OUTLINE OF CULTURAL MATERIALS

By George P. Murdock et al.

FIFTH EDITION with modifications 2004

New Haven, Connecticut, USA

GENERAL TOPICS

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A to Z Index Basic Information History, Prehistory, and Culture Change Language and Communication Economy, Food, and Resource Exploitation Technology and Material Culture Marriage, Family, Kinship, and Social Organization Social Relationships Life Cycle Sexuality and Reproduction Political Organization and Behavior Justice, Law, and Social Problems International and Interethnic Relations Religion Health, Illness, Medicine, and Death Education and Knowledge Arts Recreation Information Sources and Research Basic Information ORIENTATION100 GEOGRAPHY130 HUMAN BIOLOGY140 DEMOGRAPHY160 LANGUAGE190 SETTLEMENTS360 LIVING STANDARDS AND ROUTINES510 History, Prehistory, and Culture Change HISTORY AND CULTURE CHANGE170 TOTAL CULTURE180 SETTLEMENTS360 ARCHAEOLOGICAL MEASURES, TECHNIQUES, AND ANALYSES910 Language and Communication LANGUAGE190 COMMUNICATION200 RECORDS210 TEXTS900 Economy, Food, and Resource Exploitation GEOGRAPHY130 FOOD QUEST220 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY230 AGRICULTURE240 FOOD PROCESSING250 FOOD CONSUMPTION260 DRINK AND DRUGS270 EXPLOITATIVE ACTIVITIES310 PROPERTY420 EXCHANGE430 MARKETING440 FINANCE450 LABOR460 BUSINESS AND INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION470 LIVING STANDARDS AND ROUTINES510 Technology and Material Culture COMMUNICATION200 LEATHER, TEXTILES, AND FABRICS280 CLOTHING290 ADORNMENT300 PROCESSING OF BASIC MATERIALS320 BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION330 STRUCTURES340 EQUIPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF BUILDINGS350 ENERGY AND POWER370 CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES380 CAPITAL GOODS INDUSTRIES390 MACHINES400 TOOLS AND APPLIANCES410 TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION480 LAND TRANSPORT490 WATER AND AIR TRANSPORT500 ARTS530 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY710 Marriage, Family, Kinship, and Social Organization MARRIAGE580 FAMILY590 KINSHIP600 KIN GROUPS610 INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD850 SOCIALIZATION860 Social Relationships INDIVIDUATION AND MOBILITY550 SOCIAL STRATIFICATION560 INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS570 FAMILY590 KINSHIP600 GENDER ROLES AND ISSUES890 Life Cycle BEHAVIOR PROCESSES AND PERSONALITY150 INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD850 ADOLESCENCE, ADULTHOOD, AND OLD AGE880 Sexuality and Reproduction SEX830 REPRODUCTION840 Political Organization and Behavior COMMUNITY620 TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION630 STATE640 GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES650 POLITICAL BEHAVIOR660 Justice, Law, and Social Problems LAW670 OFFENSES AND SANCTIONS680 JUSTICE690 SOCIAL PROBLEMS730 International and Interethnic Relations HISTORY AND CULTURE CHANGE170 STATE640 ARMED FORCES700 WAR720 Religion RELIGIOUS BELIEFS770 RELIGIOUS PRACTICES780 ECCLESIASTICAL ORGANIZATION790 Health, Illness, Medicine, and Death SOCIAL PROBLEMS730 HEALTH AND WELFARE740 SICKNESS750 DEATH760 Education and Knowledge NUMBERS AND MEASURES800 SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES810 IDEAS ABOUT NATURE AND PEOPLE820 SOCIALIZATION860 EDUCATION870 TEXTS900 Arts ADORNMENT300 ARTS530 Recreation RECREATION520 COMMERCIALIZED ENTERTAINMENT540 Information Sources and Research INFORMATION SOURCES110 RESEARCH METHODS120 000 MATERIAL NOT RELEVANT This category is used to index text that, for several possible reasons, is not relevant. Reasons for indexing a category with 000 include: the text is about a culture or tradition different from the one that this HRAF file focuses on; the text is not about cultural information but rather is on something pertaining to the document, such as, it is a table of contents, it is the author statement on the title page, etc. ; the text consists of conjectures, personal data not relevant to the culture, etc. Descriptor and Scope Note revised April 2002. 100 ORIENTATIONInformation especially likely to be needed by users of a file as a frame of reference for understanding the materials classified elsewhere; organization of the file, special indexing decisions, and evaluation of the file. This category is not used in eHRAF. In eHRAF, the information is contained in a brief introduction to the file, "Cultural summary: ..." 101 IDENTIFICATION Brief overview or description of the society, ethnic group, tradition, or archaeological site and information on its location in time and space; name of the society, ethnic group, or prehistoric tradition; alternatives names bestowed by selves and others; meanings of names; location of group with reference to comparable and larger groups; names given by selves to other groups; affiliation with a culture area or subarea; period as of which the culture is described, and its relationship to other time periods; local and temporal subdivisions employed in the classification of data; specification of date and locale of field study and review of archaeological sites in the tradition; location of the archaeological site that is the focus of research; etc. Description updated in 2000. Location 131 LOCATION Cultural distributions 171 COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE Linguistic relationships 197 LINGUISTIC IDENTIFICATION Cultural identity 186 CULTURAL IDENTITY AND PRIDE Intracultural differences 184 CULTURAL PARTICIPATION Tribalism, nationalism 619 TRIBE AND NATION Author's experience in the field 114 REVIEWS AND CRITIQUES Territorial organization 630 Ethnic stratification 563 ETHNIC STRATIFICATION 102 MAPS Reproductions of all maps, plans, floor plans, or other graphical representations of space in general and especially in specific archaeological sites and sections within archaeological sites. Specific maps will also be found under the appropriate descriptive category. Description updated in 2000. Route maps and charts 487 ROUTES Recording profile and floor drawings in the field 126 RECORDING AND COLLECTING IN THE FIELD Descriptive geographical data 130 Settlement patterns 361 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS 103 PLACE NAMES Lists of the names of settlements, archaeological sites, and geographical features; etymologies of place names; historical and cultural connotations; bestowal of place names; etc. Personal names 551 PERSONAL NAMES Territorial divisions 631 TERRITORIAL HIERARCHY Ethnogeography 823 ETHNOGEOGRAPHY Settlements 360 Vocabulary 192 VOCABULARY 104 GLOSSARY Definitions of native terms of frequently used in the sources; orthographies and transliteration systems. Word lists and vocabulary 192 VOCABULARY 105 CULTURAL SUMMARY Descriptive synopsis of the whole culture (as a background for specific information); references to summaries in other works. Ethos 181 ETHOS Cultural history 170 106 CODED DATA The concise, quantitative and/or qualitative expression or interpretation of cultural, social, ecological or other variables relating to human behavior; the data are classified into pre-conceived categories represented by number and/or letter codes. Common reasons for presenting data in coded form are to facilitate statistical analyses and/or cross-cultural comparisons. 107 DIAGNOSTIC MATERIAL ATTRIBUTES Artifactual or other material attributes that uniquely identify the society, cultural group, or archaeological tradition. This category was introduced in 1997. Ceramic technology 323 CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY Typology and classification 914 TYPOLOGIES AND CLASSIFICATIONS Lithic technology 324 LITHIC INDUSTRIES Prehistory 172 PREHISTORY 110 INFORMATION SOURCES Sources of information on the particular society as defined and described in the Outline of World Cultures, and data relevant to their evaluation. This category was called "BIBLIOGRAPHY" until 1997. 111 CITATIONS OF DOCUMENTS IN THE HRAF COLLECTION Full bibliographical citations to all documents included, with a brief abstract of each. Documents are numbered. This category is relevant only to the microfiche and paper collections. The bibliographical citations in the eHRAF collections precede the documents to which they pertain and the citations can be searched and retrieved in. In eHRAF, the bibliographical citations are called "citation", not 111. All citations for each culture can be retrieved as a group. The method of retrieval depends on the medium you are using. This category does not appear in the electronic version of HRAF as a searchable OCM category. Instead, in the electronic version a full citation precedes each document. This category was called "SOURCES PROCESSED" until 1997. 112 ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY HRAF compiled bibliographical citations, some annotated, to documents reviewed but not included in the HRAF collection. This category was called "SOURCES CONSULTED" until 1997. 113 INFORMATION SOURCES LISTED IN OTHER WORKS Works referred to in the documents included in the HRAF collections. This term replaced the term "ADDITIONAL REFERENCES" in 1997. In addition, in 1997 a category on artifact and archive collections was introduced. For information on artifact and archive collections indexed before 1997, use this category. For information on artifact and archive collections indexed after 1997, use category 119. 114 REVIEWS AND CRITIQUES Reviews by other authors; critiques of other sources of information; author's comments about his or her other publications; information about authors, other research and field personnel and their backgrounds; general statements on prior field experience; etc. This category was titled "COMMENTS" until 1997. Date and locale of fieldwork 101 IDENTIFICATION Research methods 120 115 INFORMANTS Identification and characterization of persons serving as sources of information. Use of informants and interpreters in field work 124 INTERVIEWING IN RESEARCH Life histories 159 LIFE HISTORY MATERIALS 116 COMPLETE TEXTS OF HRAF DOCUMENTS This category is used for the paper and microfiche files as a repository for complete texts, in page number order, of the documents included in the file. This category is not used in HRAF's electronic collections. Texts (1997 and after) 900 Texts (before 1997) 539 LITERARY TEXTS 117 FIELD DATA Data on journals, diaries, artifacts, field specimens, etc. kept or collected in the field, unorganized field notes, and information on deposition of these materials. Historical and archival research 127 HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL RESEARCH Recording and collecting in the field 126 RECORDING AND COLLECTING IN THE FIELD 118 FICTION References to works of fiction about the culture by non-native authors. Fiction about the culture by native authors (1997 and after) 5310 VERBAL ARTS Fiction about the culture by native authors (before 1997) 538 LITERATURE 119 ARTIFACT AND ARCHIVE COLLECTIONS Information on artifact and archive collections including the location of museums, private collections, and archives housing significant collections of materials on the culture, ethnic group, or prehistoric tradition that is the subject of the file. This category was introduced in 1997. Information on artifact and archive collections indexed before 1997 113 INFORMATION SOURCES LISTED IN OTHER WORKS Prehistory 172 PREHISTORY Visual arts 5311 VISUAL ARTS 120 RESEARCH METHODS These subject headings are used to index descriptions and discussions of methods used by ethnographers, archaeologists, and others. Category 120 includes general statements about factors affecting the consistency, reliability, and validity of the data obtained. For information on specific factors regarding reliability, consistency, and validity in the use of specific techniques or methods use the appropriate categories. This term replaced "METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH" in 2000. 121 THEORETICAL ORIENTATION IN RESEARCH AND ITS RESULTS Research aims and objectives (e.g., complete ethnographic description, study of a particular institution or culture complex, testing of a theoretical hypothesis); general theoretical approach (e.g., historical, functional, psychological); formulation of research program; reasons for choice of particular field site or archaeological site; theoretical results; etc. Research strategy employed (e.g., ethnographic, survey, excavation, museographic, ethnoarcheological investigation), etc. This term replaced "THEORETICAL ORIENTATION" in 1997. The description was updated in 2000. 122 PRACTICAL PREPARATIONS IN CONDUCTING FIELDWORK Source(s) of financial support (expedition expenses, cost of publishing results, etc.); selection and assembly of equipment; coping with problems of transportation and bureaucratic red tape; familiarization with previous descriptive literature; learning language; living conditions in the field; etc. This term replaced "PRACTICAL PREPARATIONS" in 1997. 123 OBSERVATIONAL ROLE IN RESEARCH Techniques for establishing rapport; assumption or ascription of a status in the community; methods of altering the observer's status; adoption of the technique of participant observation; degree of participation in community life actually achieved; effect of the observer's presence on the life of the community; effects of the gender of the observer; observer's reflections on her or his feelings, attitudes, or intellectual development inspired by fieldwork; etc. This term replaced "OBSERVATIONAL ROLE" in 1997. Gender roles and issues 890 GENDER ROLES AND ISSUES 124 INTERVIEWING IN RESEARCH Methods of selecting informants or subjects (e.g., sampling); use of native language; use and selection of interpreters; methods of checking and rewarding informants and interpreters; group interviewing; methods of interviewing (e.g., question and answer, nondirective, use of topical outlines); special techniques (e.g., life history, genealogical, event centered, oral history); use of documents prepared by informants; etc. This term replaced "INTERVIEWING" in 1997. Informants 115 INFORMANTS 125 TESTS AND SCHEDULES ADMINISTERED IN THE FIELD Description of tests used (e.g., intelligence, projective); schedules and questionnaires employed (e.g., preparation, pretesting); administration of tests, schedules, and questionnaires; sampling techniques; methods of scoring; use of control groups; special experiments; census-taking by author; blood-typing; etc. This term replaced "TESTS AND SCHEDULES" in 1997. Results of personality tests 159 LIFE HISTORY MATERIALS Results of tests of sensation and perception 151 SENSATION AND PERCEPTION Results of blood-typing tests 143 GENETICS Results of personality tests 157 PERSONALITY TRAITS Results of aptitude and intelligence tests 153 MODIFICATION OF BEHAVIOR 126 RECORDING AND COLLECTING IN THE FIELD Methods of note taking (e.g., verbatim, post-interview summaries); taking of native texts; use of diaries and journals; utilization of sound and photographic equipment; preparation of sketches, charts, and maps; collection of artifacts and field specimens; etc.; archaeological data recording methods (e.g., daily records, unit records, locus records, lot records, stratigraphic methods, feature records); collection of artifacts, ecofacts, and features, etc. This term replaced "RECORDING AND COLLECTING" in 1997. Artifact and archive collections 119 ARTIFACT AND ARCHIVE COLLECTIONS Field data 117 FIELD DATA 127 HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL RESEARCH Extent to which field research was supplemented or replaced by the use of records; types of records utilized (e.g., archives, archaeological remains, unpublished documents, museum collections, census data, literary sources, earlier published materials); techniques of analysis and criticism applied in assessing source materials; etc. This term replaced "HISTORICAL RESEARCH" in 1997. Prehistory 172 PREHISTORY Field data 117 FIELD DATA Artifact and archive collections 119 ARTIFACT AND ARCHIVE COLLECTIONS Oral history techniques 124 INTERVIEWING IN RESEARCH History 170 128 ORGANIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF RESEARCH Identification of material; methods of processing raw data (e.g., analysis, classification, quantification); special techniques of analysis (e.g., phonemic, sociometric); preparation of tables and graphs; methods of determining consistency, reliability, and validity of results (e.g., statistical, use of ratings and scales); organization of materials for presentation in published form: author's discussion of her or his organization of the source; data classification methods used including information on developing systems for the formal description and classification of archaeological and material culture data; archaeological reconstruction and other laboratory (except for scientific analysis) activities such as cleaning, cataloging, etc. of artifacts and other remains; artifact reconstruction; general discussion of how inferences about cultural behavior are drawn from the archaeological record, etc.; methods of quantification used in analyzing archaeological materials such as composition analysis (e.g., histograms, diagrams, scalograms, and dendrograms), spatial distribution (e.g., cartography), factor analysis, multiple regression, etc. This term replaced "ORGANIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS" in 1997. Description was updated in 2000. Research aims 121 THEORETICAL ORIENTATION IN RESEARCH AND ITS RESULTS Orthographies and transliteration systems 104 GLOSSARY Field data 117 FIELD DATA Typologies and classifications 914 TYPOLOGIES AND CLASSIFICATIONS 129 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY METHODS This category is used to index statements on archaeological survey methods such as thermography, electricity, magnetism, radio waves, etc.; sampling techniques; methods of determining site location, extent, occupation periods, etc. Use of non-invasive techniques such as remote sensing, aerial imaging, etc. This term was introduced in 1997. 1210 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION METHODS This category is used to index statements on archaeological excavation methods (e.g., Wheeler-Kenyon method, block method); what type of tools were used during excavation; whether strata were excavated in natural or arbitrary levels; whether the soil was screened, and if so, what size mesh was used; whether soil samples were taken for specialized analysis, etc. This term was introduced in 1997. The description was rewritten completely in 2000. Cultural stratigraphy 912 CULTURAL STRATIGRAPHY Profile drawings, and other drawings of a unit, trench, strata, etc. 102 MAPS 1211 DATING METHODS IN ARCHAEOLOGY Statements about how an archaeological site, unit, stratum, or non-artifactual constituent, etc. was dated and what methods were used (absolute versus relative dating, Carbon-14, thermoluminescence, archaeomagnetism, obsidian hydration, etc.), This category is used to index discussions about what was used for the sample (that is, what was dated), how the sample was extracted in the field, where the sample was processed, and how the sample was processed. This term was introduced in 1997. The description was rewritten completely in 2000. 1212 LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF MATERIALS OTHER THAN DATING METHODS IN ARCHAEOLOGY Descriptions of archaeological laboratory methods including physiochemical analysis methods in archaeology such as X-ray spectrometry, neutron activation of trace elements, mineralogy, and palynology; how and where the artifacts and non-artifactual constituents were processed once they were excavated; techniques and equipment used; problems encountered, etc. This category includes descriptions of methods used to analyze faunal and floral remains for archaeological and non-archaeological purposes (e.g., analysis of plants for their pharmacological properties, shellfish analysis, laboratory analyses for ethnographic studies not found elsewhere, etc. This term was introduced in 1997. The description was rewritten completely in 2000. 1213 COMPARATIVE DATA Used to index descriptions of experimental archaeology, ethnoarchaeology, or any other technique that includes reconstruction or observation of technologies or activities of peoples of the past or present (e.g., skinning a deer with stone tools, making stone tools or weapons), etc. Introduced in 2000. Special experiments in the field 125 TESTS AND SCHEDULES ADMINISTERED IN THE FIELD Reconstruction of artifacts 128 ORGANIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF RESEARCH Archaeological site reconstruction 174 HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION Participation of the author in an ethnic culture 123 OBSERVATIONAL ROLE IN RESEARCH 130 GEOGRAPHY This category is used to index descriptions and analyses of the archaeological or present environment, including observations about change over time in the environment. Ideas about natural phenomena 820 131 LOCATION Information on the location of the culture or archaeological tradition including latitude and longitude; position in relation to land and sea (e.g., insular, coastal, interior); area and extent of territory occupied, accessibility by land and sea routes; boundaries; etc. Location of group in relation to others 101 IDENTIFICATION Maps 102 MAPS Territorial organization 630 132 CLIMATE Information on the type of climate; seasons (e.g., number, dates, character); temperature (e.g., annual mean, extreme range, daily and seasonal variations); precipitation (e.g., mean annual rainfall, seasonal distribution, snowfall); humidity; frosts; winds (e g., prevailing winds, cyclonic storms); etc. Occurrence of significant climatic changes, fluctuations, etc. Beliefs about heat and cold 374 HEAT Meteorological research and weather stations 654 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Occurrence and impact on society of devastating storms 731 DISASTERS Ethnometeorology 821 ETHNOMETEOROLOGY 133 TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY Information on topography and geology such as altitude above sea level; relief (e.g., hills, mountains. plateaus, passes); bodies of water (e.g., lakes, rivers, arms of the sea, swamps); subsurface water; character of seacoast and adjacent marine floor; tides and currents floods; areas of volcanic and seismic activity; etc. Ethnogeography 823 ETHNOGEOGRAPHY Occurrence and impact of seismic and volcanic disasters 731 DISASTERS Water supply 312 WATER SUPPLY Routes 487 ROUTES Land transport 490 Water transport 500 134 SOIL General information on physical and chemical characteristics of the soil and changes over time as reflected in the soil; erosion; soil types and soil fertility; area susceptible of cultivation (e.g., by local methods, by modern scientific methods); etc. Stratigraphic changes based on human activity 912 CULTURAL STRATIGRAPHY Soil science 242 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE Land use 311 LAND USE 135 MINERAL RESOURCES General information on the availability or significant lack of mineral deposits (e.g., metals, stone, coal, petroleum, clay, salt); quantity, quality, and distribution of minerals; etc. Metallurgy 325 METALLURGY Petroleum and coal products industries 382 PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES Exploitation of mineral resources 316 Salt manufacture 258 MISCELLANEOUS FOOD PROCESSING AND PACKING INDUSTRIES 136 FAUNA Information on the principal native species, especially mammals, reptiles, birds, fish and shellfish, insects, and micro-fauna including in the paleoenvironment; historical changes (e.g., introduced species); general statements about faunal remains in archaeological reports; etc. Description updated in 2000. Ethnozoology 825 ETHNOZOOLOGY Hunting, fowling, and fishing 220 Animal husbandry 230 137 FLORA Information on the general type of flora (e.g., jungle, equatorial forest, tropical scrub, savanna, desert, steppe, prairie, deciduous forest, coniferous forest, tundra); types of wood; important species of land and marine flora including in the paleoenvironment; historical changes (e.g., introduced species); micro-flora; general statements about botanical remains in archaeological reports; etc. Description updated in 2000. Ethnobotany 824 ETHNOBOTANY Collecting of edible plants 222 COLLECTING Cultivated plants 240 Cultivated plants 241 TILLAGE 138 POST DEPOSITIONAL PROCESSES IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES Discussions of how an archaeological site, its cultural strata, and its artifacts and non-artifactual constituents were affected by the natural and cultural environment after being deposited and before being excavated. These processes include erosion, floods, animal use of the site such as pack rat middens or animal burrows, taphonomic processes not discussed elsewhere, looting of the site, human disturbances of the site and its artifacts, and differential preservation of artifacts and non-artifactual constituents. This term was introduced in 1997. The description was updated in 2000. 