commentaries thereupon; etc. This term was used until 1997 when it was replaced with the categories listed under "Texts" (900). For information on texts indexed after 1997 use "Texts" (900) and its subcategories. 5310 VERBAL ARTS Information on those arts (other than oratory and drama) that use primarily verbal means, either spoken or written, as a mode of artistic expression. This category includes information on genres in verbal arts (e.g., autobiography, fiction, folklore, folktales, novels, poetry, prose forms, verse forms); specialists in verbal arts; narrations and recitations; data on characters, composition, plots, structure, styles, and themes. This category was introduced in 1997. To find information on this subject in material indexed before 1997, search for OCM categories "Literature" (538) and "Literary Texts" (539). For texts of verbal arts, use the category "Texts" (900) and its subcategories. Riddles 524 GAMES Books and their publication 214 PUBLISHING Humanistic studies 814 HUMANISTIC STUDIES Lectures 544 PUBLIC LECTURES Sacred literature 779 THEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS Mythology 773 MYTHOLOGY Sociolinguistics 195 SOCIOLINGUISTICS Texts 900 Wit and humor 522 HUMOR News stories and magazine articles 204 PRESS Aesthetics 517 LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES Literary texts 539 LITERARY TEXTS 5311 VISUAL ARTS Information on those arts that produce material objects whose expressive dimension is primarily visual in nature. This category includes information on genres in visual arts (e.g., beadwork, drawing, painting, dyes and their use, printmaking, quillwork, sculpture, carving); specialists in visual arts; design and pattern; styles; and symbolism. This category was introduced in 1997. To find information on this subject in material indexed before 1997 search for OCM categories "Decorative Art" (531) and "Representative Art" (532). Clothing 290 Idols and images 778 SACRED OBJECTS AND PLACES Interior decoration 353 BUILDING INTERIORS AND ARRANGEMENT