140 HUMAN BIOLOGY General statements dealing with several types of scientific biological data about the members of the society. Occurrence and distribution of biological characteristics will be included in the narrower terms of this category. Popular beliefs about the human organism 820 141 ANTHROPOMETRY Mean, range, and sex distribution of physical measurements (e.g., stature, weight, span, length of limbs); indices (e.g., cephalic, nasal); metric and non-metric traits; etc. Postures 516 POSTURES Conception of ideal bodily proportions 826 ETHNOANATOMY 142 DESCRIPTIVE SOMATOLOGY Color of skin, hair, and eyes; form, length, and distribution of hair; musculature; secondary sexual characteristics; physical descriptions; etc. 143 GENETICS Information on genetic characteristics of the population (e.g., blood groups; incidence of sex-linked characteristics (e.g., color blindness, hemophilia); other data of specific genetic significance; indicated affiliation with other extinct or extant populations; etc. Notions about heredity 827 ETHNOPHYSIOLOGY 144 RACIAL IDENTIFICATION Statements about affiliation with races and subraces; supporting evidence; extent of race mixture; etc. Distribution of ethnic groups 162 COMPOSITION OF POPULATION Ideas about race 829 ETHNOSOCIOLOGY Ethnic stratification and status of racial hybrids 563 ETHNIC STRATIFICATION 145 ONTOGENETIC DATA Data relating to physical growth and mental development during infancy and childhood; eruption of teeth; age at puberty for each sex; age at menopause and onset of senile impotence; characteristics of menstruation and menopause; physical senescence; etc. Adolescence, adulthood and old age 880 Development and maturation during infancy and childhood 856 DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION Menstruation 841 MENSTRUATION 146 NUTRITION Information on nutrition including evidence of malnutrition and/or dietary deficiencies; adequacy of the diet of subgroups and of the population as a whole; chemical analyses of native foods; etc. Customary diets 262 DIET Infant feeding 853 INFANT FEEDING Morbidity 164 MORBIDITY Research in nutrition 742 MEDICAL RESEARCH 147 PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA Information on physiological systems and their functions (e.g., cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, nervous, endocrine); metabolism; salt and water balance; indications of physiological stamina e.g., strength and endurance); characteristic body odor; etc. Sexual behavior 830 Drives and emotions 152 DRIVES AND EMOTIONS Sensation and perception 151 SENSATION AND PERCEPTION Physical deformities 732 DISABILITIES Occurrence of genetic traits 143 GENETICS Native ideas about physiology 827 ETHNOPHYSIOLOGY Menstruation 841 MENSTRUATION Incidence of disease 164 MORBIDITY 150 BEHAVIOR PROCESSES AND PERSONALITY This category contains general statements dealing with several distinct types of mechanisms and manifestations of individual behavior and personality as these appear to the observer and the scientist. Education 870 Laypersons' ideas about behavior and personality 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY Socialization 560 151 SENSATION AND PERCEPTION This category includes information on acuity of vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch (e.g., uncontrolled observations, reports of tests); evidence on sensory discrimination and perception (e.g., form configurations, color perception, optical illusions, tone discrimination); data on the cultural patterning of perception; etc. Information on blindness, deafness, paralysis, and other disabilities 732 DISABILITIES Use of perfumes 302 TOILET Visual arts 5311 VISUAL ARTS Painting and sculpture 532 REPRESENTATIVE ART Optical instruments 416 APPLIANCES Rhythm in dancing 535 DANCE Decorative arts 531 DECORATIVE ART Musical appreciation 533 MUSIC Ideas about form, color, and sound 822 ETHNOPHYSICS Food preferences 262 DIET Ideas about heat and cold perception 374 HEAT Standards of sensory apprehension 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY 152 DRIVES AND EMOTIONS Information on the nature and intensity of basic impulses or drives (e.g., hunger, thirst, need for oxygen, sex, urination, defecation, pain, heat and cold discomfort, fatigue); information pertaining to the Data on the incidence and quality of derived drives and emotions (e.g., aggression, anger, hate, jealousy, fear, anxiety, depression, grief, disgust, homesickness, love, sympathy, elation, excitement, mirth, curiosity, greed, ambition, vanity, inferiority); expression and control of emotions (e.g., stoicism); etc. Emotional reactions in religion 781 RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE Expressions of emotions through gestures 201 GESTURES AND SIGNS Recreation 520 Sleep and elimination 510 Hunger 261 GRATIFICATION AND CONTROL OF HUNGER Behavior under the influence of drugs 276 RECREATIONAL AND NON-THERAPEUTIC DRUGS Profanity 195 SOCIOLINGUISTICS Ornament and body alteration 300 Sexuality 831 SEXUALITY Socialization of impulses 860 Thirst and narcotic cravings 270 Recurrent personality traits 157 PERSONALITY TRAITS Labor and leisure 461 LABOR AND LEISURE Motives for waging war 721 INSTIGATION OF WAR Thirst 271 WATER AND THIRST Expressions of antagonism 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS Leisure time activities 517 LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES Legal offenses 680 153 MODIFICATION OF BEHAVIOR Specific information concerning the mechanisms of conditioning and habit formation (e.g., conditioned and unconditional stimuli; configurations, response hierarchy, random behavior, positive and negative reinforcement, generalization, discrimination, anticipation); data on types of problem solution (e.g., trial and error, insight or intelligence, imitation); evidence as to special mechanisms in verbal or symbolic learning; results of aptitude and intelligence tests; data bearing upon conscious mental processes (e.g., memory, judgment, reasoning, conation, reactions in emergencies); etc. Attitudes 208 PUBLIC OPINION Ethnopsychology 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY Culture change 170 Logic 811 LOGIC Techniques of socialization 861 TEChnIQUES OF SOCIALIZATION Educational methods 876 EDUCATIONAL THEORY AND METHODS Social control, as a means of enforcing behavior 626 SOCIAL CONTROL 154 ADJUSTMENT PROCESSES Information on the incidence, nature and cultural patterning of unconscious mental processes (e.g., free association, dreaming, fantasy, visions, inspiration, intuition); modes of resolving situations involving conflict, frustration, and anxiety; observations and inferences concerning adjustment mechanisms (e.g., repression, regression, displacement, projection, introjection, identification); etc. Vision quests 787 REVELATION AND DIVINATION Dream interpretation 755 MAGICAL AND MENTAL THERAPY Rationalization 811 LOGIC In-group antagonisms 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS Sorcery 754 SORCERY 155 PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Evidences and inferences concerning the influence of constitutional factors, of physiological strains, and of social pressures and physical environment on the development of personality; psychological and psychoanalytic interpretations of personality formation under particular sociocultural conditions; evidence as to levels of personality development (e.g., anal, oral); etc. Sex 830 Adolescent problems 883 ADOLESCENT ACTIVITIES Family relationships 593 FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS Legal sanctions 681 SANCTIONS Social control 626 SOCIAL CONTROL Socialization 860 Infancy and childhood 850 156 SOCIAL PERSONALITY Conception of the self in relation to others; enhancement and defense of the self; social participation and isolation; individual roles in relation to culturally defined statuses; interpretations of personality as reflecting social norms; conformity; etc. Occupational specialization 463 OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION Kinship statuses 602 KIN RELATIONSHIPS Social status and mobility 550 Social control 626 SOCIAL CONTROL Cultural definition of the self 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY Proxemics 209 PROXEMICS Social relationships and groups 571 SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND GROUPS Social stratification 560 157 PERSONALITY TRAITS Occurrence of idiosyncratic habits (e.g., biting of lips or nails, twiddling of thumbs, wringing of hands); prevalence of cooperativeness and competitiveness; incidence and distribution of recurrent personality traits (e.g., leadership, submissiveness, aggressiveness); incidence and distribution of recognized types of personality (e.g., introvert, extrovert, obsessional, manic, paranoid, hypochondriac); generalized results of personality tests; and indications of cultural selectivity with reference to personality traits and types; evidence bearing upon the existence of a modal or basic personality; etc. Mutual aid and competition 470 Humor 522 HUMOR Statuses adapted to particular personality types 554 STATUS, ROLE, AND PRESTIGE Patterned expressions of emotion 201 GESTURES AND SIGNS Social mobility 550 Ethnopsychology 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY Social interaction rates 571 SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND GROUPS Attitudes 208 PUBLIC OPINION Postures 516 POSTURES National character and ethos 181 ETHOS Types of religious experience 781 RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE Derived drives and emotions 152 DRIVES AND EMOTIONS 158 PERSONALITY DISORDERS Incidence and distribution of hypertension and of symptoms of neurotic or functional disorders (e.g., hysteria, hypochondria, compulsive behavior, generalized anxiety), of motor disturbances (e.g., tics, stammering), of dissociative behavior (e.g., amnesia, somnambulism), of hallucinations and delusions, of manias (e.g., kleptomania, pyromania), of sadistic and masochistic behavior, of addiction (e.g., to drugs or alcohol), and of severe psychic disturbances (e.g., phobias, manic-depressive psychoses, involutional melancholia, schizophrenia); psychiatric interpretations of mental disorders; etc. Socialization 860 Crimes, torts, and sins 673 WRONGS Sexual perversions 830 Delinquency 738 DELINQUENCY Alcoholism and drug addiction 733 ALCOHOLISM AND DRUG ADDICTION Feeblemindedness 732 DISABILITIES Ideas about abnormal mental states 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY Incidence of organic disease 164 MORBIDITY Conception of conscience 577 ETHICS Religious trances 787 REVELATION AND DIVINATION Suicide 762 SUICIDE Care of the insane 758 MEDICAL CARE Adolescent problems 883 ADOLESCENT ACTIVITIES Delinquency 674 CRIME Psychotherapy 755 MAGICAL AND MENTAL THERAPY Insane asylums 734 INVALIDISM 159 LIFE HISTORY MATERIALS Observations and interpretations of individual behavior, character, and personality; clinical analyses; case records; biographical materials; collections and interpretations of individual dreams, results of tests designed to measure acquired behavior or personality (e.g., tests of motor or verbal skills, projective tests); etc. Generalizations or conclusions relating to groups or classes of individuals will be filed elsewhere under appropriate headings. Types of religious experience 781 RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE Unclassified field data 117 FIELD DATA Socialization 860 Sex 830 Offenses and sanctions 680 Description of tests and schedules 125 TESTS AND SCHEDULES ADMINISTERED IN THE FIELD Dependency 736 DEPENDENCY Data on informants 115 INFORMANTS Avenues of individual achievement 554 STATUS, ROLE, AND PRESTIGE Biographies 5310 VERBAL ARTS Biographies 538 LITERATURE Interpretations of dreams 787 REVELATION AND DIVINATION 160 DEMOGRAPHY This category contains general statements covering several distinct types of information on population, including vital statistics. Detailed information will be found in the narrower terms. 161 POPULATION This category includes enumerations and estimates (with dates); density (e.g., arithmetical, for arable land); population trends; etc. Census taking 659 MISCELLANEOUS GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES Population policy 168 POPULATION POLICY 162 COMPOSITION OF POPULATION Information on the distribution of population by age, sex, locality, marital status, mode of life (e.g., rural and urban, nomadic and sedentary), and by social groupings (e.g., occupation, religion, class, ethnic group); size of families; etc. Location and distribution of settlements 361 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS Literacy 212 WRITING Marriage statistics 595 POLYGAMY Crime statistics 674 CRIME Incidence of disabilities, chronic illness, poverty, etc. 730 Education statistics 871 EDUCATION SYSTEM Community population 621 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE Age stratification 561 AGE STRATIFICATION Occupational specialization 463 OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION Urban and rural differentiation 369 URBAN AND RURAL LIFE Age at marriage 582 REGULATION OF MARRIAGE Ethnic stratification 563 ETHNIC STRATIFICATION 163 BIRTH STATISTICS Data on birth rates; distribution of births (e.g., by season, locality, race, sex, occupation); incidence of stillbirths and multiple births; age of parents at birth of first child; spacing of children; number of children per completed family; etc. Incidence of illegitimacy 848 ILLEGITIMACY Fertility and sterility rates 842 CONCEPTION Fertility and sterility rates 844 CHILDBIRTH 164 MORBIDITY Incidence, nature, and distribution of various diseases and accidents (e.g., by location, season, sex, age, occupation); occurrence of epidemics; evidence of immunity or susceptibility to disease; dental ailments; etc. Care of infants and children 850 Morbidity as a social problem 730 Theory and treatment of disease 750 Malnutrition and dietary deficiencies 146 NUTRITION Incidence of neuroses and psychoses 158 PERSONALITY DISORDERS Public health 744 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION 165 MORTALITY Death rates (crude and corrected); infant and maternal mortality; distribution of deaths (e.g., by cause, season, age, occupation, locality); life expectancy; authentic cases of extreme longevity; prevalent causes of death (e.g., illness, accident, old age); etc. Infanticide and abortion 847 ABORTION AND INFANTICIDE Mortality in warfare 727 AFTERMATH OF COMBAT Suicide 762 SUICIDE Homicide 682 OFFENSES AGAINST LIFE 166 INTERNAL MIGRATION Temporary and/or permanent shifting of residence between communities and districts within the society; organized resettlement; trends toward redistribution of the population; restrictive regulation; etc. Degree of permanence or impermanence of settlements 361 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS Rule of residence in marriage 591 RESIDENCE Travel 484 TRAVEL Seasonal migrations 221 ANNUAL CYCLE 167 EXTERNAL MIGRATION Permanent and/or temporary movement to or from another culture or tradition; immigration and emigration; extent and sources of immigration; extent and destination of emigration; reasons for migration; trends; restrictive regulation; colonization; etc. Colonial dependencies 636 DEPENDENCIES Transplantation of conquered populations 728 PEACEMAKING Prehistoric migrations 174 HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION Slave trade 567 SLAVERY Naturalization 641 CITIZENSHIP Ethnic stratification 563 ETHNIC STRATIFICATION Travel 484 TRAVEL 168 POPULATION POLICY Theories and attitudes relating to the control of population; measures designed to stimulate or limit population growth; concepts of optimum population; etc. Marriage regulation 582 REGULATION OF MARRIAGE Human sacrifice 782 PRAYERS AND SACRIFICES Living standards 511 STANDARD OF LIVING Specific data on cannibalism 266 CANNIBALISM Sterilization of disabled 732 DISABILITIES Land utilization 311 LAND USE Care of the sick and injured 734 INVALIDISM Capital punishment 681 SANCTIONS Care of the sick and injured 758 MEDICAL CARE Birth control 842 CONCEPTION Care of the sick, injured, dependent, etc. 730 Abortion and infanticide 847 ABORTION AND INFANTICIDE Child care 855 CHILD CARE Celibacy 589 CELIBACY Castration 304 BODY ALTERATIONS Abortion and infanticide 848 ILLEGITIMACY 170 HISTORY AND CULTURE CHANGE General statements dealing with several specific types of information on history and culture change. Since separate files will be prepared on each major historical period for societies with an appreciable known time depth, the narrower terms are designed to include only (a) information bearing upon the society's prehistory and (b) historical data for the specific time period which do not readily fall into particular categories elsewhere in this thesaurus. 171 COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE Occurrence of similar culture traits in other societies; inferences from trait distributions; cultural comparisons, etc. Distribution of biological traits 140 HUMAN BIOLOGY Distribution of biological traits 140 Linguistic relationships 197 LINGUISTIC IDENTIFICATION Affiliation with particular culture areas or subareas 101 IDENTIFICATION 172 PREHISTORY This category is used to index only brief synopses of prehistoric sequences or summaries thereof. Prehistoric culture sequences and chronology; archaeological supplementation of the historical record; evidence from epigraphy; historical inferences from archaeological data; brief descriptions about the time periods or dates of archaeological sites or artifacts; etc. The description of this category was rewritten in 2000. Archaeology as a discipline (in the culture described) 814 HUMANISTIC STUDIES Diagnostic material attributes 107 DIAGNOSTIC MATERIAL ATTRIBUTES Archaeological syntheses 918 Archaeological syntheses 910 Archaeological methods 120 Artifact and archive collections as used by the researcher 113 INFORMATION SOURCES LISTED IN OTHER WORKS Artifact and archive collections of the culture described 217 ARCHIVES Artifact and archive collections as used by the researcher 119 ARTIFACT AND ARCHIVE COLLECTIONS 173 TRADITIONAL HISTORY Information on oral historical traditions and evidence as to their reliability; dynastic lists and genealogies; historical inferences from myth and tradition; etc. Historians and genealogists of the culture described 814 HUMANISTIC STUDIES Traditions of kin groups 610 Texts 539 LITERARY TEXTS Oral history techniques used in fieldwork 124 INTERVIEWING IN RESEARCH Kinship genealogies 601 KINSHIP TERMINOLOGY Mythology 773 MYTHOLOGY Dynastic rule 643 CHIEF EXECUTIVE Texts 900 Ethnosociology 829 ETHNOSOCIOLOGY 174 HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION Inferences as to origins, migrations, contacts, prehistory, and culture history from various types of evidence (e.g., anthropometry and language), but excluding written documents; etc. Historical research (by the culture described) 815 SCIENCE Historical research 814 HUMANISTIC STUDIES 175 HISTORY Data on the history of the culture or ethnic group that is derived from written sources (e.g., chronicles, reports of travelers, official records and documents) and their interpretation; evidence and inferences about prehistoric and historic events from such sources; ethnohistory; summaries of historical development; specific historical information pertinent to an understanding of culture change; etc This category was called "Recorded History" until 1997. Records 210 Texts 900 Texts 539 LITERARY TEXTS Historiography (by the culture described) 814 HUMANISTIC STUDIES 176 INNOVATION Analyses or general summaries of discoveries and inventions originating within the cultural group; factors involved (e.g., accident, genius, cultural base); number, range, and frequency of innovations, inventors and innovators; etc. This category is for discussions of innovation and inventions in general. For information on specific inventions, see the category appropriate to the specific subject. Patents and copyrights 424 INCORPOREAL PROPERTY 177 ACCULTURATION AND CULTURE CONTACT This category is used to index information on contacts and encounters (either casual or formal) with people of other cultures. The category includes information on the number, character, and intensity of these contacts; receptivity to other customs and materials/technology; borrowing from other cultures; modification of introduced elements; agencies and agents of culture change; forced assimilation by colonial governments or others such as missionaries, charitable organizations; brokers of culture change such as traders; cultural appropriation through such mechanisms as academic analyses of cultural behavior and customs, literacy programs; etc. Colonial administration (by the culture described) 636 DEPENDENCIES Loan words 192 VOCABULARY Ethnic stratification 563 ETHNIC STRATIFICATION Inter-ethnic relations 629 INTER-ETHNIC RELATIONS Immigration 167 EXTERNAL MIGRATION Trade 439 FOREIGN TRADE Missions 797 MISSIONS International relations 648 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 178 SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS Changes in fundamental underlying conditions; linear trends (e.g., cultural drift); cyclical trends (e.g., fashions and vogues); dynamic processes (e.g., integration, selective elimination, cultural evolution); evidence of cultural lag; evidence of cultural continuity or stability; etc. Demographic trends 162 COMPOSITION OF POPULATION Political movements 668 POLITICAL MOVEMENTS Linguistic drift 197 LINGUISTIC IDENTIFICATION Clothing fashions 291 NORMAL GARB Demographic trends 161 POPULATION Trends in urban development 369 URBAN AND RURAL LIFE 179 ECONOMIC PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT Economic growth potentials, real and projected, of a territorial or political region (e.g., community, town, city, etc.); actual and projected economic growth rates; regional planning programs; problems (e.g., underdevelopment); long and short term planning; commissions, agencies and boards entrusted with planning and development; coordination of urban, rural and national planning; priorities and goals (e.g., local, national and regional development, industrial development, agricultural development, etc.); leadership and personnel; cost and financing of programs; public and private investments; extent of governmental participation in planning and development programs; extent to which proposed programs reflect the needs of the regional unit; developmental strategies; results; etc. For more specific information on planning and development, see relevant topical categories. Social planning 185 CULTURAL GOALS Public utilities 365 PUBLIC UTILITIES Parks 367 PARKS Miscellaneous facilities 368 MISCELLANEOUS FACILITIES Philanthropic foundations 741 PHILANTHROPIC FOUNDATIONS Land use 311 LAND USE General statements on economic planning and development 433 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY Political administrative or territorial units 630 Sociocultural trends 178 SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS Housing 362 HOUSING Commercial facilities 366 COMMERCIAL FACILITIES Statistics on rural and urban populations 162 COMPOSITION OF POPULATION Government activities 650 Natural resources development 310 Agricultural development 240 Effects of urbanization on social institutions 369 URBAN AND RURAL LIFE Family planning 168 POPULATION POLICY Employment 464 LABOR SUPPLY AND EMPLOYMENT Community organization 621 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE Family planning 842 CONCEPTION City planning 361 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS Administrative agencies of the state 647 ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES Health and welfare 740 Environmental quality 318 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 1710 CULTURAL REVITALIZATION AND ETHNOGENESIS Ethnogenesis includes the processes of forming, maintaining, and reforming cultural identity. Ethnogenesis may result from depopulation, invasion, relocation, enslavement, genocide, or cultural revitalization. Ethnogenesis may occur when cultures from disparate groups combine to form new associations and new ways of life to create a new culture (such as the Seminole). In cultural revitalization the identity of a group is reconstituted and may include new or borrowed symbols and elements as well as elements from the past. Cultural revitalization may result from many causes or events. These causes or events may include the influence of a messianic religious movement such as the Ghost Dance in North America or being part of a larger culture that acknowledges the need for reparation of past wrongs, such as those mentioned above, and in which recognition of ethnic identity and pride in cultural heritage is encouraged. This category was developed in 2000. For information on these topics before this time see the cross-references. Cultural identity 186 CULTURAL IDENTITY AND PRIDE Ethnosociology 829 ETHNOSOCIOLOGY Nationalism 619 TRIBE AND NATION Revitalization movements 668 POLITICAL MOVEMENTS 180 TOTAL CULTURE Summary statements on the total culture as analyzed, interpreted, or described. The 180 categories are intended to include descriptive and interpretive materials which pertain to the entire culture or which override a number of more specific categories. Consequently much of the material pertinent to the individual topics below will be found only under other headings. 181 ETHOS General orientation of the culture; predominating interests, values, themes, and motivations; characterizations of the total culture (e.g., as "conservative," "competitive," "militaristic," "spirit-ridden," "Apollonian," "folk," "urban"); allegations and inferences as to national character; etc. General character of religion 771 GENERAL CHARACTER OF RELIGION Prevalent personality types 157 PERSONALITY TRAITS Cooperation and competition 470 Social philosophy 829 ETHNOSOCIOLOGY Ethics 577 ETHICS 182 FUNCTIONAL AND ADAPTATIONAL INTERPRETATIONS Internal cultural consistency or its lack; allegations of integration or disintegration; adjustments of parts of the culture to one another; adaptation of cultural forms to biological and social needs and to physical environment; environmental adjustment; etc. Functional integration of kinship systems 601 KINSHIP TERMINOLOGY Integrative process in culture change 178 SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS 183 NORMS Native and scientific definitions of custom (e.g., as ideal patterns, as ranges of variation within limits, as statistical inductions from observed behavior); positive and negative norms (e.g., folkways, taboos); verbalized and covert norms; investment of norms with affect and symbolic value (e.g., mores, idealization); discrepancies between ideals and behavior; configurations of norms (e.g., culture complexes, institutions); etc. Legal norms 671 LEGAL NORMS Taboos 784 AVOIDANCE AND TABOO Attitudes 208 PUBLIC OPINION Transmission of social norms 867 TRANSMISSION OF CULTURAL NORMS Ethical ideals 577 ETHICS 184 CULTURAL PARTICIPATION Prevalence of "specialties" and "alternatives"; degree of proliferation of subcultures, intra-cultural differences, and special statuses; extent to which the entire culture is socially shared; etc. Ethnic stratification 563 ETHNIC STRATIFICATION Social stratification 560 Regional specialization in production 483 WEIGHT MOVING Individual roles within statuses 156 SOCIAL PERSONALITY Differences in standard of living 511 STANDARD OF LIVING Dialectic differentiation 197 LINGUISTIC IDENTIFICATION Ascribed and achievable statuses 554 STATUS, ROLE, AND PRESTIGE Urban and rural differences 369 URBAN AND RURAL LIFE Regional specialization in production 438 DOMESTIC TRADE Occupational specialization 463 OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION 185 CULTURAL GOALS Social foresight; concept of progress; reform movements and utopian goals; prevention of waste; social planning conservation policies; etc. Dynamics of culture change 178 SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS Social philosophy 829 ETHNOSOCIOLOGY Social insurance 745 SOCIAL INSURANCE Saving and investment 454 SAVING AND INVESTMENT Political doctrines, policies and programs 668 POLITICAL MOVEMENTS Organization of production and distribution 470 Land reform 423 REAL PROPERTY Individual achievement 550 Economic planning and development 433 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY Specific government projects 650 Population policy 168 POPULATION POLICY City planning 361 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS Economic planning and development 179 ECONOMIC PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT 186 CULTURAL IDENTITY AND PRIDE This category is used to index information on positive and negative attitudes towards one's own and other cultures and their expressions in behavior, customs, and cultural institutions (e.g., consciousness of kind, patriotism, nationalism); unfavorable judgments of other groups (e.g., prejudice, stereotyping, ethnocentrism, scapegoating, national antipathies); symbolic representation (e.g., flags, anthems, emblems, national figures/treasures). This category was rewritten in 1997. Military morale 703 DISCIPLINE AND MORALE Citizenship 641 CITIZENSHIP Ingroup antagonisms 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS Cultural revitalization and ethnogenesis 1710 CULTURAL REVITALIZATION AND ETHNOGENESIS Religious persecution 798 RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE Inter-ethnic relations 629 INTER-ETHNIC RELATIONS Prejudice and discrimination toward ethnic and other stratified groups 560 Political parties 665 POLITICAL PARTIES Nationalistic and nativistic movements 668 POLITICAL MOVEMENTS International relations 648 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Development of nationalism 619 TRIBE AND NATION Ideas about race 829 ETHNOSOCIOLOGY 190 LANGUAGE General statements dealing with various aspects of language. The categories below are devoted to the use and scientific analysis of language. Terminology pertinent to special aspects of culture will commonly be found only under appropriate topical headings elsewhere. For examples of native text and translations see categories "Literary Texts" (539) and "Texts" (900) Interlinear translations 903 INTERLINEAR TRANSLATIONS Native texts 901 TEXTS IN THE SPEAKER'S LANGUAGE Native texts and translations of texts 539 LITERARY TEXTS Translations of native texts 902 TEXTS TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH 191 SPEECH Notions about language; standards of correctness; individual speech idiosyncrasies; ideas about speech impediments (e.g., stuttering); speech aids (e.g., megaphone); public address systems; bilingualism; etc. Oratory 537 ORATORY Writing 212 WRITING Vocal music 533 MUSIC Vituperation 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS Telephone 206 TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH Radio 207 RADIO AND TELEVISION Cursing 789 MAGIC Conversation 521 CONVERSATION Sound recording 216 SOUND RECORDS Acquisition of language 868 TRANSMISSION OF SKILLS 192 VOCABULARY Relative paucity or richness of vocabulary; range of vocabulary in ordinary use; receptivity to loan words; elaboration of vocabulary in particular directions; special vocabularies (e.g., sacred words, slang, legal language, technical words, occupational jargon; words and phrases with strong emotional connotations, dictionaries; etc. For native terms concerning ideas about nature and humans, see appropriate "Ideas about Nature and People" (820) categories. Names of animals and things 552 NAMES OF ANIMALS AND THINGS Native terms concerning ideas about nature and people 820 Kinship terms 601 KINSHIP TERMINOLOGY Numerals 802 NUMERATION Native terms for plants 824 ETHNOBOTANY Native terms for animals 825 ETHNOZOOLOGY Names of persons 551 PERSONAL NAMES Glossaries of native words frequently used in descriptive accounts 104 GLOSSARY Place names 103 PLACE NAMES 193 GRAMMAR Morpheme classes (e.g., roots, stems, affixes); morphological processes (e.g., prefixation, infixation, suffixation, reduplication, ablaut); word formation (i.e., composition, derivation, inflection); grammatical categories (e.g., number, gender, case, tense, mode, aspect, voice); degree of synthesis (e.g., analytic, synthetic, polysynthetic); morphological and syntactic word classes or 'parts of speech' (e.g., nouns, verbs); syntax (constructions; phrase and sentence structure; favorite sentence types); etc. Linguistic studies 814 HUMANISTIC STUDIES 194 PHONOLOGY Phonemic inventory (including suprasegmentals such as stress and pitch); articulation and allophony of phonemes; distribution of phonemes; morphophonemic adjustments; etc. Transliteration systems and orthography 104 GLOSSARY 195 SOCIOLINGUISTICS Differentiation in styles (e.g., conversational, narrative, rhetorical); stylistic modifications in phonology, grammar, and vocabulary; styles typed according to gender, age, status, and social context, euphemisms and metaphorical usages; profanity; etc. The name of this category was changed from "Stylistics" to "Sociolinguistics" in 1997. Word taboos 784 AVOIDANCE AND TABOO Poetic, oratorical, dramatic, and song styles 533 MUSIC Obscenity 831 SEXUALITY Poetic, oratorical, dramatic, and song styles 530 Etiquette 576 ETIQUETTE Curses and incantations 789 MAGIC Social stratification 560 196 SEMANTICS General problems of meaning and linguistic symbolism; semantics of morphological and lexical elements; affectual connotation (e.g., tone of voice, rapidity of delivery); multiple contextual definitions of words and phrases; semantic drift; etc. 197 LINGUISTIC IDENTIFICATION Dominant language or languages; affiliation with other languages and position within a linguistic stock or family; dialectal differentiation; comments on processes of linguistic change (e.g., sound change, borrowing, drift ); etc. Cultural affiliations 101 IDENTIFICATION Cultural affiliations 171 COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE Racial affiliations 144 RACIAL IDENTIFICATION 198 SPECIAL LANGUAGES This category is used to index information on true languages (e.g., creoles, American Sign Language) used by particular types of people (e.g., genders, occupations, social classes, the hearing impaired); and not fully developed languages such as pidgins; special adaptations of speech (e.g., yodeling, whistling, ventriloquism); etc. Drum languages 202 TRANSMISSION OF MESSAGES Writing 212 WRITING Sign languages 201 GESTURES AND SIGNS 200 COMMUNICATION General statements dealing with several aspects of communication over space. For communication over time by means of records 210 201 GESTURES AND SIGNS Patterned expressions of emotion (e.g., affection, aggression, derision, fear, disgust); gestures of affirmation and negation; indications of size and shape; directive signs (e.g., beckoning, warning); sign languages in intertribal communication); etc. Postures 516 POSTURES Recreation gestures 520 Sexually suggestive gestures 532 REPRESENTATIVE ART Gestures in dancing, drama and oratory 530 Greetings and obeisances 576 ETIQUETTE Sign language used by the hearing impaired 198 SPECIAL LANGUAGES Sexually suggestive gestures 832 SEXUAL STIMULATION Numerical signs 802 NUMERATION Humor 522 HUMOR Nervous gestures 157 PERSONALITY TRAITS Ideas about facial reactions 827 ETHNOPHYSIOLOGY 202 TRANSMISSION OF MESSAGES This category is used for to index information on the technologically simple transmission of messages. The category includes information on signaling devices (e.g., fire, smoke, blinker, semaphore); signal codes (e.g., drum language, flag codes, Morse code); cryptography; use of carrier birds and animals; messenger and courier systems; etc. Oral communication 191 SPEECH International relations 648 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Scouts in warfare 726 WARFARE Railway signaling systems 496 RAILWAYS Post and relay stations 495 AUXILIARY HIGHWAY SERVICES Information on more technologically advanced transmission of messages by internet 2010 INTERNET COMMUNICATIONS Travel 484 TRAVEL Information on more technologically advanced transmission of messages by mail 205 MAIL Information on more technologically advanced transmission of messages by telephone and telegraph 206 TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH Information on more technologically advanced transmission of messages by radio and television 207 RADIO AND TELEVISION 203 DISSEMINATION OF NEWS AND INFORMATION This category is used to index information on informal verbal transmission (e.g., rumor, grapevine); criers and heralds; bulletins and newsletters; etc. Conversation 521 CONVERSATION Information on more technologically advanced systems of news and information dissemination 2010 INTERNET COMMUNICATIONS Advertising 447 ADVERTISING 204 PRESS This category is used to index information on newspapers and magazines; gathering of news and information (e.g., reporters, press releases, news services); content (e.g., news, stories, features); publication and distribution (including Internet distribution); ownership, organization, and personnel; financial support (e.g., subscriptions, advertising, subsidies); regulation; etc. Printing 213 PRINTING Typesetting and printing machinery 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Advertising 447 ADVERTISING Internet news services and distribution methods 2010 INTERNET COMMUNICATIONS Literature 5310 VERBAL ARTS Printing supplies 218 WRITING AND PRINTING SUPPLIES Publishing 214 PUBLISHING Literature 538 LITERATURE 205 MAIL This category is used to index information on traditional mail services for paper documents and packages (e.g., collection, delivery); transportation of mail (e.g., by pony express, rail, air); special equipment; parcel post; postal organization and personnel; finance (e.g., postal rates, subsidies). The category also contains information on electronic mail services (personal, listservs), service providers, and fees; etc. Express and freight transportation 490 Express and freight transportation 480 Express and freight transportation 500 Government enterprises 655 GOVERNMENT ENTERPRISES Postoffice buildings 344 PUBLIC STRUCTURES Postal savings 454 SAVING AND INVESTMENT 206 TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH This category is used to index information on technology (instruments, modems, lines (fiber optic, etc.); use of equipment; facilities and services; organization and personnel; public and private systems; finance (e.g., rates, subsidies); regulation etc. Municipal telephone and telegraph systems 365 PUBLIC UTILITIES Military signal corps 708 AUXILIARY CORPS Military communications equipment 718 SPECIAL MILITARY EQUIPMENT Manufacture of equipment 393 ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRY Description of equipment 403 ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND APPLIANCES Telegraphic codes 202 TRANSMISSION OF MESSAGES 207 RADIO AND TELEVISION This category is used to index information on radio, television, radar, sonar, etc.; technology; use of equipment; facilities and services (including cable, satellite); organization and specialized personnel; programs and their preparation; audience; finance (e.g., advertising, subsidies); regulation; etc. Advertising 447 ADVERTISING Manufacture of radio and television equipment 393 ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRY Use of radio and radar in aviation 507 AVIATION Military radio and radar equipment 718 SPECIAL MILITARY EQUIPMENT Description of equipment 403 ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND APPLIANCES Electric power 377 ELECTRIC POWER 208 PUBLIC OPINION This category is used to index information on attitudes; importance accorded them; modes of expression; measurements (e.g., informal means, public opinion polls and surveys); molding of public opinion (e.g., publicity propaganda); influence of various media; specialized personnel etc. This category is designed primarily to cover the expression and molding of public opinions and attitudes; in nearly all instances information on specific attitudes will be classified elsewhere under the relevant subject categories. Psychological warfare 723 STRATEGY Sociocultural trends 178 SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS Education 870 Social control 626 SOCIAL CONTROL Political behavior 660 Motion pictures 546 MOTION PICTURE INDUSTRY Advertising 447 ADVERTISING 209 PROXEMICS This category is used to index information on conscious and unconscious structuring of space between individuals in interpersonal communication; ideas and knowledge about and interpretation of such space as a special elaboration of culture; etc. Social relationships and groups 571 SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND GROUPS Status, role and prestige 554 STATUS, ROLE, AND PRESTIGE Social personality 156 SOCIAL PERSONALITY Kinesics 201 GESTURES AND SIGNS Postures 516 POSTURES Modification of behavior 153 MODIFICATION OF BEHAVIOR Beliefs about space 822 ETHNOPHYSICS Proxemic behavior in animals, ideas about 825 ETHNOZOOLOGY Proxemic behavior in animals, occurrence of 136 FAUNA 2010 INTERNET COMMUNICATIONS This category is used to index information on Internet communications including information on the technology (hardware and software), facilities and services; the World Wide Web; specialized personnel (e.g. webmasters); etc. This category was introduced in 1997. Computer technology 408 COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY 210 RECORDS General statements dealing with several aspects of communication over time, by means of more or less permanent records. For communication over space use the "Communication" (200) categories. Communication over space 200 211 MNEMONIC DEVICES Aids to memory; elaborated devices (e.g., wampum, quipu); uses; interpretation; commemorative monuments (e.g., statues); etc. Property marks 422 PROPERTY IN MOVABLES Memorial structures 349 MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES Grave monuments 764 BURIAL PRACTICES AND FUNERALS Representative art 532 REPRESENTATIVE ART Tallies 802 NUMERATION 212 WRITING Picture writing (e.g., type, technique, use); written symbols (e.g., ideograms, phonograms); systematization (e.g., syllabary, alphabet); reading and spelling; incidence of literacy; writing materials (e.g., parchment, paper, ink); instruments (e.g., pen, brush); methods (e.g., shorthand, chirography); products (e.g., inscriptions, diaries, letters, personal records, manuscripts); clerical specialists (e.g., scribes, stenographers); etc. Signs for numerals 802 NUMERATION Dictionaries 192 VOCABULARY Forms of literature 5310 VERBAL ARTS Communication 200 Description of typewriters 405 WEIGHING, MEASURING, AND RECORDING MACHINES Description of writing instruments 413 SPECIAL TOOLS Draftsmanship 341 ARCHITECTURE Forms of literature 538 LITERATURE Representative art 532 REPRESENTATIVE ART 213 PRINTING Methods (e.g., block printing, movable type, linotype, photographic reproduction); materials (e.g., paper, ink); typography; binding; products (e.g., sheet music, maps, pamphlets); specialists; etc. Manufacture of printing and binding machinery 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES Description of printing and binding machinery 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Route maps and charts 487 ROUTES Newspapers and magazines 204 PRESS 214 PUBLISHING Organized production and distribution or records; products (e.g., books, sheet music, phonograph records); personnel and organization; selection of material to be published; business arrangements with authors; (e.g., advances, royalties); sales promotion; finance (e.g., profits, subsidies); etc. Humanistic studies 814 HUMANISTIC STUDIES Copyrights 424 INCORPOREAL PROPERTY Music, art, and literature 530 Newspaper and magazine publishing 204 PRESS Book dealers 549 ART AND RECREATIONAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES 215 PHOTOGRAPHY Techniques of photographic reproduction; equipment used; products and their uses; specialists; business elaboration of photographic services; etc. Motion pictures 546 MOTION PICTURE INDUSTRY Description of photographic apparatus 416 APPLIANCES Photography as a hobby 523 HOBBIES Photography as an art 5311 VISUAL ARTS News photographers 204 PRESS Manufacture of photographic supplies 395 MANUFACTURE OF OPTICAL AND PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT 216 SOUND RECORDS Techniques of sound recording; appliances used (e.g., phonographs, tape and wire recorders); uses; products; specialists; etc. Recording and playing equipment 405 WEIGHING, MEASURING, AND RECORDING MACHINES Sound records in motion pictures 546 MOTION PICTURE INDUSTRY Radio 207 RADIO AND TELEVISION Music 533 MUSIC Electronic equipment manufacture 393 ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRY 217 ARCHIVES Collections and repositories of institutional or personal records (e.g., libraries, art galleries, museums); state archives (e.g., court records, administrative records); making collections; accessions; filing and indexing; curatorial activities; services (e.g., exhibits, loans); organization and specialized personnel; sources of support (e.g., public, private); etc. Library and museum buildings 346 RELIGIOUS AND EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURES Land records 423 REAL PROPERTY Financial records 451 ACCOUNTING Exhibitions 543 EXHIBITIONS Collecting as a hobby 523 HOBBIES Archivists 814 HUMANISTIC STUDIES 218 WRITING AND PRINTING SUPPLIES Miscellaneous materials and supplies for offices, libraries, and museums; description and manufacture of expendable supplies not elsewhere classified (e.g., stationery, index cards); etc. Paper manufacture 289 PAPER INDUSTRY Special tools and apparatus 410 Printing machinery 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 220 FOOD QUEST General statements dealing with several aspects of food gathering. Food production with animal husbandry 230 Food production with agriculture 241 TILLAGE Relative importance of various productive activities 433 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY 221 ANNUAL CYCLE Seasonal distribution and succession of food-getting and other economic activities; seasonal migrations in the gathering or production of food (e.g., transhumance, nomadism). Economic productivity 433 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY Transhumance, general 361 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS Annual ceremonial calendar 796 ORGANIZED CEREMONIAL Immigration and emigration 167 EXTERNAL MIGRATION Calendar 805 ORDERING OF TIME Internal migration 166 INTERNAL MIGRATION 222 COLLECTING Edible materials gathered (e.g., roots, fruits, seeds, seaweed, insects, honey, sap, syrup, eggs); techniques and artifacts employed; economic importance of collecting; organization of activities; division of products; associated beliefs and practices; etc. Collection of marine fauna 226 FISHING Collection of non-edible raw materials and salt 310 Diet 262 DIET Edible natural resources 130 223 FOWLING Birds sought; methods and techniques (e.g., nets, snares, birdlime, decoys); special elaborations (e.g., falconry); organization of labor and division of catch; associated beliefs and practices; regulation (e.g., game laws); etc. Native fauna 136 FAUNA Weapons 411 WEAPONS 224 HUNTING AND TRAPPING Animals sought; hunting methods and techniques (e.g., stalking, collective drive); description and use of traps and snares; use of domestic animals (e.g., dogs, ferrets); special elaborations (e.g., trapping for the fur trade); hunting trips; economic importance of hunting; organization of labor and division of catch; associated beliefs and practices; hunting for sport; regulation (e.g., game laws, open seasons); etc. Transportation of animal carcasses 483 WEIGHT MOVING Native fauna 136 FAUNA Weapons 411 WEAPONS 225 MARINE HUNTING Animals sought (e.g., whale, alligator, seal, dugong, turtle); methods and techniques employed; special elaborations (e.g., whaling and sealing); organization of labor and division of catch; associated beliefs and practices; regulation; etc. Weapons 411 WEAPONS 226 FISHING Species sought (e.g., fish, shellfish); gathering of marine fauna; fishing methods and techniques (e.g., hook and line, nets, poison); description and use of traps and weirs; special elaborations (e.g., fishing for sport); economic importance of fishing; organization of labor and division of catch; associated beliefs and practices; regulation (e.g., licenses); etc. Native fauna 136 FAUNA Manufacture of poisons 278 PHARMACEUTICALS Net manufacture 286 WOVEN FABRICS Boats 501 BOATS 227 FISHING GEAR Description of fishing implements and equipment; miscellaneous gear used in fishing (e.g., rods, baskets, lures); etc. Manufacture of tackle 391 HARDWARE MANUFACTURE Weapons 411 WEAPONS Special garments 292 SPECIAL GARMENTS Manufacture of nets 286 WOVEN FABRICS Manufacture of lines 283 CORDAGE 228 MARINE INDUSTRIES Commercial elaboration of the fishing industry; cultivation of fish and shellfish; non-food marine industries (e.g., sponge collection, pearl diving, shell gathering); specialized equipment and apparatus; organization of labor and production; regulation; fish packing industry; scientific fisheries research; etc. Work in shell 321 BONE, HORN, AND SHELL TECHNOLOGY Canning industry 255 CANNING INDUSTRY 230 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY General statements dealing with several of the specialized aspects of animal husbandry indicated below. Information on unspecialized animal husbandry will indexed under "Domesticated Animals" (231). Relative importance of various productive activities 433 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY 231 DOMESTICATED ANIMALS Captive and tamed animals; domesticated insects (e.g., silkworms, bees); pets (e.g., dogs, cats); domestic animals; special treatment and use of each; taming and training; care and feeding; grooming; slaughtering; associated beliefs and rituals; raising of pig herds; raising of fur-bearing animals; economic and social importance of animal husbandry; diseases; etc. Use of animals in transportation 492 ANIMAL TRANSPORT Animals as wealth 556 ACCUMULATION OF WEALTH Animal shelters 343 OUTBUILDINGS Ethnozoology 825 ETHNOZOOLOGY Names of animals 552 NAMES OF ANIMALS AND THINGS Work in bone and horn 321 BONE, HORN, AND SHELL TECHNOLOGY Work in furs, hides, and skins 281 WORK IN SKINS Fauna 136 FAUNA 232 APPLIED ANIMAL SCIENCE Practical and scientific knowledge about animal husbandry; veterinary science; specialized knowledge of animal nutrition and disease control; selective breeding of animals; artificial insemination; raising of hybrids; special elaborations (e.g., raising and breeding of racehorses); veterinary services and fees; etc. Zoological science 815 SCIENCE Horse racing 541 SPECTACLES 233 PASTORAL ACTIVITIES Large-scale herding of grazing animals (e.g., cattle, sheep, reindeer); ranges; driving and watering; branding; roundups; special equipment; specialized personnel and organization; etc. Nomadism 221 ANNUAL CYCLE Fences and corrals 417 APPARATUS 234 DAIRYING Milking; handling and processing of milk; manufacture of butter and cheese; dairy equipment; special care of dairy animals; creameries; specialized distribution of milk products; organization and regulation of the dairy industry; etc. Dairy machines 407 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY Diet 262 DIET Ice cream manufacture 254 REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY Milk inspections 744 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION Stables 343 OUTBUILDINGS 235 POULTRY RAISING Domesticated fowl of economic importance; care and treatment (e.g., incubation); raising of birds for special purposes (e.g., for eggs, for feathers, for fighting); elaboration of a specialized poultry industry; etc. Diet 262 DIET Falconry 223 FOWLING Cock fighting 541 SPECTACLES Poultry shelters 343 OUTBUILDINGS Poultry breeding 232 APPLIED ANIMAL SCIENCE Incubators 416 APPLIANCES Featherwork 287 NONWOVEN FABRICS 236 WOOL PRODUCTION Specialized raising of sheep and other animals for wool; dipping; shearing; combing and carding; special equipment and apparatus; personnel and organization; etc. Textile manufacture 280 Tools and apparatus 410 237 ANIMAL BY-PRODUCTS Uses of animal by-products (e.g., bone, teeth, horn, hoofs, claws, eggshells, hides, fur, hair, bristles, feathers, sinews, brains, entrails, urine, manure); processing of such materials not elsewhere described; etc. Fertilizer industry 387 FERTILIZER INDUSTRY Amulets, fetishes, and charms 778 SACRED OBJECTS AND PLACES Work in bone and horn 321 BONE, HORN, AND SHELL TECHNOLOGY Use of manure in agriculture 241 TILLAGE Work in skins and furs 281 WORK IN SKINS Ethnozoology 825 ETHNOZOOLOGY Cordage made from animal by-products 283 CORDAGE Amulets, fetishes, and charms 789 MAGIC Amulets, fetishes, and charms 751 PREVENTIVE MEDICINE Featherwork 287 NONWOVEN FABRICS Ornament 301 ORNAMENT Glue manufacture 381 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 240 AGRICULTURE This category contains general statements dealing with several of the specialized aspects of agriculture detailed below. This category is used to index general data on agriculture. Data on unspecialized agriculture will be indexed using "Tillage" (241). Relative importance of various productive activities 433 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY Ethnobotany 824 ETHNOBOTANY 241 TILLAGE This category is used to index information on plants cultivated and their relative importance; size of fields; special treatment accorded each crop; intensity of cultivation (e.g., brand tillage); clearing of land; soil preparation (e.g., hoeing, plowing); use of fertilizers and irrigation; planting; care and protection of growing crops (e.g., weeding, fencing, scarecrows); pest control; tools and implements used; Economic importance, and adequacy for needs, of agriculture; organization of labor and production; distribution of products; agricultural beliefs, taboos, and rituals; etc. Manufacture of agricultural machines 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES Annual cycle of economic activities 221 ANNUAL CYCLE Granaries and barns 343 OUTBUILDINGS Irrigation systems 312 WATER SUPPLY Fertilizer manufacture 387 FERTILIZER INDUSTRY Land use 311 LAND USE Fences 417 APPARATUS Ceremonial calendar 796 ORGANIZED CEREMONIAL Agricultural machines 407 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY Agricultural tools and appliances 410 242 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE Descriptions of practical and scientific knowledge of plant breeding, soils, and parasites; related practices (e.g., seed selection, hybridization, crop rotation, spraying); agricultural experiment and extension work; organization and specialized personnel; etc. Veterinary science and stock breeding 232 APPLIED ANIMAL SCIENCE Agricultural education 874 VOCATIONAL EDUCATION Conservation policy 185 CULTURAL GOALS Applied science 816 APPLIED SCIENCE 243 CEREAL AGRICULTURE Data on the specialized cultivation of cereal crops (e.g., maize, millet, rice, wheat); techniques of planting and harvesting (e.g., transplantation, threshing); use of specialized tools, equipment, and machinery; organization of labor and production; etc. Milling industry 256 CEREAL INDUSTRY Harvesting and threshing machinery 407 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY 244 VEGETABLE PRODUCTION This category is used to index information on horticulture or gardening where differentiated from field agriculture; truck gardening; specialized production of particular root crops, leaf plants, or vegetable fruits (e.g., peanuts, potatoes, cabbage, beans tomatoes, melons, mushrooms, sunflowers, amaranths, strawberries, pineapples); special techniques and apparatus; organization of labor and production; etc. Food preservation and storage 251 PRESERVATION AND STORAGE OF FOOD Canning industry 255 CANNING INDUSTRY 245 ARBORICULTURE Specialized cultivation of trees and shrubs (e.g., woody perennials) for their fruits, nuts, berries, or other Data on the cultivation of trees for edible products (e.g., apple, breadfruit, coconut, cacao, coffee, orange, raspberry, tea, hops); special care and treatment of each (e.g., grafting, picking, drying, packing); viticulture; silviculture (e.g., raising of trees for wood pulp, soil anchor, screens, shade, decoration); organization of labor and production; etc. Canning industry 251 PRESERVATION AND STORAGE OF FOOD City parks 367 PARKS State and national parks 529 RECREATIONAL FACILITIES Forestry science 313 LUMBERING 246 FORAGE CROPS Information on the specialized production of crops for animal fodder (e.g., hay, alfalfa, vetch); techniques of planting and harvesting; use of specialized tools, equipment, and machinery; organization of labor and production; processing (e.g., baling); storage of product (e.g., in stacks, silos, barns); etc. Animal husbandry 230 Barns and silos 343 OUTBUILDINGS 247 FLORICULTURE Data about the cultivation of flowering and ornamental plants, shrubs, and trees; flower gardens; greenhouses; special techniques, care, and equipment; business elaboration (e.g., florists, nurseries); etc. Parks and botanical gardens 367 PARKS Residential grounds and landscape architecture 351 GROUNDS Flower arrangement 353 BUILDING INTERIORS AND ARRANGEMENT 248 TEXTILE AGRICULTURE This category is used to index specialized cultivation of crops for their fibers (e.g., cotton, flax, hemp, jute); techniques of planting and harvesting; use of specialized tools and equipment; separation of fibers (e.g., ginning); organization of labor and production; etc. Silk production 231 DOMESTICATED ANIMALS Description of cotton gins and other special machinery 407 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY Textile manufactures 280 Wool production 236 WOOL PRODUCTION 249 SPECIAL CROPS Description of the specialized cultivation of plants not classifiable under the foregoing headings (e.g., cinchona, indigo, oil palm, coca, opium poppy, rubber, sugarcane, bamboo, tobacco); techniques of planting and harvesting; use of specialized tools and equipment; organization of labor and production; processing prior to shipment or industrial use (e.g., curing, refining, grading); etc. Confectionery industries 257 CONFECTIONERY INDUSTRIES Condiments 263 CONDIMENTS Rubber industry 383 RUBBER INDUSTRY Dyes 386 PAINT AND DYE MANUFACTURE Manufacture and use of narcotics 270 250 FOOD PROCESSING General statements dealing with several aspects of the techniques by which foodstuffs are transformed from their original state into forms more suitable for preservation or consumption. 251 PRESERVATION AND STORAGE OF FOOD Techniques of food preservation (e.g., drying, smoking, pickling, refrigeration, home canning); use of preservatives and special equipment; accumulation and storage of supplies and reserves; etc. Data on culturally elaborated or commercialized techniques of preservation and storage are indexed with more specialized sibling categories. Granaries 343 OUTBUILDINGS Warehousing 488 WAREHOUSING 252 FOOD PREPARATION Processing of edible materials (e.g., grinding, cutting, mixing); cooking methods and techniques (e.g., broiling, roasting, baking, boiling, frying); use of special apparatus (e.g., mills, motors, earth ovens, stoves); use of cooking implements and utensils; recipes; associated beliefs and practices; etc. Data on culturally elaborated or commercialized techniques of food preparation are indexed for more specialized sibling categories. Fire and fuel 372 FIRE Animal slaughtering industry 253 MEAT PACKING INDUSTRY Animal slaughtering, general 231 DOMESTICATED ANIMALS Ovens and stoves 354 HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Household implements and utensils 410 Cook houses 343 OUTBUILDINGS Manufacture of butter and cheese 234 DAIRYING Condiments 263 CONDIMENTS Meals 264 EATING 253 MEAT PACKING INDUSTRY The specialized industry of animal slaughtering and meat packing. Techniques of slaughtering; methods of preservation (e.g., drying, smoking, refrigeration); special equipment and apparatus; specialized personnel; organization and regulation of the meat packing industry; etc. Non-industrialized animal slaughtering 231 DOMESTICATED ANIMALS Work in hides and skins 281 WORK IN SKINS Description of stockyards and factories 348 INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES Fertilizer manufacture 387 FERTILIZER INDUSTRY Work in bone and horn 321 BONE, HORN, AND SHELL TECHNOLOGY Meat inspection 744 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION Use of animal by-products 237 ANIMAL BY-PRODUCTS Fish packing industry 228 MARINE INDUSTRIES 254 REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY Ice harvesting and manufacture; specialized production of refrigerated fruits and vegetables; ice cream manufacture; cold storage plants; technology and equipment; personnel and organization; etc. Refrigeration of marine products 228 MARINE INDUSTRIES Description of industrial plants 348 INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES Refrigerated railway and truck transportation 497 RAIL TRANSPORT Cooling and air-conditioning systems 354 HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Refrigeration of meat products 253 MEAT PACKING INDUSTRY Manufacture of refrigerators 394 MANUFACTURE OF HEATING AND LIGHTING APPLIANCES Description of refrigerators 416 APPLIANCES Refrigerated railway and truck transportation 494 HIGHWAY TRANSPORT 255 CANNING INDUSTRY Industrialized processing of meat, fish, and vegetable foods in air-tight containers (e.g., cans, jars, bottles); canneries, special factories, and their equipment; organization of labor and production; etc. Agricultural production 240 Manufacture of canning machinery 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES Manufacture of bottles and jars 323 CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY Description of food processing machinery 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Marine industries 228 MARINE INDUSTRIES Utensils 415 UTENSILS 256 CEREAL INDUSTRY Industrialized processing of cereal products (e.g., flour, starch, breakfast foods); storage facilities (e.g., grain elevators); mills and bakeries; technology and special equipment; organization of labor and production; etc. Beverage industries 274 BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES Baking ovens 354 HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Manufacture of milling machinery 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES Milling machines 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Manufacture of bakery equipment 394 MANUFACTURE OF HEATING AND LIGHTING APPLIANCES Cereal agriculture 243 CEREAL AGRICULTURE 257 CONFECTIONERY INDUSTRIES Industrialized processing of sweet condiments and confections (e.g., sugar, honey, syrup, jam, candy, chewing gum); materials, techniques, and equipment; organization of labor and production; etc. Cultivation of sugarcane 249 SPECIAL CROPS Condiments 263 CONDIMENTS Collection of honey 222 COLLECTING 258 MISCELLANEOUS FOOD PROCESSING AND PACKING INDUSTRIES Specialized processing of foods and nutrients not classifiable under the foregoing categories (e.g., salt, dried and powdered foods, vinegar, edible oils, vitamins); food packaging in paper or miscellaneous containers; special materials, techniques, and equipment; organization of labor and production; etc. Dairy industry 234 DAIRYING Beverages and narcotics 270 Salt gathering 317 SPECIAL DEPOSITS Boxes and barrels 415 UTENSILS 260 FOOD CONSUMPTION General statements covering various aspects pertaining directly to the eating of food. 261 GRATIFICATION AND CONTROL OF HUNGER Ideas about food and ingestion; eating sparingly or to excess; attitudes toward wasting food; special adjustments to hunger or famine; dieting; cultural elaboration of food appetites (e.g., geophagy, gum chewing, epicures); etc. Famine relief 731 DISASTERS Religious fasting 785 ASCETICISM Theory of digestion 827 ETHNOPHYSIOLOGY Food craving during pregnancy 843 PREGNANCY Conception of the hunger drive 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY Food training of children 862 WEANING AND FOOD TRAINING Infant feeding 853 INFANT FEEDING 262 DIET Staple and other foods consumed; seasonal changes in diet; proportion of various foods in diet; group differences in diet (e.g., by age, gender, social class); discriminations between edible and harmful foods; food preferences and avoidances; food taboos; etc. Standard of living Standard of living Standard of living 511 STANDARD OF LIVING Religious taboos 784 AVOIDANCE AND TABOO Food processing 250 Food taboos in the reproductive cycle 840 Nutritional balance 146 NUTRITION Infant feeding 853 INFANT FEEDING 263 CONDIMENTS Kinds of condiments used in the preparation and consumption of food (e.g., salt, sugar, honey, spices); processing of savory herbs and spices; uses of condiments; etc. Use of seasoning in cooking 252 FOOD PREPARATION Salt manufacture 258 MISCELLANEOUS FOOD PROCESSING AND PACKING INDUSTRIES Manufacture of sugar and sweet confections 257 CONFECTIONERY INDUSTRIES 264 EATING Regularity of eating; informal eating (e.g., between meals, at work or play); meals (e.g., hours, number per day, participation, composition); techniques of eating; table manners; sequels to eating (e.g., disposal of waste and excess food, cleaning of utensils); associated beliefs and practices; etc. Feasts and entertaining at meals 574 VISITING AND HOSPITALITY Eating implements and utensils 410 Food preparation 252 FOOD PREPARATION Military mess arrangements 705 SUPPLY AND COMMISSARIAT Etiquette 576 ETIQUETTE Ablutions 515 PERSONAL HYGIENE 265 FOOD SERVICE INDUSTRIES Specialized eating establishments (e.g., restaurants, tea shops, lunchrooms); food carting services organization and specialized personnel; regulation; etc. Public health and sanitation 744 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION Night clubs and cabarets 547 NIGHT CLUBS AND CABARETS Drinking establishments 275 DRINKING ESTABLISHMENTS Hotels and inns 485 TRAVEL SERVICES Food retail outlets 444 RETAIL BUSINESSES Food processing industries 250 Restaurant buildings 347 BUSINESS STRUCTURES 266 CANNIBALISM Prevalence of cannibalism; participants; victims (e.g., captives, felons, slaves, sacrificial victims); parts eaten; occasions; associated and beliefs and practices (e.g., sorcery, witchcraft); etc. Human sacrifice 782 PRAYERS AND SACRIFICES 270 DRINK AND DRUGS General statements covering several aspects of the allaying of thirst and special appetite cravings, with the manufacture of artificial means of satisfying them, and with the preparation of drugs for other purposes. The name of this category was changed from "DRINK, DRUGS, AND INDULGENCES" to "DRINK AND DRUGS" in 2000. 271 WATER AND THIRST Use of water for drinking; manifestations and control of thirst; ideas and practices related to the drinking of water; etc. Notions about water 823 ETHNOGEOGRAPHY Municipal purification of water 364 REFUSE DISPOSAL AND SANITARY FACILITIES Libations 782 PRAYERS AND SACRIFICES Water supply 312 WATER SUPPLY Utensils Utensils 415 UTENSILS Conception of the thirst drive 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY 272 NONALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES Drinking of nonalcoholic beverages (e.g., tea, coffee, lemonade, milk, blood); special techniques of preparation (e.g., boiling, percolating); consumption (e.g., quantities, occasions); food values and physiological effects; d inking etiquette; etc. Dairying 234 DAIRYING Meals 264 EATING Utensils 415 UTENSILS Cultivation of tea, coffee and cacao 245 ARBORICULTURE 273 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES Types of alcoholic beverages used (e.g., beer, wine, spirits); techniques of preparation (e.g., brewing, distilling); apparatus (e.g., stills); consumption (e.g., users, quantities, occasions); drinking etiquette; craving for liquor; prevalence of drunkenness and behavior under intoxication; associated beliefs and practices; social and legal controls; etc. Religious intoxication 786 ECSTATIC RELIGIOUS PRACTICES Sanctions against inebriation 689 SOCIAL OFFENSES Industrialized manufacture of alcoholic beverages 274 BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES Alcoholism 733 ALCOHOLISM AND DRUG ADDICTION Utensils 415 UTENSILS 274 BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES Industrialized production of beverages (e.g., brewing, wine making, distilling, manufacture of soft drinks); specialized techniques and equipment; organization of labor and production; regulation; etc. Canning and bottling machines 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Dairy industry 234 DAIRYING Industrial structures 348 INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES Sugar manufacture 257 CONFECTIONERY INDUSTRIES Vineyard production 245 ARBORICULTURE Brewing and distilling apparatus and utensils 415 UTENSILS Manufacture of canning and bottling machines 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES Cereal agriculture 243 CEREAL AGRICULTURE 275 DRINKING ESTABLISHMENTS Specialized dispensers of beverages; types of establishment (e.g., bars, taverns, soft-drink parlors); services and clientele; special equipment; organization; regulation (e.g., licensing, curfew); etc. Business Structures 347 BUSINESS STRUCTURES Retail beverage outlets 444 RETAIL BUSINESSES Restaurants 265 FOOD SERVICE INDUSTRIES Nightclubs and cabarets 547 NIGHT CLUBS AND CABARETS Structures 340 Hotels and inns 485 TRAVEL SERVICES 276 RECREATIONAL AND NON-THERAPEUTIC DRUGS Drugs consumed for non-therapeutic purposes (e.g., tobacco, betel, coca, peyote); techniques of manufacture and preparation; methods of consumption (e.g., eating, chewing, smoking); special apparatus (e.g., cigarette holders, pipes, hypodermic needles); users; quantities consumed; physiological effects, behavior under narcosis and stimulation; associated beliefs and practices; social and legal controls; etc. The name of this category was changed from "NARCOTICS AND STIMULANTS" to "RECREATIONAL DRUGS AND NON-THERAPEUTIC DRUGS" in 2000. Notions about drug cravings 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY Psychiatric aspects of drug addiction 158 PERSONALITY DISORDERS Condiments 263 CONDIMENTS Palliation of labor with drugs 461 LABOR AND LEISURE Cultivation of narcotic plants 249 SPECIAL CROPS Illicit narcotics traffic 548 ILLEGAL ENTERTAINMENT Sanctions for drug use 689 SOCIAL OFFENSES Treatment of drug addicts 733 ALCOHOLISM AND DRUG ADDICTION 277 TOBACCO INDUSTRY Industrialized production of tobacco; specialized techniques and equipment; organization of labor and production; regulation; etc. Government tobacco monopolies 655 GOVERNMENT ENTERPRISES Industrial structures 348 INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES Growing of tobacco 249 SPECIAL CROPS Description of tobacco processing machines 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Manufacture of tobacco manufacturing machines 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES 278 PHARMACEUTICALS Materia medica and pharmacology; manufacture of narcotics, drugs, and poisons; processing techniques; products; organization of labor and production; regulation; specialists (e.g., pharmacists); etc. Use of medicines 757 MEDICAL THERAPY Drug stores 444 RETAIL BUSINESSES Use of poisons in hunting and fishing 220 280 LEATHER, TEXTILES, AND FABRICS General statements dealing with several aspects of the processing of raw materials to yield textile products and other flat goods such as leather and paper. 281 WORK IN SKINS Preparation of hides and furs (e.g., drying, scraping, tanning, tawing); materials and products; special apparatus; cutting and sewing of skins; specialization and organization; etc. Animal by-products 237 ANIMAL BY-PRODUCTS Manufacture of garments 294 CLOTHING MANUFACTURE General tools 412 GENERAL TOOLS 282 LEATHER INDUSTRY Industrialized processing of skins; specialized manufacture of leather goods other than wearing apparel (e.g., harness, leather utensils); special techniques and apparatus; organization of labor and production; etc. Shoe manufacture 295 SPECIAL CLOTHING INDUSTRIES 283 CORDAGE Types of cordage made (e.g., thread, yarn, string, rope); materials used (e.g., best fiber, cotton, wool, silk, sinew, hair); preparation of materials (e.g., soaking, retting); techniques of manufacture (e.g., twisting, spinning, braiding); special apparatus (e.g., spindle, spinning wheel); specialized personnel and organization; etc. Vegetable fiber, carding and combing 248 TEXTILE AGRICULTURE Manufacture of wire cordage 325 METALLURGY Nautical rigging 501 BOATS String figures 524 GAMES Wool, carding and combing 236 WOOL PRODUCTION Sewing 294 CLOTHING MANUFACTURE Industrialized manufacture of cordage 288 TEXTILE INDUSTRIES 284 KNOTS AND LASHINGS Types of knots and their uses; splices; methods of lashing, hafting, and joining; etc. Knot records 211 MNEMONIC DEVICES Surgical ligatures 752 BODILY INJURIES Weapons and tools 410 285 MATS AND BASKETRY Techniques of manufacture (e.g., checkerwork, coiling, twilled work, twining, wickerwork, wrapped work); materials; products; uses of mats and baskets; personnel and organization; etc. Utensils 415 UTENSILS Household appurtenances 352 FURNITURE 286 WOVEN FABRICS Textiles; weaving, knitting, and netting techniques; special apparatus (e.g., netting needle, loom); products and their uses; specialized personnel and organization; etc. Clothing 290 Spinning 283 CORDAGE Description of power looms 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Industrialized production of textiles 288 TEXTILE INDUSTRIES 287 NONWOVEN FABRICS Manufacture of non-textile fabrics (e.g., barkcloth, felt, featherwork); materials; techniques; apparatus; personnel; etc. Animal by-products 237 ANIMAL BY-PRODUCTS Non-textile uses of feathers 825 ETHNOZOOLOGY Plastics 384 SYNTHETICS INDUSTRY 288 TEXTILE INDUSTRIES Industrialized production of textile products; cotton, woolen, silk, and rayon mills; cordage manufacture; specialized techniques and apparatus; economic importance of and self-sufficiency in textile manufactures; organization of labor and production; etc. Clothing manufacture 294 CLOTHING MANUFACTURE Textile machinery 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Textile agriculture 248 TEXTILE AGRICULTURE Silk production 231 DOMESTICATED ANIMALS Manufacture of synthetic fabrics 384 SYNTHETICS INDUSTRY Wool production 236 WOOL PRODUCTION 289 PAPER INDUSTRY Manufacture of paper; materials (e.g., wood pulp, rags); processing methods; special artifacts and apparatus used; organization of labor and production; special products; types of paper produced; etc. Food packaging 258 MISCELLANEOUS FOOD PROCESSING AND PACKING INDUSTRIES Pulp mills 313 LUMBERING Writing and printing supplies 218 WRITING AND PRINTING SUPPLIES Paper-making machinery 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 290 CLOTHING General statements covering several aspects of the manufacture, description, use, and care of wearing apparel. Adornment 300 291 NORMAL GARB Nude and covered parts of body; services of clothing (e.g., protection, vanity, modesty); standard costume; age and gender differences; seasonal variations; styles and fashions; description of individual garments; means of attachment and suspension (e.g., belt); headbands; etc. Cyclical trends in fashions 178 SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS Swaddling and infant attire 854 INFANT CARE Sumptuary laws 434 INCOME AND DEMAND Sexual modesty 834 GENERAL SEX RESTRICTIONS 292 SPECIAL GARMENTS Clothing of special occasions (e.g., festive apparel, rain gear, bathing costumes); headgear and footwear not ordinarily worn; costumes associated with special statuses and activities; special methods of wearing garments; etc. Ceremonial attire 796 ORGANIZED CEREMONIAL Dance costumes 535 DANCE Military uniforms 714 UNIFORM AND ACCOUTERMENT Dance and dramatic costumes 530 Drama costumes 536 DRAMA 293 PARAPHERNALIA Dress accessories (e.g., fans, special paraphernalia and regalia); protective apparatus (e.g., umbrellas, goggles); etc. Hearing aids 732 DISABILITIES Amulets 778 SACRED OBJECTS AND PLACES Riding gear 492 ANIMAL TRANSPORT Ornaments 301 ORNAMENT Medals 554 STATUS, ROLE, AND PRESTIGE Canes, crutches, and other aids to locomotion 481 LOCOMOTION Athletic equipment 526 ATHLETIC SPORTS Amulets 751 PREVENTIVE MEDICINE Ceremonial paraphernalia 796 ORGANIZED CEREMONIAL Eyeglasses 416 APPLIANCES Shamanistic paraphernalia 756 SHAMANS AND PSYCHOTHERAPISTS 294 CLOTHING MANUFACTURE Techniques of manufacture (e.g., cutting, fitting, sewing); special treatment of particular materials and products (e.g., shoe-making, hat manufacture); decoration (e.g., embroidery); use of special implements and apparatus (e.g. sewing machines); specialization (e.g., dressmakers, tailors, cobblers, hatters); etc. Visual arts 5311 VISUAL ARTS Leather and textile industries 280 Factory buildings 348 INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES Decorative art 531 DECORATIVE ART Household sewing machines 404 HOUSEHOLD MACHINES AND APPLIANCES 295 SPECIAL CLOTHING INDUSTRIES Industrialized production of shoes and hats; ready-made garment industries; industrial manufacture of underwear, hose, shirts, gloves, and furs; specialized techniques and equipment; organization of labor and production; etc. Textile industries 288 TEXTILE INDUSTRIES Leather industry 282 LEATHER INDUSTRY Machines used in clothing production 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Manufacture of machines used in clothing production 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES Retail clothing shops 444 RETAIL BUSINESSES 296 GARMENT CARE Methods of laundering clothes; repair techniques (e.g., darning, patching); special care and preservation of clothing (e.g., drying, snow removal, waterproofing, storage); organized services (e.g., laundries, dry-cleaning and pressing establishments, shoe-shining and repairing specialists); special techniques and apparatus; etc. Commercial laundry and dry-cleaning machinery 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Soap manufacture 388 SOAP AND ALLIED PRODUCTS Domestic laundry appliances 404 HOUSEHOLD MACHINES AND APPLIANCES 300 ADORNMENT General statements dealing with several aspects of methods of adorning the body other than by the wearing of clothing, and with the manufacture of the means of adornment. 301 ORNAMENT Types of ornament worn (e.g., necklaces, bracelets, rings, anklets, earrings, labrets, hair ornaments); mode of attachment of suspension; age, gender, and status differences; materials and manufacture; occasions of use; etc. Work in bone, horn and shell 321 BONE, HORN, AND SHELL TECHNOLOGY Sexual stimulation 832 SEXUAL STIMULATION 302 TOILET Shaving and depilation; hair styles (e.g., cutting, parting, arranging); care of the hair (e.g., washing, brushing); care of the nails (e.g., cutting filing); body painting; use of cosmetics, ointments and perfumes; age, gender, and status differences in toilet; associated beliefs and practices; etc. Visual Arts 5311 VISUAL ARTS Decorative art 531 DECORATIVE ART Sexual stimulation 832 SEXUAL STIMULATION Menstrual hygiene 841 MENSTRUATION Elimination 514 ELIMINATION Electrical appliances 403 ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND APPLIANCES War paint 714 UNIFORM AND ACCOUTERMENT Barbering tools 413 SPECIAL TOOLS Bathing and laving 515 PERSONAL HYGIENE Combs, brushes, etc. 412 GENERAL TOOLS 303 MANUFACTURE OF TOILET ACCESSORIES Preparation of cosmetics, ointments, and perfumes; production of toilet articles (e.g., compacts); special apparatus; organization of labor and production; specialists; etc. Manufacture of electrical appliances 393 ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRY Soap manufacture 388 SOAP AND ALLIED PRODUCTS Manufacture of paints, dyes, and pigments 386 PAINT AND DYE MANUFACTURE Manufacture of razors, clippers and tweezers 391 HARDWARE MANUFACTURE 304 BODY ALTERATIONS Scarification and tattooing; cranial deformations; tooth filing and removal; piercing of ears, nose, and lips; genital mutilation (e.g., castration, circumcision, clitoridectomy); age, gender, and status differences; special techniques and apparatus; associated beliefs; etc. The name of this category was changes from "Mutilation" to "Body Alterations" in 2000. Eunuchs 839 MISCELLANEOUS SEX BEHAVIOR Sexual stimulation 832 SEXUAL STIMULATION Initiatory rites in infancy 852 CEREMONIAL DURING INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD Initiatory rites in adolescence 881 PUBERTY AND INITIATION Masochism 158 PERSONALITY DISORDERS Mayhem 683 OFFENSES AGAINST THE PERSON Mutilation of captives 727 AFTERMATH OF COMBAT Mutilation of criminals 681 SANCTIONS Self-torture 785 ASCETICISM 305 BEAUTY SPECIALISTS Barbers and hairdressers; manicurists; tattooers; specialized cosmetic services (e.g., beauty salons); special techniques (e.g., shampoos); special apparatus; organization and training; etc. Public baths 368 MISCELLANEOUS FACILITIES Electrical appliances 403 ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND APPLIANCES 306 JEWELRY MANUFACTURE Cutting, polishing, and mounting of gems; specialized work in precious metals; lapidary art; manufacture of valuable ornaments and costume jewelry; specialized jewelers; etc. Manufacture of silverware and gold plate 328 NONFERROUS METAL INDUSTRIES Nonprofessional manufacture of ornaments 301 ORNAMENT Work in ivory and mother-of-pearl 321 BONE, HORN, AND SHELL TECHNOLOGY Lapidary tools 413 SPECIAL TOOLS Smiths and their crafts 326 SMITHS AND THEIR CRAFTS 310 EXPLOITATIVE ACTIVITIES General statements dealing with several aspects of the extraction from nature of raw materials other than food. Transformation of raw materials into tools, structures, clothing, and other finished products is classified elsewhere. 311 LAND USE Completeness and efficiency with which the potentialities of the land and its resources are utilized; distribution of waste land, forests, pasture, tilled land, and areas of settlement and industrial use; diversification and specialization e.g., monoculture); trends; etc. Productive capacity of the economy 433 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY Animal husbandry 230 Settlements 360 Natural resources 130 Forestry 313 LUMBERING Conservation 185 CULTURAL GOALS Agriculture 240 312 WATER SUPPLY Sources of water (e.g., springs, wells, rainwater catchment); waters with special properties (e.g., mineral water); waterworks (e.g., dams, reservoirs, settling basins); transportation of water (e.g., containers, pipes, aqueducts, canal ); irrigation and drainage systems; construction, maintenance, and regulation of water supply systems; etc. Excavation 332 EARTH MOVING Containers 415 UTENSILS Water power 376 WATER POWER Natural occurrence of water 133 TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY Plumbing 414 MISCELLANEOUS HARDWARE Use of irrigation in agriculture 241 TILLAGE Bathing 515 PERSONAL HYGIENE Water purification 364 REFUSE DISPOSAL AND SANITARY FACILITIES Plumbing 336 PLUMBING Canal navigation 502 NAVIGATION Beliefs about water 823 ETHNOGEOGRAPHY Water rights 423 REAL PROPERTY Pumps 406 WEIGHT-MOVING MACHINERY Public health 744 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION Flood control 731 DISASTERS 313 LUMBERING Kinds of timber exploited; gathering of firewood; logging operations (e.g., felling, trimming, hauling); techniques and apparatus used; sawmills and pulp mills; economic importance of lumbering; organization of labor and production; forestry science, practices, and policy; etc. Woodworking 322 WOODWORKING Forest resources 137 FLORA State and national forests 659 MISCELLANEOUS GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES Tools 412 GENERAL TOOLS Silviculture 245 ARBORICULTURE Building supplies industries 339 BUILDING SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES Conservation policies 185 CULTURAL GOALS Fuel 372 FIRE Lumbering machinery 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Moving of heavy weights 483 WEIGHT MOVING Paper manufacture 289 PAPER INDUSTRY Industrial structures 348 INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES 314 FOREST PRODUCTS Exploitation of forests and other uncultivated areas for products other than timber or food (e.g., gums and resins, rubber, vegetable oils, dyestuffs, medicines, bark, textile fibers, peat); intermediate processing (e.g., refining of palm oil or rubber, production of charcoal); organization of labor and production; etc. Collecting of edible materials 222 COLLECTING Ethnobotany 824 ETHNOBOTANY Materia medica 278 PHARMACEUTICALS Chemical industries 380 315 OIL AND GAS WELLS Exploration for oil and natural gas; methods of extraction (e.g., skimming, drilling); use of special apparatus; pipelines, pumping stations, and storage tanks; special precautions against fire and explosion; organization of labor and production; specialized personnel; regulation; etc. Petroleum refining 382 PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES Heating and lightning appliances 354 HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Manufacture of drilling machinery 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES Natural resources 130 Drilling machinery 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Fire and fuel 372 FIRE Urban fire protection 368 MISCELLANEOUS FACILITIES 316 MINING AND QUARRYING Minerals exploited (e.g., flint, coal, iron); methods of extraction; mining engineering; economic importance of mining and quarrying; organization of labor and production; etc. Explosives 389 MANUFACTURE OF EXPLOSIVES Digging tools 412 GENERAL TOOLS Stone industries 324 LITHIC INDUSTRIES Mining schools 874 VOCATIONAL EDUCATION Metal industries 320 Mineral resources 135 MINERAL RESOURCES Mining machinery 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 317 SPECIAL DEPOSITS Minerals sought (e.g., sand, salt, clay, ocher, sulfur, phosphates); methods of extraction; organization of labor and production; utilization of products; etc. Salt manufacture 258 MISCELLANEOUS FOOD PROCESSING AND PACKING INDUSTRIES Mineral resources 135 MINERAL RESOURCES Property in exploitative sites with monopoly value 423 REAL PROPERTY 318 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Extent to which the quality of the physical environment has been altered as the result of human activity; causes, incidence and types of pollution (e.g., air, water, radiation, noise, etc.); methods of measuring (e.g., indices of pollution); organized attempts to contain or clean up environmental pollution (e.g., oil or chemical spills, litter, etc.); attempts at legal control (e.g., through governmental agencies, laws and regulations, etc.); anti-pollution devices; recycling of waste materials (e.g., cans, bottles, paper, etc.); recycling centers; general statements on the effects of pollution; etc. Geography 130 Public health and sanitation 744 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION Government regulation 656 GOVERNMENT REGULATION Urban growth, ecology and planning 361 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS Sewage disposal 364 REFUSE DISPOSAL AND SANITARY FACILITIES Urban development 369 URBAN AND RURAL LIFE Water supply 312 WATER SUPPLY Government research and development 654 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Administrative agencies 647 ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES Legal norms 671 LEGAL NORMS Pollution as a cause of disease 164 MORBIDITY Pollution as a cause of disease 753 THEORY OF DISEASE Energy and power 370 Disasters 731 DISASTERS Environmental adjustment 182 FUNCTIONAL AND ADAPTATIONAL INTERPRETATIONS Cultural goals 185 CULTURAL GOALS 320 PROCESSING OF BASIC MATERIALS This category is used for information on the technology of converting basic raw materials into finished or semi-finished products. Data on the acquisition of raw materials, descriptions of the finished products, and information on the manufacture of complex artifacts will be classified elsewhere. This category also includes data on spatial and temporal variation and trends in these technologies. 321 BONE, HORN, AND SHELL TECHNOLOGY This category contains information on the technology used for working bone, horn, and shell and for information on spatial and temporal trends and variations in these technologies. This category includes information on techniques of cutting, drilling, and polishing; treatment of special materials (e.g., ivory, mother-of-pearl, chitin); use of special implements and apparatus; bone, horn, and shell products not elsewhere described; industrial elaborations (e.g., button manufacture); specialized personnel and organization; etc. Ornaments 301 ORNAMENT Animal by-products 237 ANIMAL BY-PRODUCTS Marine industries 228 MARINE INDUSTRIES Tools 410 Featherwork 287 NONWOVEN FABRICS 322 WOODWORKING This category is used to index information on woodworking technology in general and spatial and/or temporal trends or variations in such technology. The category includes information on methods of seasoning wood; techniques of shaping (e.g., cutting, planing, burning, warping); treatment of special materials (e.g. coconut, bamboo, gourds, bark); use of special apparatus; finishing techniques (e.g., oiling, lacquering); elaborated woodworking crafts (e.g., cooperage, cabinet making), manufacture of wooden and other furniture; specialized personnel and organization; wooden products not elsewhere described; etc. Shipbuilding 396 SHIPBUILDING Tools 412 GENERAL TOOLS Lathes and other woodworking machines 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Carpentry in building construction 335 CARPENTRY Description of furniture 352 FURNITURE Lumbering and sawmills 313 LUMBERING Sculpture in wood 532 REPRESENTATIVE ART Sculpture in wood 5311 VISUAL ARTS Woodworking machine manufacture 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES 323 CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY Manufacture of pottery and glass; preliminary processing of materials (e.g., cleaning, mixing); shaping (e.g. modeling, use of molds, coiling, blowing; firing; special apparatus (e.g., potter's wheels, kilns); methods of decoration (e.g., glazing, painting, incising); ceramic products not elsewhere described; specialization (e.g., potters, glass blowers); industrially elaborated ceramic manufactures (e.g., bottle making, porcelain manufacture); etc. Types of ceramics manufactured; special types; etc. Description and classification of ceramics. Temporal and spatial variation in the manufacture and use of ceramics, pottery, and glass. Acquisition of raw materials 317 SPECIAL DEPOSITS Interior decorating 353 BUILDING INTERIORS AND ARRANGEMENT Brick and tile manufacture 339 BUILDING SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES Decorative designs and motifs 531 DECORATIVE ART Decorative designs and motifs 5311 VISUAL ARTS Optical instruments 416 APPLIANCES Utensils 415 UTENSILS 324 LITHIC INDUSTRIES This category includes information on the technologies used in working stone including information on materials and types of stone used and products not elsewhere described. Methods of shaping stone (e.g., chipping, pecking, grinding); materials used; products not elsewhere described; special stone industries (e.g., carving of tombstones and monuments); specialized personnel and organization; etc. Types of lithics manufactured; special types; etc. Description and classification of lithics; temporal and spatial variations and trends in stoneworking technology. Work in gems 306 JEWELRY MANUFACTURE Tools 412 GENERAL TOOLS Moving of heavy weights 483 WEIGHT MOVING Monuments 349 MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES Masonry 333 MASONRY Cement manufacture 339 BUILDING SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES Quarrying 316 MINING AND QUARRYING 325 METALLURGY This category is used to index discussions of smelting and refining of ores; alloys; methods of casting; hot and cold forging; tempering; soldering; welding; special apparatus (e.g., bellows, anvil); practical and scientific metallurgical knowledge (e.g., the making of wire thread); etc. Temporal and spatial variations and trends in metallurgy are also included in this category. Capital goods industries 390 Tools and weapons 410 Nonferrous metal industries 328 NONFERROUS METAL INDUSTRIES Mining 316 MINING AND QUARRYING Iron and steel industry 327 IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY 326 SMITHS AND THEIR CRAFTS Non-industrialized specialization in metallurgical crafts; types of specialists (e.g., blacksmiths, coppersmiths, tinsmiths, silversmiths, goldsmiths, gunsmiths); special skills and services of each; products not elsewhere described; organization (e.g., guilds); social status of smiths; etc. Tools, weapons, utensils, and appliances 410 Iron and steel industry 327 IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY Jewelers 306 JEWELRY MANUFACTURE Nonferrous metal industries 328 NONFERROUS METAL INDUSTRIES 327 IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY Industrial production of iron and steel products (e.g., pig iron, rails, sheet steel, wire); special plants (e.g., iron foundries, blast furnaces, rolling mills); products and their uses; economic importance of and self-sufficiency in iron and steel production; organization of labor and production; etc. Industrial organization 470 Industrial machines 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Mining 316 MINING AND QUARRYING Structural steel work 334 STRUCTURAL STEEL WORK Manufacture of industrial machines 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES Metallurgical science 325 METALLURGY 328 NONFERROUS METAL INDUSTRIES Industrialized processing of nonferrous metals (e.g., aluminum, copper, tin, zinc, silver, gold, mercury); smelting, refining, and ingot production; products and their uses; economic importance of nonferrous metal industries; organization of labor and production; etc. Jewelry manufacture 306 JEWELRY MANUFACTURE Mining 316 MINING AND QUARRYING Coppersmiths, tinsmiths, silversmiths, and goldsmiths 326 SMITHS AND THEIR CRAFTS Aircraft industry 399 AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY Coinage 436 MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE 330 BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION General statements on several topics primarily concerned with the technological skills involved in assembling raw or semi-finished materials to construct buildings and other structures, together with certain business and industrial activities directly related thereto. 331 CONSTRUCTION Civil and structural engineering; construction industries; specialized builders, contractors, and wreckers; organization of labor and production; etc. Data on construction and materials not classifiable under succeeding categories will be filed here. Architecture 341 ARCHITECTURE Waterways improvements 503 WATERWAYS IMPROVEMENTS Military engineering and the construction of military installations 710 Labor 460 Adquacy of housing 362 HOUSING Dwellings 342 DWELLINGS Highway and railway construction 499 HIGHWAY AND RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION Business and industrial organization 470 Contracts 675 CONTRACTS 332 EARTH MOVING Techniques of excavating, grading, and earth removal; use of special implements and apparatus; specialized personnel and organization; etc. Manufacture of earth-moving machines 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES Weight moving 483 WEIGHT MOVING Dredging 503 WATERWAYS IMPROVEMENTS Earth-moving machines 406 WEIGHT-MOVING MACHINERY Explosives 389 MANUFACTURE OF EXPLOSIVES Mining and quarrying 316 MINING AND QUARRYING Digging tools 412 GENERAL TOOLS Railway and highway construction 499 HIGHWAY AND RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION 333 MASONRY Laying of bricks and stones; use of mortar; mixing and laying of adobe and concrete; types of construction (e.g., foundations, floors, walls); structural principles (e.g., arch, dome); use of special implements and apparatus (e.g., trowel, hod, cement mixer); specialized personnel and organization; etc. Brick and cement manufacture 339 BUILDING SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES General Tools 412 GENERAL TOOLS Special Tools 413 SPECIAL TOOLS Stone industry 324 LITHIC INDUSTRIES 334 STRUCTURAL STEEL WORK Erection and assembly of structural steel elements (e.g., girders, cables); joining techniques (e.g., welding, riveting); products (e.g., bridges, radio towers, skeleton framework of buildings); specialized personnel and organization; etc. Tools and apparatus 410 Bridges 491 HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES Iron and steel industry 327 IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY Weight moving 483 WEIGHT MOVING 335 CARPENTRY Special treatment of wooden materials in building construction; techniques of joining (e.g., by mortise and tenon, with nails or screws); structural devices (e.g., struts, king-post); specialized personnel and organization (e.g., carpenters' guilds or unions); etc. Hardware 414 MISCELLANEOUS HARDWARE Nonstructural woodworking 322 WOODWORKING Shipbuilding 396 SHIPBUILDING Tools 412 GENERAL TOOLS 336 PLUMBING Laying and fitting of water, gas, and sewer pipe; installation and repair of plumbing fixtures; implements and apparatus; steamfitting; specialized personnel and organization; etc. Gas plants 382 PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES Water supply 312 WATER SUPPLY Heating and lighting systems 354 HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Sewer systems 364 REFUSE DISPOSAL AND SANITARY FACILITIES Oil and gas pipelines 315 OIL AND GAS WELLS Plumbing fixtures 414 MISCELLANEOUS HARDWARE 337 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION Wiring structures for electricity; installation of electrical fixtures and appliances; special equipment and apparatus; specialized personnel and organization; etc. Electrical appliances 403 ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND APPLIANCES Electrical supplies industry 393 ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRY Electric power 377 ELECTRIC POWER 338 MISCELLANEOUS BUILDING TRADES Structural specialists not classifiable under the preceding categories (e.g., plasterers, roofers, painters, paperhangers, glaziers); special techniques, equipment, and services of each; organization; etc. Interior decoration 353 BUILDING INTERIORS AND ARRANGEMENT Tools and hardware 410 Coppersmiths and tinsmiths 326 SMITHS AND THEIR CRAFTS 339 BUILDING SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES Manufacture of building and construction supplies not elsewhere described (e.g., brick, cement, tile); processors of building materials (e.g., mill work companies, brick yards); suppliers to builders and contractors; business organization of manufacturers, processors, and suppliers of building materials; etc. Manufacture of electrical supplies 393 ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRY Manufacture of construction hardware 391 HARDWARE MANUFACTURE Lumbering 313 LUMBERING Stone industry 324 LITHIC INDUSTRIES Hardware 414 MISCELLANEOUS HARDWARE Retail marketing 443 RETAIL MARKETING Steel industry 327 IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY Paint manufacture 386 PAINT AND DYE MANUFACTURE 340 STRUCTURES General statements describing several types of structures detailed below. Only purely descriptive information on types of buildings and other structures, as well as data on materials and construction not classifiable under the "Building and Construction" (330) categories will be indexed with these categories. The uses of each type of structure are described under appropriate headings. 341 ARCHITECTURE Styles of domestic and non-domestic buildings; architectural theory and principles; practice of architecture (e.g., solicitation of business; planning, draftsmanship, supervision of construction, fees); specialization (e.g., architects, draftsmen); etc. Landscape architecture 351 GROUNDS Interior decoration 353 BUILDING INTERIORS AND ARRANGEMENT Visual Arts 5311 VISUAL ARTS Decorative art 531 DECORATIVE ART Construction 330 342 DWELLINGS Description of residential buildings; seasonal, local and status differences in dwelling types; caves as dwellings; durability and portability of dwellings; mode of construction; adequacy (e.g., for protection from elements, for security, or light and ventilation); typical number of occupants; ceremonies during and after construction; etc. House building specialists 330 Household organization 592 HOUSEHOLD Adequacy of housing 362 HOUSING Names of houses 552 NAMES OF ANIMALS AND THINGS 343 OUTBUILDINGS Description of domestic nonresidential buildings (e.g., cook houses, latrines, menstrual lodges, bathhouses, granaries, barns, stables); special characteristics of each; mode of construction; etc. Cookhouses 252 FOOD PREPARATION Latrines 514 ELIMINATION Stables and stalls 231 DOMESTICATED ANIMALS Boathouses 504 PORT FACILITIES Bathhouses 515 PERSONAL HYGIENE Menstrual lodges 841 MENSTRUATION 344 PUBLIC STRUCTURES Description of public buildings (e.g., municipal halls, courthouses, prisons and jails, post offices, hospitals); special characteristics and facilities of each; mode of construction; etc. Postal service 205 MAIL Functioning of courts, jails and prisons 690 Building trades 330 Municipal government 630 Hospital administration 743 HOSPITALS AND CLINICS 345 RECREATIONAL STRUCTURES Description of clubhouses, theaters, stadiums, gymnasiums; special characteristics and construction of each; etc. Sodalities 575 SODALITIES Inns, taverns, restaurants, etc. 347 BUSINESS STRUCTURES Drama 536 DRAMA Entertainment 540 Functioning of recreational facilities 529 RECREATIONAL FACILITIES 346 RELIGIOUS AND EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURES Description of shrines, temples, churches, libraries, museums, schools, and other religious and educational structures; special characteristics of each; mode of construction; etc. Administration of sacred places 778 SACRED OBJECTS AND PLACES Administration of libraries and museums 217 ARCHIVES Administration of schools and colleges 870 Administration and functioning of churches 794 CONGREGATIONS 347 BUSINESS STRUCTURES Description of office buildings, retail stores, and other business structures; special characteristics of each; mode of construction; etc. Operation of restaurants 265 FOOD SERVICE INDUSTRIES Retail marketing 443 RETAIL MARKETING Commercial facilities 366 COMMERCIAL FACILITIES Elevators 406 WEIGHT-MOVING MACHINERY Operation of banks 453 BANKING Operation of garages and filling stations 495 AUXILIARY HIGHWAY SERVICES Operation of warehouses 488 WAREHOUSING Building trades 330 Operation of bars and taverns 275 DRINKING ESTABLISHMENTS 348 INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES Description of factories and other manufacturing plants; special characteristics of each type; mode of construction; etc. Operation of food processing plants 250 Operation of clothing factories 294 CLOTHING MANUFACTURE Operation of paper mills 289 PAPER INDUSTRY Operation of chemical factories 380 Operation of breweries and distilleries 274 BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES Operation of iron foundries and steel mills 327 IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY Operation of munitions factories 719 MUNITIONS INDUSTRIES Building trades 330 Operation of tobacco factories 277 TOBACCO INDUSTRY Operation of textile industries 288 TEXTILE INDUSTRIES Operation of sawmills and pulp mills 313 LUMBERING Capital goods industries 390 349 MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES Description of structures not classifiable above (e.g., monuments, radio towers, lighthouses, hangars, railway stations); special characteristics of each; mode of construction; etc. Adjuncts to navigation 502 NAVIGATION Commemorative statues and monuments 211 MNEMONIC DEVICES Railway terminal facilities 498 TERMINAL FACILITIES Radio and television 207 RADIO AND TELEVISION Funerary monuments 764 BURIAL PRACTICES AND FUNERALS Airport facilities 508 AIRPORT FACILITIES 350 EQUIPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF BUILDINGS General statements covering several aspects of the material equipment, care, and upkeep of dwellings and nonresidential buildings. Descriptions of other machines used buildings 400 Descriptions of other appliances, tools, utensils, hardware, and apparatus used in buildings 410 351 GROUNDS House plots and building lots; courtyards; walls, fences, and gates; grading; gardens and ornamental plants; swimming pools; landscape architecture; upkeep of grounds; choice of house site; etc. Gardening 240 Description of fences and gates 417 APPARATUS Fences used in agriculture 241 TILLAGE 352 FURNITURE Pegs, racks, shelves, and cupboards; description of furniture (e.g., chairs, tables, chests, beds, hammocks, head-rests); floor covering (e.g., mats, rugs); special uses of furniture; etc. Hardware 414 MISCELLANEOUS HARDWARE Bedding 513 SLEEPING Mat making 285 MATS AND BASKETRY Furniture manufacture 322 WOODWORKING 353 BUILDING INTERIORS AND ARRANGEMENT This category includes descriptions of painting, carving, and incising of walls and woodwork; screens and draperies; color schemes; furniture arrangement; use of pictures and prints; household shrines and sacred objects; bric-a-brac and objects d'art; flower arrangement; specialization in interior decoration (e.g., interior decorators); storage of household items; archaeological storage and cache pits; etc. The name of this category was changed from INTERIOR DECORATION AND ARRANGEMENT in 2000. Storage of food 251 PRESERVATION AND STORAGE OF FOOD Religious significance of household shrines and sacred objects 778 SACRED OBJECTS AND PLACES Visual Arts 5311 VISUAL ARTS Decorative art 531 DECORATIVE ART Storage of clothing 296 GARMENT CARE 354 HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Systems for the lighting, heating, insulation, ventilating and air-conditioning of buildings; hearths and fireplaces; special lighting equipment (e.g., candles, oil lamps, gas lights, electric lights); special heating appliances (e.g., wood, coal, oil, gas, and electric stoves and furnaces); air-conditioning installations; insulating materials; etc. Manufacture of candles 388 SOAP AND ALLIED PRODUCTS Heat, light, and power 370 Plumbing fixtures 414 MISCELLANEOUS HARDWARE Household machines 404 HOUSEHOLD MACHINES AND APPLIANCES Electrical installations 337 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION Cooking 252 FOOD PREPARATION Utensils 415 UTENSILS Elevators 406 WEIGHT-MOVING MACHINERY Electrical appliances 403 ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND APPLIANCES Manufacture of fuel oil and illuminating gas 382 PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES Manufacture of heating and lighting appliances 394 MANUFACTURE OF HEATING AND LIGHTING APPLIANCES Refrigerators, incubators, and portable lights 416 APPLIANCES Installation of plumbing 336 PLUMBING Water supply 312 WATER SUPPLY 355 MISCELLANEOUS BUILDING EQUIPMENT Description of building equipment not classifiable elsewhere (e.g., eaves and drains, fire extinguishers, dumb waiters); special uses of each; etc. 356 HOUSEKEEPING Information on the upkeep of dwelling and outbuildings (e.g., painting, repairs); routine indoor chores (e.g., housecleaning, bedmaking); unspecified routine domestic tasks that occur outdoor adjacent to a dwelling in archaeological contexts; use and care of household implements and appliances; etc. The description was updated in 2000. Household tools and appliances 410 Painters and paperhangers 338 MISCELLANEOUS BUILDING TRADES Cleaning of cooking and eating utensils 264 EATING Food preparation 252 FOOD PREPARATION Household machines 404 HOUSEHOLD MACHINES AND APPLIANCES Daily routine 512 DAILY ROUTINE Laundering 296 GARMENT CARE 357 DOMESTIC SERVICE Prevalence and functional differentiation of household servants (e.g., cooks, butlers, chambermaids, gardeners, chauffeurs, governesses); status and activities of each; arrangements for room and board; wages; hiring and firing; master-servant relationships; etc. Slavery 567 SLAVERY Labor relations 466 LABOR RELATIONS Composition of household 592 HOUSEHOLD 358 MAINTENANCE OF NON-DOMESTIC BUILDINGS Upkeep and repair of public, business, industrial, religious, educational, and recreational buildings, maintenance activities (e.g., sweeping, window-cleaning, tending of furnaces); specialized caretakers (e.g., janitors, scrubwomen, chimney sweeps, watchmen); organization of maintenance activities; etc. 360 SETTLEMENTS General statements covering several specific aspects of the physical configuration and material facilities of settlements ranging in size and complexity from a temporary camp to a great metropolis. Social and political organization of municipalities, etc. 630 Telephone services 206 TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH Characteristics of urban and rural life 369 URBAN AND RURAL LIFE Social and political organization of communities 620 Water supply 312 WATER SUPPLY 361 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS Information on the location and distribution of settlements; house census; physical types and descriptions of settlements and the incidence of each (e.g., temporary camp, settled hamlet or village, town, city, urban metropolis); degree of permanence or impermanence; settlement plan; urban ecology (e.g., residential, business, and industrial areas); satellite areas (e.g., suburbs); patterns of settlement growth; zoning; city planning; statements about the size, plan, and/or distribution of archaeological sites; etc. The description was updated in 2000. Social planning 185 CULTURAL GOALS Community organization 621 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE Place names 103 PLACE NAMES Land use 311 LAND USE Demography 160 Transhumance, seasonal 221 ANNUAL CYCLE 362 HOUSING Adequacy of housing facilities (e.g., for physical protection, for comfort, for privacy); housing shortages and overcrowding; effects of poverty, war, and natural calamities; public and private housing and slum clearance programs; etc. Standard of living 511 STANDARD OF LIVING Renting and leasing 427 RENTING AND LEASING Public welfare 657 PUBLIC WELFARE Dwellings 342 DWELLINGS 363 STREETS AND TRAFFIC Type and plan of settlement paths and streets; paving, gutters, and sidewalks; type and amount of urban traffic (e.g., pedestrians, animals, carts, automobiles, trams); parking and traffic regulations; street maintenance; etc. Highways and bridges 491 HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES Street lighting 373 LIGHT Routes 487 ROUTES 364 REFUSE DISPOSAL AND SANITARY FACILITIES This category is used to index information on sewerage system; sewage disposal plants; collection and disposal of garbage and waste; street-cleaning services; purification of water; municipal sanitary facilities and regulations; refuse pits; middens; etc. The description was updated in 2000. Personal hygiene 515 PERSONAL HYGIENE Water supply 312 WATER SUPPLY Fertilizer industry 387 FERTILIZER INDUSTRY Elimination 514 ELIMINATION Plumbing 336 PLUMBING Public health 744 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION Plumbing 414 MISCELLANEOUS HARDWARE Army sanitary corps 708 AUXILIARY CORPS 365 PUBLIC UTILITIES Availability of publicly and privately operated municipal utilities (e.g., water system, telephone facilities, bus and tram services, power and light systems); services rendered and the extent of their utilization; etc. Manufacture of illuminating gas 382 PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES Water supply 312 WATER SUPPLY Telephone service 206 TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH Electric power plants 377 ELECTRIC POWER Ownership and control of capital 471 OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF CAPITAL Cab, bus, and tram services 494 HIGHWAY TRANSPORT 366 COMMERCIAL FACILITIES Availability and location of markets, retail shops, wholesale outlets, warehouses, office buildings, banks, restaurants, hotels, garages, and other business facilities; trading centers and trade areas; etc. Garages 495 AUXILIARY HIGHWAY SERVICES Warehouses 488 WAREHOUSING Banks 453 BANKING Business buildings 347 BUSINESS STRUCTURES Hotels 485 TRAVEL SERVICES Marketing 440 Restaurants 265 FOOD SERVICE INDUSTRIES 367 PARKS Availability, location, use, and maintenance of municipal parks, playgrounds, and athletic fields; zoological and botanical gardens (e.g., location, support, operation, use); etc. State and national forests 659 MISCELLANEOUS GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES Landscape architecture 351 GROUNDS Amusement parks and other recreational facilities 529 RECREATIONAL FACILITIES Entertainment 540 Floriculture 247 FLORICULTURE 368 MISCELLANEOUS FACILITIES Fire protection services (e.g., fire-fighting apparatus and equipment, specialized personnel); availability and location of piers, railway stations, airports and bus terminals; availability and location of religious, educational, recreational and administrative facilities (e.g., churches, temples, city halls, schools, libraries, police stations, museums, theaters, opera houses, art galleries, gymnasiums, public baths, clubhouses); etc. Description of structures 340 Transportation 500 Transportation 490 Entertainment 540 Police protection 625 POLICE Manufacture of fire-fighting machinery 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES Functioning of recreational facilities 529 RECREATIONAL FACILITIES Transportation 480 369 URBAN AND RURAL LIFE Degree of differentiation of rural, small town, and urban modes of life; characteristics of each and contrasts between them; effects of urbanization upon social institutions; trends in urban development; etc. Social stratification 560 Statistics on rural and urban population 162 COMPOSITION OF POPULATION Cultural participation 184 CULTURAL PARTICIPATION Sociocultural trends 178 SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS Communities 620 370 ENERGY AND POWER General statements dealing with several aspects of the utilization of the sources of energy in nature and with the transformation of such energies into industrial power. Machines that provide energy 400 Human labor as energy 460 371 POWER DEVELOPMENT Sources of energy utilized and not utilized; potential and development power resources; public and private programs of power development; etc. For the use and development of specific power resources see the siblings of this category. Ownership and control of capital 471 OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF CAPITAL Productive capacity of the economy 433 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY Urban public utilities 365 PUBLIC UTILITIES 372 FIRE Generation of fire; techniques and apparatus (e.g., fire plow, fire drill, flint and steel, fire piston, matches); borrowing, preservation, and transportation of fire; tinder and kindling; fuels; uses of fire; beliefs about fire and associated practices; etc. Brand tillage 241 TILLAGE Conflagrations 731 DISASTERS Hearths, stoves, and lamps 354 HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Gathering of firewood 313 LUMBERING Coal mining 316 MINING AND QUARRYING Production of charcoal 314 FOREST PRODUCTS Cooking 252 FOOD PREPARATION Firing of pottery 323 CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY Fire protection 368 MISCELLANEOUS FACILITIES Manufacture of oil and gas 382 PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES 373 LIGHT Sources of light; methods of producing light; practical and scientific knowledge about lighting; uses of light; outdoor lighting systems (e.g., street lighting); beliefs about light; etc. Photography 215 PHOTOGRAPHY Signaling with lights 202 TRANSMISSION OF MESSAGES Theatrical lighting 536 DRAMA Portable lights 416 APPLIANCES Manufacture of lighting appliances 394 MANUFACTURE OF HEATING AND LIGHTING APPLIANCES Indoor lighting systems and appliances 354 HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Ideas about colors and shadows 822 ETHNOPHYSICS Ideas about day and night 821 ETHNOMETEOROLOGY 374 HEAT Sources of heat; methods of producing and regulating heat; beliefs about heat and cold; practical and scientific knowledge about heat; uses of heat; etc. Refrigerators and incubators 416 APPLIANCES Chemical industries 380 Ethnophysics 822 ETHNOPHYSICS Heating, insulation, and air-conditioning systems and appliances 354 HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Cooking 252 FOOD PREPARATION Manufacture of heating appliances 394 MANUFACTURE OF HEATING AND LIGHTING APPLIANCES Refrigeration industry 254 REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY 375 THERMAL POWER Generation of power for industrial purposes through the combustion of fuels; engines (e.g., heat, steam, internal combustion); fuels (e.g., wood, coal, oil, gas); thermal power plants; actual and potential output of thermal power; specialized personnel; organization of labor and production; etc. Power-operated machinery 400 Production of fuel oil and illuminating gas 382 PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES Railway and automobile engines 490 Natural resources of coal and petroleum 135 MINERAL RESOURCES Coal mining 316 MINING AND QUARRYING Airplane and marine engines 500 376 WATER POWER Generation of industrial power by harnessing the energy of flowing or falling water; hydraulic engines (e.g., rams, water wheels, turbines); special installations and facilities (e.g., tidal installations); actual and potential output of water power; specialized personnel (e.g., hydraulic engineers); organization of labor and production; etc. Water supply 312 WATER SUPPLY Pumps and power-operated machinery 406 WEIGHT-MOVING MACHINERY Hydroelectric plants 377 ELECTRIC POWER 377 ELECTRIC POWER Conversion of other energies into electricity; electrical generators; electric power plants; special installations and apparatus; methods of storage and transmission; electrical engineering; actual and potential output of electric power; specialized personnel; organization of labor and production; regulation; etc. Radio 207 RADIO AND TELEVISION Telephone and telegraph 206 TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH Municipal power and light systems 365 PUBLIC UTILITIES Manufacture of electrical equipment 393 ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRY Heating and lighting appliances 354 HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Description of electrical machinery and appliances 403 ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND APPLIANCES Electrical installations in building construction 337 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION 378 ATOMIC ENERGY Generation of power through nuclear fission and fusion; materials used; special installations and apparatus; actual and potential output of atomic power; specialized personnel; organization of labor and production; regulation; etc. Development of nuclear physics 815 SCIENCE Atomic weapons 713 ORDNANCE 379 MISCELLANEOUS POWER PRODUCTION Special utilization of sources of power not classifiable under previous categories (e.g., human and animal energies, wind power, solar radiation); special apparatus (e.g., treadmills, windmills, rotor engines, solar radiation plants); specialization and organization; etc. Description of power machinery 400 Human labor 460 Sailing vessels 501 BOATS Use of animals in travel and transportation 492 ANIMAL TRANSPORT 380 CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES General statements dealing with several aspects of the processing of raw materials in a series of industries where the technology is primarily chemical rather than physical. Power 370 Industrial structures structures see Category 348 348 INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES 381 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Industrial chemistry; research laboratories, equipment, and techniques; specialized personnel (e.g., technicians, engineers); special chemical industries not classifiable in the succeeding categories (e.g., adhesive manufacture) including products and their uses; etc. Alchemy 822 ETHNOPHYSICS Chemistry as a science 815 SCIENCE Military engineering 711 MILITARY ENGINEERING 382 PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES Refining and processing of petroleum; manufacture of coal products (e.g., illuminating gas, coal tar); use of special apparatus and machinery; processing techniques; products and their uses; economic importance of petroleum and coal products industries; organization of labor and production; etc. Plumbing fixtures 414 MISCELLANEOUS HARDWARE Refining machinery 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Oil and gas wells and pipelines 315 OIL AND GAS WELLS Heating and lighting systems 354 HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Filling stations 495 AUXILIARY HIGHWAY SERVICES Coal mines 316 MINING AND QUARRYING Thermal power 375 THERMAL POWER 383 RUBBER INDUSTRY Processing of natural rubber; refining techniques; methods of shaping and molding; products and their uses (e.g., rubber balls, syringes, automobile tires); organization of labor and production; synthetic rubber industry; etc. Rubber gathering 314 FOREST PRODUCTS Industrial machinery 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Agricultural production of rubber 249 SPECIAL CROPS 384 SYNTHETICS INDUSTRY Manufacture of plastics and other synthetic products; materials used; processing techniques and apparatus; products and their uses; organization of labor and production; etc. Manufacture of ceramics 323 CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY Industrial machinery 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY 385 INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS Production of acids, bases, and other industrial chemicals; materials used; processes of manufacture; special techniques and apparatus; products and their uses; organization of labor and production; etc. Manufacture of drugs and poisons 278 PHARMACEUTICALS 386 PAINT AND DYE MANUFACTURE Paints, dyes, and pigments, materials used in their manufacture; processing techniques; special equipment; products and their uses (e.g., aniline dyes, ink, art supplies); organization of labor and production; etc. body painting 302 TOILET Interior decoration 353 BUILDING INTERIORS AND ARRANGEMENT Manufacture of cosmetics 303 MANUFACTURE OF TOILET ACCESSORIES Visual art 532 REPRESENTATIVE ART House painting 356 HOUSEKEEPING Special deposits 317 SPECIAL DEPOSITS Forest products 314 FOREST PRODUCTS Visual art 5311 VISUAL ARTS House painting 338 MISCELLANEOUS BUILDING TRADES 387 FERTILIZER INDUSTRY Manufacture of agricultural fertilizers; specialized techniques and equipment; materials and products; organization of labor and production; etc. Exploitation of guano, nitrate, and phosphate deposits 317 SPECIAL DEPOSITS Use of fertilizers 241 TILLAGE Animal by-products 237 ANIMAL BY-PRODUCTS Sewage conversion plants 364 REFUSE DISPOSAL AND SANITARY FACILITIES Use of hydroelectric power in the manufacture of nitrates 377 ELECTRIC POWER 388 SOAP AND ALLIED PRODUCTS Manufacture of soap, detergents, and other oil and fat products (e.g., candles); materials used; specialized techniques and apparatus; products and their uses; organization of labor and production; etc. Laundering 296 GARMENT CARE Edible oil production 258 MISCELLANEOUS FOOD PROCESSING AND PACKING INDUSTRIES Bathing and laving 515 PERSONAL HYGIENE 389 MANUFACTURE OF EXPLOSIVES Production of gunpowder, nitroglycerin, and other explosives; materials used; processing techniques and equipment; products and their uses (e.g., fireworks, dynamite, ammunition); manufacturing plants; organization of labor and production; etc. Munitions industries 719 MUNITIONS INDUSTRIES Military weapons 713 ORDNANCE Mining 316 MINING AND QUARRYING Atomic energy 378 ATOMIC ENERGY 390 CAPITAL GOODS INDUSTRIES General statements dealing with several aspects of the manufacturing processes which produce tools and machines, and with their technological and economic organization. Descriptions of the specific artifacts used in or produced by these industries are indexed under other headings. Industrial structures 347 BUSINESS STRUCTURES Productive capacity of the economy 433 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY 391 HARDWARE MANUFACTURE Production of agricultural, industrial, and other tools; manufacture of cooking and eating implements and utensils (e.g., cutlery, kitchen utensils); manufacture of construction hardware (e.g., nails, wire, bolts, pipe, fixtures); manufacture of fishing tackle; industrial specialization; organization of labor and production; etc. Building construction 330 Description of fishing gear 227 FISHING GEAR Furniture manufacture 322 WOODWORKING Description of tools, utensils, and apparatus 410 Wood, stone, metal, and ceramic industries 320 Basketry 285 MATS AND BASKETRY 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES Machine shops; industrial manufacture of all types of machines and complex mechanical appliances other then those operated by electricity and those employed in transportation, heating, lighting, and photography; industrial specialization; economic importance of and self-sufficiency in machine industries; organization of labor and production; etc. Power 370 Ordnance manufacture 719 MUNITIONS INDUSTRIES Description of specific machines 400 393 ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRY Construction of electric motors, generators, and transformers; manufacture of electrical equipment (e.g., wiring, insulation, connections, coils, batteries); production of electrical appliances; industrialization; manufacture of electronic equipment; organization of labor and production; etc. Electric power 377 ELECTRIC POWER Description of electrical heating and lighting appliances 345 RECREATIONAL STRUCTURES Use of telephone, telegraph, radio, and television equipment 200 Description of electrical machinery and equipment 403 ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND APPLIANCES Description of electrical heating and lighting appliances 354 HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Electrical installations in building construction 337 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION 394 MANUFACTURE OF HEATING AND LIGHTING APPLIANCES Manufacture of stoves, furnaces, bakery equipment, and other non-electrical heating appliances; production of ice-making machinery; manufacture of heat-regulating appliances (e.g., incubators, refrigerators, air-conditioning apparatus); manufacture of lamps and other non-electric lighting appliances; industrial specialization; organization of labor and production; etc. Description of heating and lighting appliances 354 HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Heat, light, and power 370 Refrigeration industry 254 REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY Description of incubators and refrigerators 416 APPLIANCES 395 MANUFACTURE OF OPTICAL AND PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT Lens-grinding; manufacture of optical instruments and supplies; manufacture of still and motion-picture cameras and projectors; manufacture of photographic equipment and supplies (e.g., film, developing materials); industrial specialization; organization of labor and production; etc. Description of optical instruments and photographic apparatus 416 APPLIANCES Glass manufacture 323 CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY Motion-picture industry 546 MOTION PICTURE INDUSTRY Photography 215 PHOTOGRAPHY 396 SHIPBUILDING Construction and repair of boats, ships, and underwater craft; manufacture of shipbuilding materials and equipment (e.g., marine motors, nautical gear); industrial specialization (e.g., shipyards); organization of labor and production; etc. Carpentry 335 CARPENTRY Manufacture of cordage 283 CORDAGE Woodworking 322 WOODWORKING Naval vessels 716 NAVAL VESSELS Description of water craft 501 BOATS Water transport 505 WATER TRANSPORT 397 RAILWAY EQUIPMENT INDUSTRY Locomotive works; manufacture of rolling stock; production of railway equipment (e.g., rails, signaling devices, brakes); manufacture of special rail vehicles (e.g., trams); industrial specialization; organization of labor and production; etc. Description of railway vehicles 493 VEHICLES Rail transportation 497 RAIL TRANSPORT Iron and steel industry 327 IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY 398 MANUFACTURE OF VEHICLES Wagon making; manufacture of bicycles and motorcycles; production of automobiles, trucks, and buses; manufacture of automobile parts and accessories (e.g., engines, bodies, upholstery, instruments); manufacture of automobile servicing equipment; industrial specialization; organization of labor and production (e.g., assembly lines); etc. Manufacture of automobile tires 383 RUBBER INDUSTRY Manufacture of tractors 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES Highway transportation 494 HIGHWAY TRANSPORT Description of vehicles 493 VEHICLES Motorized military equipment 715 MILITARY VEHICLES 399 AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY Construction of air and space craft; manufacture of airplane parts, accessories, and servicing equipment; industrial specialization; organization of labor and production; etc. Aluminum industry 328 NONFERROUS METAL INDUSTRIES Air transportation 509 AIR TRANSPORT Description of aircraft 506 AIRCRAFT Military aircraft 717 MILITARY AIRCRAFT 400 MACHINES General statements describing several distinct types of machines and complex appliances and with the mechanical knowledge embodied in them. Manufacture of machines 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES 401 MECHANICS Knowledge and utilization of simple machines (e.g., lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, wedge, screw); elements utilized in the construction of complex machines (e.g., cam, ratchet, shaft, rack and pinion, chain, belt, ball and socket, valve, piston, governor, bearing); machine designing; mechanical engineering; etc. Applied science 816 APPLIED SCIENCE Civil engineering 331 CONSTRUCTION Patents 424 INCORPOREAL PROPERTY Moving of heavy weights 483 WEIGHT MOVING 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Power generating machines (e.g., steam engines, turbines, windmills); machine tools (e.g., lathes, planing and stamping machines); typesetting, printing, and bookbinding machines; mining, lumbering, and drilling machinery; stone crushers; pile drivers; milling and refining machinery; spinning and weaving machinery; scanning, bottling, and packaging machinery; machines for processing leather, paper, chemicals, and other industrial materials; etc. Ground transportation machines 490 Hydraulic engines 376 WATER POWER Water and air transportation machines 500 Power 370 Description of hand looms 286 WOVEN FABRICS 403 ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND APPLIANCES Electric motors, generators, and transformers; machines and appliances operated by electric current (e.g., electric fans, electric razors); electrical supplies (e.g., wiring, insulation, connections, batteries); telephone, telegraph, radio, and television equipment and supplies; electrical engineering; etc. Electrical installations in building construction 337 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION Radio and television 207 RADIO AND TELEVISION Electric heating and lighting appliances 354 HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Electric trams and locomotives 493 VEHICLES Telephone and telegraph 206 TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH Manufacture of electric equipment 393 ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRY Generation of electric power 377 ELECTRIC POWER 404 HOUSEHOLD MACHINES AND APPLIANCES Grinding and mixing machines; sewing machines; laundry appliances (e.g., washing machines, wringers); dishwashing machines; sweeping appliances (e.g., carpet Sweepers); etc. Use and care of household machines and appliances 356 HOUSEKEEPING Non-household appliances 416 APPLIANCES 405 WEIGHING, MEASURING, AND RECORDING MACHINES Scales; meters; thermostats; clocks and watches; calculating machines; cash registers; phonographs; sound recorders; typewriters; etc. Sound records 216 SOUND RECORDS Mensurating tools 413 SPECIAL TOOLS Weights and measures 804 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Writing 212 WRITING 406 WEIGHT-MOVING MACHINERY Pumps; hoisting machines (e.g., cranes, jacks, elevators); earth-moving machines (e.g., bulldozers, dredges); other weight-moving machines (e.g., winches); etc. Dredging 503 WATERWAYS IMPROVEMENTS Moving of heavy weights 483 WEIGHT MOVING Vehicles 493 VEHICLES Earth removal 332 EARTH MOVING 407 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY Farm tractors; machines used in animal husbandry (e.g., milking machines); ground breaking machines (e.g., plows, harrows); planting and cultivating machines; mowing machines and harvesters; sorting and packing machines; processing machines (e.g., cotton gins, threshing machines); repairs and maintenance; etc. Agriculture 240 Manufacture of agricultural machinery 392 MACHINE INDUSTRIES Animal husbandry 230 Agricultural tools 412 GENERAL TOOLS 408 COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY This category is used to index information on computer technology including information on hardware, software (i.e., programs, applications), maintenance and repair, application and use (e.g., word processing, accounting, databases, communication); public and private accessibility to services; specialized personnel (e.g., programmers); special commercial services; etc. This category was introduced in 1997. Writing 212 WRITING Weights and measures 804 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Internet communications 2010 INTERNET COMMUNICATIONS Libraries, museums, and archives 217 ARCHIVES 410 TOOLS AND APPLIANCES General statements describing several distinct types of artifacts employed in industrial activities and of the motor habits involved in their use. The manufacture and industrial uses of the artifacts are treated under a variety of other headings, and are described below only in instances where there is no provision for their description elsewhere. 411 WEAPONS Striking and thrusting weapons (e.g., club, spear); missile weapons (e.g., boomerang, lance, harpoon, bola); complex projectile weapons (e.g., sling, bow and arrow, spearthrower, blowgun, firearms); other weapons employed in hunting, fowling fishing, marine hunting, and animal husbandry; methods of gripping, striking, and hurling; arrow and dart poisons; arm guards; etc. Fishing gear 227 FISHING GEAR Manufacture of poisons 278 PHARMACEUTICALS Specialized military weapons 713 ORDNANCE Shields 714 UNIFORM AND ACCOUTERMENT Decoration of weapons 5311 VISUAL ARTS Games with weapons 526 ATHLETIC SPORTS Decoration of weapons 531 DECORATIVE ART Lashings and bindings 284 KNOTS AND LASHINGS 412 GENERAL TOOLS Tools with many potential uses such as cutting tools (e.g., knife, ax, adze, chisel, wedge, plane, scissors, saw, sickle); boring tools (e.g., awl, needle, drill, auger, bit, reamer); abrading tools (e.g., scraper, file, grindstone); striking tools (e.g., maul, hammer, pestle); eating utensils (e.g., knife, fork, spoon); digging tools (e.g., digging stick, spade, pick, hoe, shovel); gripping tools (e.g., tongs, tweezers, pincers, vise, grapnel, wrench); miscellaneous tools of general utility (e.g., broom, brush, fan, comb, rake, fork); parts and their assembly (e.g., blades, handles); etc. Hardware manufacture 391 HARDWARE MANUFACTURE Lashings 284 KNOTS AND LASHINGS 413 SPECIAL TOOLS Tools used for specialized tasks such as writing instruments (e.g., pencil, pen, brush); artists' tools; surgical instruments; specialized tools of particular crafts (e.g., of jewelers, barbers, smiths, masons, weavers); mensurating tools (e.g., gauge, compass, calipers, measuring rod, square, level, quadrant); etc. Weighing and measuring machines 405 WEIGHING, MEASURING, AND RECORDING MACHINES Oars and paddles 501 BOATS 414 MISCELLANEOUS HARDWARE Nails and screws; nuts, bolts, and rivets; pins and clips; pothooks; hinges, latches, and locks; plumbing fixtures (e.g., pipe, hose, faucets); miscellaneous fixtures; etc. Machines and parts 400 Cordage 283 CORDAGE Hardware manufacture 391 HARDWARE MANUFACTURE Building supplies industries 285 MATS AND BASKETRY 415 UTENSILS Water containers (e.g., tanks, barrels); food and beverage containers (e.g., cans, bottles, jars); kitchen utensils (e.g., pans, dishes, kettles, bowls, ladles); containers made from special materials (e.g., gourds, baskets, earthen pots, leather bags, wooden boxes, paper cartons); chemical utensils (e.g., test tubes, flasks, retorts, vats); brewing and distilling apparatus; utensils with special functions (e.g., molds, funnels, sieves, drinking straws); etc. Cooperage 322 WOODWORKING Household equipment 358 MAINTENANCE OF NON-DOMESTIC BUILDINGS Eating utensils 412 GENERAL TOOLS Drinking 270 Decorative art 531 DECORATIVE ART Ceramic technology 323 CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY Basket making 285 MATS AND BASKETRY Measures 804 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Decorative art 5311 VISUAL ARTS 416 APPLIANCES Portable lights (e.g., torches, lanterns, flashlights); heat-regulating appliances (e.g., refrigerators, incubators); cameras; optical instruments (e.g., eyeglasses, microscope, telescope); appliances not elsewhere described; etc. Household appliances 404 HOUSEHOLD MACHINES AND APPLIANCES Manufacturing of incubators and refrigerators 394 MANUFACTURE OF HEATING AND LIGHTING APPLIANCES Hearing aids 732 DISABILITIES Lighting, heating, and air-conditioning appliances for buildings 354 HEATING AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Umbrellas and goggles 293 PARAPHERNALIA Photography 215 PHOTOGRAPHY Machines 400 Manufacture of optical and photographic equipment 395 MANUFACTURE OF OPTICAL AND PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT Plumbing fixtures 414 MISCELLANEOUS HARDWARE 417 APPARATUS Supports (e.g., posts, frames, ladders, scaffolds); fences and gates; pens and corrals; bird cages; apparatus not elsewhere described; etc. Plumbing fixtures 414 MISCELLANEOUS HARDWARE Fences and used in agriculture 241 TILLAGE Traps, snares, and fishing gear 220 Riding gear 492 ANIMAL TRANSPORT Furniture 352 FURNITURE Nautical rigging and gear 501 BOATS Looms 286 WOVEN FABRICS Aids to locomotion and burden carrying 480 420 PROPERTY General statements dealing with several of the specific aspects of the property system. Material concerning the property system as a whole will be filed in Category 421. The term "property" is to be distinguished from wealth, material possessions, or any object of ownership. It is to be understood only in the strict technical sense of the jural relations of people with regard to some subject matter and governing the use and enjoyment of the latter. In precise usage, a "right" is correlated with a "duty" (if A has a right against B, B is under a corresponding duty toward A); a "privilege" is correlated with "no right" (if A has a privilege as against B, B has no right against A, instead of a duty); a "power" is correlated with "liability" (if A has a power as against B, B is under a liability that his jural relations may be changed by a voluntary act on the past of A). A "title" is a distinct constellation of rights, privileges, and powers with respect to some subject matter. A "type of ownership" refers to the social composition of the holders of a title, e.g., an individual, a partnership, a clan, a corporation, a state. A "property transaction" is an act which transfers a title to a new owner. A "property system" consists of every type of title, ownership, and property transaction recognized by a society with respect to all culturally defined classes of subject matter, and is not dependent upon the statistical frequency with which its constituent elements manifest themselves. 421 PROPERTY SYSTEM Principles of property law; rights, privileges, and powers commonly involved in property relations (e.g., rights that others shall not use or destroy, privileges of enjoyment, powers of alienation and of transmission after death); recognized types of titles or tenure; recognized types of ownership (e.g., individual, joint, corporate, collective, public); their relation to classes of subject matter (e.g., land, movables, slaves); their degree of integration, their legal and statistical importance; their association with kin and other social groups; etc. Property arrangements upon termination of marriage 586 TERMINATION OF MARRIAGE Law 670 Ownership of productive capital 471 OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF CAPITAL 422 PROPERTY IN MOVABLES Culturally defined categories of movables (e.g., food stores, personal clothing and ornaments, artifacts, domestic animals, ceremonial objects); recognized types of title or tenure; rights, privileges, and powers involved in each; relation of types of title to categories of movables; recognized types of ownership (e.g., individual, collective, corporate); legal and statistical distribution of types of ownership according to categories of movables, types of title, and classes of persons; records of ownership (e.g., property marks, registration); etc. Standard of living 511 STANDARD OF LIVING Social classes 565 CLASSES Offenses against property 685 PROPERTY OFFENSES Accumulation of wealth 556 ACCUMULATION OF WEALTH Slavery 567 SLAVERY 423 REAL PROPERTY Conception of the subject matter of real property (e.g., as that which produces food, as things that are fixed or immovable); culturally defined categories (e.g., land, trees, growing crops, buildings, water); types of land subject and not subject to property (e.g., sites with monopoly value, waste land); recognized types of title or estate (e.g., eminent domain, fee simple, life, leasehold, sufferance); rights, privileges, and powers involved in each (e.g., usufruct, reversionary claim s, privileges of gift and sale, power of expropriation); recognized types of ownership (e.g., individual, collective public); legal and statistical distribution of types of ownership according to categories of immovables, types of title or tenure, and classes of persons (e.g., exclusion of minors, of women, of slaves); general characteristics of the system of real property (e.g., private property, feudal tenure, collective property with periodic reallotments, communism); land reform; records of ownership (e.g., boundary marks, deeds); registration of titles; etc. Territories of kin and local groups 620 Land use 311 LAND USE Ownership of productive capital 471 OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF CAPITAL Serfdom 566 SERFDOM AND PEONAGE Taxation 651 TAXATION AND PUBLIC INCOME Territories of kin and local groups 610 424 INCORPOREAL PROPERTY Extent to which property is recognized in intangible things (e.g., names, titles, songs, dances, visions, recipes, rituals, inventions); culturally defined categories of intangibles; recognized types of title; rights, privileges and power involved in titles to each type of incorporeal property; recognized types of ownership (e.g., individual, collective, corporate); distribution of types of ownership according to categories of intangibles, types of title, and classes of persons; records of ownership (e.g., registration of patents and copyrights); patent and copyright law; etc. Contractual rights 675 CONTRACTS Corporate securities 473 CORPORATE ORGANIZATION Invention 176 INNOVATION 425 ACQUISITION AND RELINQUISHMENT OF PROPERTY Recognized means by which property rights may be acquired (e.g., appropriation, forceful seizure, gift, purchase); creation of new property rights (e.g., by physical appropriation, by priority of claim, by expenditure of labor in manufacture); rituals and symbols of appropriation; recognized means by which property rights may be extinguished, (e.g., destruction, abandonment, confiscation, gift, sale); rights, privileges, and powers of the finders and losers of objects of property; etc. Taxation 651 TAXATION AND PUBLIC INCOME Theft 685 PROPERTY OFFENSES Buying and selling 432 BUYING AND SELLING War booty 721 INSTIGATION OF WAR Marine salvage 502 NAVIGATION Judicial confiscation 681 SANCTIONS Gifts 431 GIFT GIVING War booty 727 AFTERMATH OF COMBAT 426 BORROWING AND LENDING Bailment; rights, privileges, and powers of bailor and bailee; loans and debts; pawning rights, privileges, and powers of debtor and creditor; formalities in the arrangement and repayment of loans (e.g., witnesses, surety, sponsors); security; interest; notes and mortgages; specialization (e.g., pawn shops); bankruptcy (e.g., law, administration) etc. Credit 452 CREDIT Banking 453 BANKING Public finance 652 PUBLIC FINANCE Penalties for the nonpayment of debts 686 NONFULFILLMENT OF OBLIGATIONS Debt slavery 567 SLAVERY Corporate securities and receivership 473 CORPORATE ORGANIZATION 427 RENTING AND LEASING Extent to which real, movable, and incorporeal property may be leased or rented; leases and rents (e.g., negotiations, terms, formalities); modes of payment (e.g., money rent, share cropping); rights, privileges, and powers of lessor and lessee; eviction; prevalence of tenancy and of home and farm ownership; factors determining rental rates; regulation (e.g., rent controls); etc. Peonage and serfdom 566 SERFDOM AND PEONAGE Control of ownership of capital 471 OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF CAPITAL 428 INHERITANCE Forms of property and types of title subject and not subject to inheritance; disposition of non-inherited property (e.g., destruction, abandonment, distribution by gift , reversion to a prior owner or his heirs); non-distribution (e.g., maintenance of estates intact within an extended family); preferred or natural heirs and relatives excluded from inheritance (e.g., children, siblings, spouses, parents); gender and age preferences (e.g., exclusion of females, primogeniture, ultimogeniture); persons who inherit in default of preferred heirs; types of ownership acquired by heirs; variant rules for different possessions and type of title; characterization of inheritance systems (e.g., as matrilineal, patrilineal, testamentary); dower (e.g., special provision for widow or widower); testamentary disposition (e.g., wills, bequests, legacies); formalities (e.g., probate procedure); probate law; etc. Rule of descent 611 RULE OF DESCENT Adjustments to death 768 SOCIAL READJUSTMENTS TO DEATH Family 590 Probate courts 698 SPECIAL COURTS Heirlooms 523 HOBBIES Inheritance taxes 651 TAXATION AND PUBLIC INCOME 429 ADMINISTRATION Guardianship (e.g., of minors, of widows, of disabled); rights, privileges, and powers of guardian and ward; trusts; rights, privileges, and powers of trustee and beneficiary; law of trusts; formalities; administration of estates; bankruptcy administration; specialization in administration (e.g., trust companies); regulation; etc. Receivership 473 CORPORATE ORGANIZATION Care of wards 732 DISABILITIES Definition of minors 858 STATUS OF CHILDREN Embezzlement 685 PROPERTY OFFENSES Philanthropic foundations 741 PHILANTHROPIC FOUNDATIONS Role of heads of families and of kin and local groups as trustees for the property of their social groups 590 Role of heads of families and of kin and local groups as trustees for the property of their social groups 620 Agency 676 AGENCY Role of heads of families and of kin and local groups as trustees for the property of their social groups 610 Levirate 587 SECONDARY MARRIAGES 430 EXCHANGE General statements dealing with several aspects of the mechanisms of transferring economic goods and the titles to them, with the volume of such transactions, and with the determination of prices and economic values. Specialization in exchange 440 Specialization in water and air transport 500 Specialization in land transport 490 General travel and transportation 480 431 GIFT GIVING Alienation of property by gift; rights, privileges, and powers of donor and recipient; frequency, types, occasions (e.g., ceremonial, religious, secular holidays, ritual) and purposes of gifts; social relationships within which gifts are given; formalities of giving and receiving; potlatches; reciprocal gift exchange (e.g., kula); role of gifts in the distribution of economic goods; etc. Almsgiving and charity 735 POVERTY Bequests 428 INHERITANCE Feasts 574 VISITING AND HOSPITALITY Philanthropic foundations 741 PHILANTHROPIC FOUNDATIONS Acquisition and relinquishment of property 425 ACQUISITION AND RELINQUISHMENT OF PROPERTY Sacrifice 782 PRAYERS AND SACRIFICES Tribute giving 651 TAXATION AND PUBLIC INCOME Status and mobility 550 Bribery of officials 662 POLITICAL INTRIGUE Property transactions in marriage 580 432 BUYING AND SELLING Alienation of property by sale; rights, privileges, and powers of buyer and seller; law of sales; frequency of sales in comparison with gifts; cultural limitations on the sale of property; etc. Merchants 441 MERCANTILE BUSINESS Types of formalities of exchange transactions 437 EXCHANGE TRANSACTIONS Salesmanship 446 SALES PROMOTION Fraud 685 PROPERTY OFFENSES Bride-price 583 MODE OF MARRIAGE Acquisition and relinquishment of property 425 ACQUISITION AND RELINQUISHMENT OF PROPERTY Slavery 567 SLAVERY 433 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY Productive capacity o f the economy (e.g., actual and potential productivity of agriculture and industry); relative importance of various productive activities; economic supply (e.g., production of surpluses available for distribution); over-production and shortages; restrictions on production; general statements on production costs and on different types of economic activity; etc. Power development 371 POWER DEVELOPMENT Economic organization and structure 471 OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF CAPITAL Business cycles 458 BUSINESS CYCLES Natural resources 130 Local and regional specialization in production 438 DOMESTIC TRADE Land use 311 LAND USE Economic planning and development 179 ECONOMIC PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT Division of products in food-getting activities 230 Division of products in food-getting activities 220 Capital goods industries 390 Occupation specialization 463 OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION Annual economic cycle 221 ANNUAL CYCLE Division of products in food-getting activities 240 434 INCOME AND DEMAND National, family, and individual income; distribution of income by sources (e.g., wages, interest, rent, profits); economic demand (e.g., potential demand, effective purchasing power); restrictions on demand (e.g., rationing, sumptuary laws); general statements on supply and demand; etc. Saving and investment 454 SAVING AND INVESTMENT Individual accumulation of wealth 556 ACCUMULATION OF WEALTH Income taxes 651 TAXATION AND PUBLIC INCOME Standard of living 511 STANDARD OF LIVING Rent 427 RENTING AND LEASING Poverty 735 POVERTY Interest 426 BORROWING AND LENDING Wages and salaries 465 WAGES AND SALARIES 435 PRICE AND VALUE Relation of economic values to other systems of value; factors determinative of price and value (e.g., abundance and scarcity, utility, cost of production, precedent); customary prices and conventional values; competitive prices; monopoly prices; price fixing; black market prices, price levels; prices of particular goods (e.g., in money, in purchasing power); etc. Rent control 427 RENTING AND LEASING Competition and monopoly 477 COMPETITION Social values 181 ETHOS Inflation and deflation 458 BUSINESS CYCLES Bride-price 583 MODE OF MARRIAGE 436 MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE Articles circulating in exchange at their intrinsic value as standard money (e.g., salt, cattle, grain, shells, metal bars or coins); forms of representative money (e.g., warehouse receipts, certificates of deposit of standard money); credit money (e.g., government notes, bank notes); token money (e.g., subsidiary coins, shell money, bead money); coinage and mints; right of issuance; counterfeiting, etc. Punishment of counterfeiting 687 OFFENSES AGAINST THE STATE Weights and measures 804 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Foreign exchange 457 FOREIGN EXCHANGE Government issuance and manipulation of currency 652 PUBLIC FINANCE 437 EXCHANGE TRANSACTIONS Types of exchange (e.g., barter, purchase of goods with money, exchange of services for goods); negotiations (e.g., haggling, auctioning); formalities; guarantees; trading expeditions; special trading relationships; etc. Foreign exchange 457 FOREIGN EXCHANGE Exchange of services 476 MUTUAL AID Gift exchange 431 GIFT GIVING Property transactions in marriage 580 Marketing 440 438 DOMESTIC TRADE Local and regional specialization in production within the society; (e.g., home and cottage industry, location of particular industries); division of labor between town and country; volume of trade within and between communities and regions; articles entering into domestic commerce; motivation (e.g., profit, prestige); patterns of internal commerce; etc. Business and industrial organization 470 Agricultural specialization 240 Urban and rural contrasts 369 URBAN AND RURAL LIFE Trade routes 487 ROUTES Trade centers and areas 366 COMMERCIAL FACILITIES Land use 311 LAND USE Marketing 440 439 FOREIGN TRADE Intergroup specialization in production for export; articles entering into inter-group trade; volume of foreign trade (e.g., statistics of imports and exports); international trade agreements; smuggling; embargoes; etc. Slave trade 567 SLAVERY Penalties for smuggling 687 OFFENSES AGAINST THE STATE Productive capacity of the economy 433 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY Negotiation of trade agreements 648 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Tariffs and tolls 651 TAXATION AND PUBLIC INCOME Foreign exchange 457 FOREIGN EXCHANGE Trading expeditions 437 EXCHANGE TRANSACTIONS 440 MARKETING General statements dealing with several aspects of the specialized elaboration and promotion of trade. Business organization 470 Financing of trade 450 Mechanisms, articles, and volume of trade 430 441 MERCANTILE BUSINESS Extent of specialization in commerce; types and distribution of mercantile businesses; social status and special characteristics of merchants; business men's organizations (e.g., merchant guilds, trade associations, chambers of commerce); general characteristics of merchandising; special mercantile privileges and restrictions; etc. Business schools 874 VOCATIONAL EDUCATION Urban commercial facilities 366 COMMERCIAL FACILITIES Competition 477 COMPETITION Occupational specialization 463 OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION Craft guilds 467 LABOR ORGANIZATION 442 WHOLESALE MARKETING Degree of specialization in wholesale marketing; prevalent types of wholesale business; methods and techniques of wholesale merchandising; buying at wholesale (e.g., specialized buyers, conventions, wholesale lots, discounts); information on specific wholesale businesses; etc. Producers' cooperatives 474 COOPERATIVE ORGANIZATION Warehousing 488 WAREHOUSING Stock exchanges 455 SPECULATION 443 RETAIL MARKETING Extent and variety of retail specialization; types of retail outlets (e.g., itinerant merchants, markets, bazaars, general stores, trading posts, specialty shops, chain stores, department stores, mail-order houses); pricing (e.g., fixed, variable); services to customers (e.g., deliveries); specialized personnel (e.g., sales of clerks); etc. Articles in commerce 439 FOREIGN TRADE Business organization 470 Upkeep of store buildings 358 MAINTENANCE OF NON-DOMESTIC BUILDINGS Accounting methods 451 ACCOUNTING Description of business structures 347 BUSINESS STRUCTURES Employer-employee relations 466 LABOR RELATIONS Trading centers 366 COMMERCIAL FACILITIES Extension of credit 452 CREDIT Articles in commerce 438 DOMESTIC TRADE 444 RETAIL BUSINESSES Special characteristics and business methods of particular types of retail outlets (e.g., pharmacists, grocers, furniture stores, dress shops); information on individual retail businesses; etc. Articles in commerce 438 DOMESTIC TRADE Florists 247 FLORICULTURE Articles in commerce 439 FOREIGN TRADE Business structures 347 BUSINESS STRUCTURES Filling stations 495 AUXILIARY HIGHWAY SERVICES Suppliers of building materials 339 BUILDING SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES Distribution of art and recreational supplies 549 ART AND RECREATIONAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES 445 SERVICE INDUSTRIES Degree of elaboration of retail businesses selling services rather than goods; types, distribution, and physical characteristics of service industries; specific information on those not elsewhere described (e.g., consultants, rental services, repairing); etc. Hotels 485 TRAVEL SERVICES Artists 530 Veterinarians 232 APPLIED ANIMAL SCIENCE Undertakers 767 MORTUARY SPECIALISTS Travel and transportation services 500 Travel and transportation services 490 Travel and transportation services 480 Restaurants 265 FOOD SERVICE INDUSTRIES Prostitution 548 ILLEGAL ENTERTAINMENT Laundries 296 GARMENT CARE Interior decorators 353 BUILDING INTERIORS AND ARRANGEMENT Financial services 450 Entertainers 540 Employment agencies 464 LABOR SUPPLY AND EMPLOYMENT Domestic service 357 DOMESTIC SERVICE Business structures 347 BUSINESS STRUCTURES Building trades 330 Beauty specialists 305 BEAUTY SPECIALISTS Landscape architects 351 GROUNDS Agency 676 AGENCY 446 SALES PROMOTION Methods employed by industrial and business enterprises to promote their products (e.g., salesmen, display of products, bargain offers, credit extension); market research; sales campaigns; specialists (e.g., sales managers, salesmen) etc. Exhibits 543 EXHIBITIONS Credit system 452 CREDIT Travel 484 TRAVEL 447 ADVERTISING Uses and degree of elaboration of advertising; media (e.g., handbills, mail advertising, billboards, newspapers and periodicals, radio); special techniques and research; advertising programs; specialized personnel (e.g., counselors, copy writers); advertising agencies; regulation; etc. Fine arts 530 Newspapers and periodicals 204 PRESS Radio and television 207 RADIO AND TELEVISION Public opinion and polling techniques 208 PUBLIC OPINION 450 FINANCE General statements dealing with several aspects of transactions in money and credit rather than in material goods. 451 ACCOUNTING Bookkeeping methods (e.g., double entry); principles and techniques of business accounting; preparation of financial statements (e.g., debits and credits, income and expenditures, profit and loss); methods of dealing with intangible factors (e.g., good will, depreciation); specialists (e.g., accountants, financial counselors); financial records; etc. Government accounts 652 PUBLIC FINANCE Records 210 Mathematics 803 MATHEMATICS 452 CREDIT Extension of credit by producers and middlemen; methods and terms; advances and discounts; bills of exchange; credit ratings and rating services; credit institutions other than banks (e.g., loan associations, finance companies); installment buying; etc. Bankruptcy 426 BORROWING AND LENDING Credit money 436 MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE Cycles of expanding and contracting credit 458 BUSINESS CYCLES 453 BANKING Commercial banks; deposits and accounts; checks and drafts; bank loans and discounts; banking services and fees; clearing houses; specialized personnel; regulation; etc. Pawn shops 426 BORROWING AND LENDING Loan associations 452 CREDIT Embezzlement 685 PROPERTY OFFENSES Trust services 429 ADMINISTRATION Bank notes 436 MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE Savings accounts 454 SAVING AND INVESTMENT Bank buildings 347 BUSINESS STRUCTURES Government banks 652 PUBLIC FINANCE 454 SAVING AND INVESTMENT Saving; hoarding; safekeeping (e.g., safes, safe deposit boxes); savings in relation to income; funds available for investment; available and preferred forms of investment (e.g., in land, buildings, cattle, business and productive enterprises, corporate securities, government obligations); savings accounts, postal savings, and savings banks; underwriting and issuance of corporate securities; investment banking; specialized personnel (e.g., investment brokers); regulation; etc. Food preservation and storage 251 PRESERVATION AND STORAGE OF FOOD Fluctuation in investment capital 458 BUSINESS CYCLES Fraud 685 PROPERTY OFFENSES Government finance 652 PUBLIC FINANCE Income 434 INCOME AND DEMAND Interest, loans, and mortgages 426 BORROWING AND LENDING Joint stock companies 473 CORPORATE ORGANIZATION Accumulation of wealth 556 ACCUMULATION OF WEALTH 455 SPECULATION Speculative transactions (e.g., futures, margins, hedging); speculative trading and specialized personnel; stock and produce exchanges; speculative booms; etc. Ideas about luck and chance 777 LUCK AND CHANCE Gambling 525 GAMBLING 456 INSURANCE Distribution of risks through mutual aid; associations with insurance functions (e.g., lodges, mutual benefit societies); insurance organizations (e.g., private, mutual, governmental); types of insurance (e.g., life, health and casualty, fire, marine, old age); annuities, actuarial practice; insurance contracts; premiums; specialized personnel (e.g., adjustors, agents, salesmen); regulation; etc. Voluntary associations 575 SODALITIES Social insurance 745 SOCIAL INSURANCE Contracts 675 CONTRACTS Mutual aid 476 MUTUAL AID 457 FOREIGN EXCHANGE International trade balances and their payment; role of invisible factors (e.g., tourist trade, immigrant remittances); international credits and loans; foreign exchange brokers and markets; exchange controls (e.g., pegged currencies, special trade restrictions); etc. International relations 648 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Foreign trade 439 FOREIGN TRADE Money 436 MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE Public finance 652 PUBLIC FINANCE Price levels 435 PRICE AND VALUE 458 BUSINESS CYCLES Periods of prosperity and depression; financial panics and recovery; cyclical expansion and contraction of credit; fluctuations in investment capital; inflation and deflation; etc. Cyclical effects on production and supply 433 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY Speculative booms 455 SPECULATION Social trends 178 SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS Seasonal and cyclical unemployment 464 LABOR SUPPLY AND EMPLOYMENT Prevalence of periodic famines 731 DISASTERS Public finance and currency inflation 652 PUBLIC FINANCE 460 LABOR General statements dealing with several aspects of work habits, economic specialization, employment, and labor relations. Information on the organization of labor of specific activities will be found in the pertinent categories. 461 LABOR AND LEISURE Ideas of the value and dignity of labor; notions of pleasant and unpleasant tasks; distribution of labor and leisure time; incentives to labor (e.g., pride in craftsmanship, prestige, material rewards, compulsion); time and motion studies; intensity of effort; palliation of labor (e.g., with drugs, rhythm, music); work tempo (e.g., steady, intermittent); social work groups (e.g., work "bees"); standards of productivity and production norms; laziness and malingering; rest periods; loafing and loitering; etc. Leisure-time activities 517 LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES Social offenses 689 SOCIAL OFFENSES Unemployment 464 LABOR SUPPLY AND EMPLOYMENT Slavery 567 SLAVERY Annual cycle of economic activities 221 ANNUAL CYCLE Holidays 527 REST DAYS AND HOLIDAYS 462 DIVISION OF LABOR BY GENDER Activities customarily performed exclusively or predominantly by males or by females; activities forbidden to or despised by one gender; activities in which both genders participate (e.g., jointly, alternatively); routine tasks a d relative economic contribution of each gender; gender-limited occupations and professions; etc. This category is designed primarily for summary statements about gender specialization; incidental information will frequently appear only under the headings for specific activities. Relations between husband and wife 593 FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS Specialization by age 887 ACTIVITIES OF THE AGED Daily routine 512 DAILY ROUTINE Household division of labor 592 HOUSEHOLD Specialization by age 883 ADOLESCENT ACTIVITIES Specialization by age 561 AGE STRATIFICATION Relative status of the genders 562 GENDER STATUS Specialization by age 857 CHILDHOOD ACTIVITIES 463 OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION Number of partially and fully specialized occupations; major occupational categories (e.g., learned and artistic professions, independent industrial and business entrepreneurs, managerial personnel, independent and tenant farmers, government officials, clerical and white-collar workers, skilled artisans, semi-skilled and unskilled industrial workers, farm laborers, domestic servants, slaves); general information about occupational specialization; vocational guidance; specific information on occupations not classifiable elsewhere; etc. This category is designed for summary statements about occupational specialization; in nearly all instances specific information will be classified elsewhere under a wide range of functional and occupational headings. Status, role, and prestige 554 STATUS, ROLE, AND PRESTIGE Stratification of occupations by class and caste 560 Occupational composition of the population 162 COMPOSITION OF POPULATION Vocational education 874 VOCATIONAL EDUCATION 464 LABOR SUPPLY AND EMPLOYMENT Availability and scarcity of labor force; skilled and unskilled labor; incidence and types of unemployment (e.g., voluntary, intermittent, seasonal, cyclical, residual, technological); employment opportunities; labor mobility and turnover; employment agencies; regulation (e.g., age and gender restrictions); etc. Unemployment relief 746 PUBLIC ASSISTANCE Business cycles 458 BUSINESS CYCLES Unemployment insurance 745 SOCIAL INSURANCE Internal migration 166 INTERNAL MIGRATION Immigration 167 EXTERNAL MIGRATION 465 WAGES AND SALARIES Wage levels (e.g., real and money wages); range and variation by occupational categories; composition (e.g., proportion paid in money, in board and keep, in share of product); fees and percentages; determination of wages (e.g., by custom, negotiation; edict or legislation); payments (e.g., daily, weekly, monthly); regulation (e.g., minimum wage legislation); etc. Standard of living 511 STANDARD OF LIVING Income and purchasing power 434 INCOME AND DEMAND 466 LABOR RELATIONS Respective rights, privileges, and powers of employers and employees, hiring and firing; tenure of employment; instruction and supervision; promotion and retirement; pension plans; working conditions (e.g., hours, hygienic conditions safety provisions, recreational facilities); prevalence and types of forced labor; indentured labor; regulation (e.g., labor legislation); etc. Peonage and serfdom 566 SERFDOM AND PEONAGE Social insurance 745 SOCIAL INSURANCE Domestic servants 357 DOMESTIC SERVICE Military labor battalions 708 AUXILIARY CORPS Business and industrial organization 470 Slavery 567 SLAVERY Vocational training 874 VOCATIONAL EDUCATION Contracts 675 CONTRACTS Bride-service 583 MODE OF MARRIAGE Taxation through labor levies 651 TAXATION AND PUBLIC INCOME Prison and penal labor 697 PRISONS AND JAILS 467 LABOR ORGANIZATION Existence of labor organizations (e.g., craft guilds, labor unions); prevalent types (e.g., craft, industrial, company, and government-sponsored unions); rules of admission; dues; status levels (e.g., apprentices, journeymen); officers (e.g., mode of selection, functions, powers); services to members; general political activities (e.g., affiliation with political parties, political action committees); relations with other labor organizations; with international organizations; government regulation of labor organization; etc. Specific political behavior 660 Mutual benefit societies 456 INSURANCE Mutual aid 476 MUTUAL AID Merchant guilds 441 MERCANTILE BUSINESS Building trades 330 468 COLLECTIVE BARGAINING Negotiations between labor unions and employers; strikes and lockouts; strike-breaking and picketing; boycotts; labor agreements; arbitration; etc. Landlord-tenant negotiations 427 RENTING AND LEASING Contracts 675 CONTRACTS Political movements 668 POLITICAL MOVEMENTS Rioting 579 BRAWLS, RIOTS, AND BANDITRY 470 BUSINESS AND INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION General statements covering several types of business or industrial organizations. Specific types and modes of organization for the production and distribution of economic goods, with the characteristics of each, and with their relationship to the ownership and control of capital. 471 OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF CAPITAL Major forms of productive capital (e.g., land, cattle, industrial plants); extent to which the instruments of production are individually, collectively, internationally and publicly owned; forms and elaboration of governmental control (e.g., nationalized industries); etc. Only generalized data will be indexed here. Property 420 Capital goods industries 390 General statements on different types of economic activity 433 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY Government enterprises and government regulation 650 Accumulation of wealth 556 ACCUMULATION OF WEALTH Political doctrines 668 POLITICAL MOVEMENTS Social classes 565 CLASSES Ideas about economics and political systems 829 ETHNOSOCIOLOGY 472 INDIVIDUAL ENTERPRISE Business and industrial enterprises with owner management; specific characteristics and forms of organization (e.g., individual ownership and management, partnerships, family businesses); opportunities for and justifications of individual enterprise; distribution of profits between owners and employees; etc. Employer-employee relations 466 LABOR RELATIONS Income 434 INCOME AND DEMAND Industrial enterprise 390 Accumulation of wealth 556 ACCUMULATION OF WEALTH Bankruptcy 426 BORROWING AND LENDING Mercantile enterprises 440 Domestic trade 438 DOMESTIC TRADE 473 CORPORATE ORGANIZATION Business and industrial enterprises of a corporate nature (e.g., joint stock companies, holding companies, international stock companies); incorporation; registration; corporate securities (e.g., bonds, preferred and common stocks); managerial structure and functions (e.g., directors, officers, managers, foremen); rights, privileges, and powers of stockholders and management; corporation law; reorganization and receivership; etc. Incorporeal property 424 INCORPOREAL PROPERTY Agency 676 AGENCY Investment in corporate securities 454 SAVING AND INVESTMENT Monopolies and competition 477 COMPETITION Philanthropic foundations 741 PHILANTHROPIC FOUNDATIONS Labor relations 466 LABOR RELATIONS 474 COOPERATIVE ORGANIZATION Producers' and consumers' cooperatives; relationship between ownership, control, and management; organization (e.g., Rochdale plan); services to members; collective farms; etc. Craft guilds 467 LABOR ORGANIZATION Wholesale marketing 442 WHOLESALE MARKETING Cooperative work groups 476 MUTUAL AID 475 STATE ENTERPRISE Business and industrial enterprises under government operation; method of finance; system of direction, supervision, and control; managerial structure and functions; evidence bearing upon cost and efficiency of operation; etc. Governmental control in the absence of public ownership 656 GOVERNMENT REGULATION Municipal public utilities 365 PUBLIC UTILITIES Political doctrines 668 POLITICAL MOVEMENTS Postal system 205 MAIL Public schools 870 Social insurance 745 SOCIAL INSURANCE Specific government enterprises 655 GOVERNMENT ENTERPRISES 476 MUTUAL AID Cooperation in economic activities (e.g., mutual aid); exchange of services; cooperative work groups; material and social rewards of cooperation; interaction and relative elaboration of cooperative and competitive activities; etc. Organization of labor and division of products in food-getting and exploitative activities 220 Cooperative relationships among kin 610 Cooperative relationships among kin 600 Personality 150 Organization of labor and division of products in food-getting and exploitative activities 310 Organization of labor and division of products in food-getting and exploitative activities 230 Mutual benefit societies 456 INSURANCE Interpersonal relations 570 Exchange of services for goods 437 EXCHANGE TRANSACTIONS Cooperative relationships among kin 590 Organization of labor and division of products in food-getting and exploitative activities 240 477 COMPETITION Incidence of competition between economic enterprises of the same and of different organizational types; manifestations of competition (e.g., price-cutting); methods of restricting competition (e.g., price agreements, monopolistic arrangements); characteristics of competitive and monopolistic enterprises; regulation (e.g., "trust-busting"); etc. Government monopolies 655 GOVERNMENT ENTERPRISES Sales promotion 446 SALES PROMOTION Competitive and monopoly prices 435 PRICE AND VALUE Competitive sports 526 ATHLETIC SPORTS Ingroup antagonisms 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS 480 TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION General statements dealing with several aspects of travel and transportation. Major facilities for travel and transportation by land 490 Major facilities for travel and transportation by sea and air 500 481 LOCOMOTION Walking and running; gaits; speed and distances covered; artificial aids (e.g., canes, crutches, stilts, snowshoes, skis, skates); special modes of locomotion (e.g., crawling, jumping, climbing, swimming, diving); etc. Transmission of skills 868 TRANSMISSION OF SKILLS Exercise 526 ATHLETIC SPORTS Therapeutic apparatus 758 MEDICAL CARE Postures 516 POSTURES Ladders 417 APPARATUS Figure skating 535 DANCE Riding 492 ANIMAL TRANSPORT Prosthetic devices 732 DISABILITIES Couriers 203 DISSEMINATION OF NEWS AND INFORMATION 482 BURDEN CARRYING Methods of carrying burdens (e.g., on head, shoulders, back); gear (e.g., head pad, tumpline, carrying pole, pack basket); specialists in burden carrying (e.g., porters, coolies); uses (e.g., on safari); etc. Gathering of firewood 313 LUMBERING Litters 493 VEHICLES Methods of carrying infants 854 INFANT CARE Transport of corpse to place of disposal 764 BURIAL PRACTICES AND FUNERALS Water carrying 312 WATER SUPPLY Animal transport 492 ANIMAL TRANSPORT 483 WEIGHT MOVING Application of human energy in the transportation of heavy weights (e.g., logs, heavy stones, carcasses of large animals); mechanical aids and cooperative techniques employed; use of weight-moving machinery; lifting or raising of heavy objects (e.g., in loading vessels, erection of megaliths); etc. Vehicles 493 VEHICLES Building and construction 330 Knowledge of rollers, pulleys, and inclined planes 401 MECHANICS Logging 313 LUMBERING Weight-moving machines 406 WEIGHT-MOVING MACHINERY 484 TRAVEL Volume, frequency, range, and occasions of travel; trips and expeditions (e.g., tourist travel, exploring expeditions); routine of travel (e.g., marching, caravans, camping); commuting; etc. Immigration 167 EXTERNAL MIGRATION Military expeditions 726 WARFARE Traveling salesmen 446 SALES PROMOTION Seasonal migrations 221 ANNUAL CYCLE Pilgrimages 788 RITUAL Means of travel 500 Internal migration 166 INTERNAL MIGRATION Hunting trips 224 HUNTING AND TRAPPING Guest friendship 572 FRIENDSHIPS Government-supported exploration 654 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Vacation resorts 529 RECREATIONAL FACILITIES Visiting and hospitality 574 VISITING AND HOSPITALITY Means of travel 490 Trading expeditions 437 EXCHANGE TRANSACTIONS Itinerant merchants 443 RETAIL MARKETING 485 TRAVEL SERVICES Accommodations (e.g., hotels, inns, guest houses); information and travelers' aid services; guides; ticket and travel agencies; organizations of and for travelers (e.g., automobile clubs); etc. Highway services 495 AUXILIARY HIGHWAY SERVICES Restaurants 265 FOOD SERVICE INDUSTRIES Foreign exchange 457 FOREIGN EXCHANGE 486 REGULATION OF TRAVEL Restrictions on travel; permits and passports; examinations and inspections; registration; safe-conduct; etc. Diplomatic immunity 648 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Traffic regulations 363 STREETS AND TRAFFIC Traffic regulations 494 HIGHWAY TRANSPORT Immigration regulations 167 EXTERNAL MIGRATION Police 625 POLICE 487 ROUTES Footpaths and trails (e.g., character, distribution); sea and air lanes; trade and caravan routes; marking of routes (e.g., blazes, signposts); route maps and charts; etc. Map making 126 RECORDING AND COLLECTING IN THE FIELD Aids to navigation 502 NAVIGATION Map making 823 ETHNOGEOGRAPHY Maps and place names 100 Railways 496 RAILWAYS Streets 363 STREETS AND TRAFFIC Topography 133 TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY Highways and bridges 491 HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES 488 WAREHOUSING Operation and regulation of warehouses; services (e.g., storage, preservation, stockpiling, care of goods in transit); organization and personnel; charges; etc. Warehouse receipts as money 436 MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE Storage and preservation of food 251 PRESERVATION AND STORAGE OF FOOD Warehouse buildings 347 BUSINESS STRUCTURES 489 TRANSPORTATION Extent of transportation; carrying capacity and volume of traffic by types of transport; transportation systems and their integration; regulation of transportation (e.g., permits, customs inspections); etc. Foreign trade 439 FOREIGN TRADE Articles entering into domestic commerce 438 DOMESTIC TRADE Water and air transport 500 Tariffs and tolls 651 TAXATION AND PUBLIC INCOME Postal service 205 MAIL Military supply and transport services 705 SUPPLY AND COMMISSARIAT Land transport 490 Government ownership and control 655 GOVERNMENT ENTERPRISES Government ownership and control 471 OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF CAPITAL 490 LAND TRANSPORT General statements dealing with several of the specialized means and facilities for land travel and transportation. General information on travel and transportation 480 491 HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES Number, location, and distribution of roads; character (e.g., straight, meandering); surfacing and drainage; adjuncts (e.g., culverts, bridges, causeways, tunnels, fords, ferries); highway maintenance (e.g., responsibility, techniques, special apparatus, personnel); etc. Routes,footpaths, and trails 487 ROUTES Urban streets 363 STREETS AND TRAFFIC Use of roads 494 HIGHWAY TRANSPORT Ferry boats 501 BOATS 492 ANIMAL TRANSPORT Use of pack, draft, and riding animals; gear (e.g., saddle, bridle, stirrup, yoke, harness); loads; methods of guiding and riding; etc. Human burden carrying 482 BURDEN CARRYING Animal husbandry 230 Carrier birds and animals 202 TRANSMISSION OF MESSAGES Cavalry 704 GROUND COMBAT FORCES Horse racing 541 SPECTACLES 493 VEHICLES Burden vehicles (e.g., litter, sedan chair); drag vehicles (e.g., sledge, travois); wheeled vehicles (e.g., cart, wagon, wheelbarrow, bicycle, motorcycle, automobile, tram, railway rolling stock); motive power; structure and capacity; methods of guiding and riding; mode of operation; gear; etc. This category is designed for descriptive data only; uses of vehicles will be found in separate categories. Manufacture of vehicles 398 MANUFACTURE OF VEHICLES Military vehicles 715 MILITARY VEHICLES 494 HIGHWAY TRANSPORT Use of highways for travel and transportation; animal and vehicular traffic; private and public transport systems (e.g., carting, stagecoaches, cab services, trucking, tramways, bus lines); organization; specialized personnel (e.g. drivers; carters, tram and bus conductors); fares and tolls; regulation (e.g., licenses, traffic rules); highway patrols; etc. Incidence of highway accidents 165 MORTALITY Incidence of highway accidents 164 MORBIDITY Urban transportation facilities 36 495 AUXILIARY HIGHWAY SERVICES Post and relay stations; livery stables; garages and repair shops; filling stations; organization and personnel; services; etc. Miscellaneous retail businesses 444 RETAIL BUSINESSES Business structures 347 BUSINESS STRUCTURES Hotels 485 TRAVEL SERVICES Petroleum industry 382 PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES Restaurants 265 FOOD SERVICE INDUSTRIES Bus terminals 498 TERMINAL FACILITIES 496 RAILWAYS Number, location, and distribution of railways; tracks and roadbeds; bridges, trestles, and tunnels; sidings and switches; signaling and control systems; maintenance of roadbeds and rolling stock; etc. Railway construction 499 HIGHWAY AND RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION Tram lines 494 HIGHWAY TRANSPORT Manufacture of railway equipment 397 RAILWAY EQUIPMENT INDUSTRY Description of rolling stock 493 VEHICLES Signaling 202 TRANSMISSION OF MESSAGES Military trains 715 MILITARY VEHICLES 497 RAIL TRANSPORT Freight and passenger services and accommodations; make-up and operation of trains; schedules; fares and freight charges; traffic control; special services (e.g., railway express, refrigerated freight service); organization and specialized personnel; regulation; etc. Postal system 205 MAIL Labor unions 467 LABOR ORGANIZATION Government ownership and control 655 GOVERNMENT ENTERPRISES Government ownership and control 471 OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF CAPITAL Corporate organization 473 CORPORATE ORGANIZATION 498 TERMINAL FACILITIES Bus, tram, railway terminals; passenger services at railway and bus stations; freight yards; terminal repair facilities; freight and fuel storage facilities; etc. Description of terminal structures 349 MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES Warehousing 488 WAREHOUSING Port facilities 504 PORT FACILITIES 499 HIGHWAY AND RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION Surveying of route; grading; construction of culverts, bridges, trestles, and tunnels; laying of ties and rails or of highway surface; organization of labor and production; etc. Surveying 804 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Specialization in construction 330 Corporate financing 454 SAVING AND INVESTMENT Corporate financing 473 CORPORATE ORGANIZATION Labor 460 Weight-moving machinery 406 WEIGHT-MOVING MACHINERY Public finance 652 PUBLIC FINANCE 500 WATER AND AIR TRANSPORT General statements dealing with several aspects of the means and facilities for travel and transportation by water and air. General information on travel and transportation 480 501 BOATS Types of water craft (e.g., rafts, skin and plank boats, bark and dugout canoes, motor boats, sailing vessels, steamships); specialized craft (e.g., ferries, tugs, canal boats, tankers); mode of propulsion (e.g., poling, towing, paddling, rowing, sailing, power propulsion); ragging; machinery; gear (e.g., oars, paddles, rudders, anchors); seating, eating, and sleeping accommodations; etc. This category is designed for descriptive data only. Cordage 283 CORDAGE Shipbuilding 396 SHIPBUILDING Water transport 505 WATER TRANSPORT Boat names 552 NAMES OF ANIMALS AND THINGS Power 370 Naval vessels 716 NAVAL VESSELS 502 NAVIGATION Direction of water craft (e.g., steering, tacking, piloting); watches; laying of courses (e.g., by landmarks, compass); fixing of positions (e.g., by sounding, celestial observations); adjuncts to navigation (e.g., buoys, lighthouses); adaptations to special situations (e.g., docking, running of rapids, portaging, ice-breaking, canal navigation); maritime customs and regulations; shipwrecks; salvage; life-saving and sea rescue services; etc. Sea lanes and charts 487 ROUTES Military use of radar and loran 718 SPECIAL MILITARY EQUIPMENT Optical instruments 416 APPLIANCES Description of lighthouses 349 MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES Boat racing 541 SPECTACLES Boat racing 526 ATHLETIC SPORTS Admiralty courts 698 SPECIAL COURTS Boat racing 542 COMMERCIALIZED SPORTS 503 WATERWAYS IMPROVEMENTS Description and building of canals; dredging of rivers and harbors; construction of piers and breakwaters; etc. Public finance 652 PUBLIC FINANCE Pile drivers 402 INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY Logging 313 LUMBERING Dredges 406 WEIGHT-MOVING MACHINERY Development of water power 376 WATER POWER Water supply 312 WATER SUPPLY 504 PORT FACILITIES Boathouses; piers and docks; facilities for mooring, loading, and unloading; storage facilities; supply services (e.g., ship chandlers, fueling stations); facilities for repair and overhaul; use of natural harbors; etc. Cranes 406 WEIGHT-MOVING MACHINERY Rail terminals 498 TERMINAL FACILITIES Construction 330 Warehousing 488 WAREHOUSING Trucking 494 HIGHWAY TRANSPORT Weight moving 483 WEIGHT MOVING Ship repairs 396 SHIPBUILDING 505 WATER TRANSPORT Number, types, and distribution of shipping services; passenger and freight capacity and traffic; sailing schedules; fares and freight charges; booking arrangements; specialized personnel (e.g., line and engineer officers, crews, longshoremen, traffic agents); organization (e.g., shipping companies); regulation; etc. This category includes all types of water transportation. Marine insurance 456 INSURANCE Labor unions 467 LABOR ORGANIZATION Government subsidies 654 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Corporate organization 473 CORPORATE ORGANIZATION 506 AIRCRAFT Types of air and space craft (e.g., balloons, dirigibles, gliders, airplanes); mode of propulsion; machinery and instruments; landing gear; freight and passenger accommodations; etc. Military aircraft 717 MILITARY AIRCRAFT Kites 524 GAMES Manufacture of aircraft 399 AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY Power 370 Rocket weapons 713 ORDNANCE Air transport 509 AIR TRANSPORT Carrier birds 202 TRANSMISSION OF MESSAGES 507 AVIATION Aeronautic and astronautic science; operation of aircraft (e.g., takeoff, banking, instrument flying, landing); laying of courses; fixing of positions; adjuncts to aerial navigation (e.g., beacons, radio beams, radar tracking stations); regulations governing flying; etc. Air lanes and charts 487 ROUTES Radio 207 RADIO AND TELEVISION Navigation 502 NAVIGATION Aviation personnel 509 AIR TRANSPORT 508 AIRPORT FACILITIES Air fields; loading, unloading, and fueling facilities; facilities for repair and overhaul; freight and passenger facilities at airports and air terminals; etc. Urban airport facilities 368 MISCELLANEOUS FACILITIES Military air fields 712 MILITARY INSTALLATIONS Description of hangars and other structures 349 MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES 509 AIR TRANSPORT Number and distribution of airlines; passenger and freight capacity and traffic; mode of conveyance to and from airports; flight schedules; fares and freight charges; booking arrangements; specialized personnel (e.g., pilots, navigator , radio operations, stewardesses, ground crews, sales force); private and public operation; mail subsidies; government regulation; etc. Military air transport services 705 SUPPLY AND COMMISSARIAT Government aid 654 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Postal system 205 MAIL 510 LIVING STANDARDS AND ROUTINES General statements concerned with several aspects of economic and aesthetic standards, and with some of the routine habits of life. Routine habits concerned with recreation 520 Routine habits concerned with locomotion 481 LOCOMOTION Routine habits concerned with labor 460 Routine habits concerned with language 190 Routine habits concerned with adornment 300 Routine habits concerned with housekeeping 356 HOUSEKEEPING Routine habits concerned with eating 264 EATING Standards of etiquette and ethics 570 Routine habits concerned with sex 830 Routine habits concerned with drinking 270 Routine habits concerned with religion 780 511 STANDARD OF LIVING Ideal standards and actual levels of quantity and quality in regard to shelter, clothing, food, and other consumers' goods; extent to which actual levels fall below the minimal requirements for normal, healthy living; results of statistical studies (e.g., of family budgets); cultural standards of indulgence and luxuries in excess of minimal biological requirements; etc. Nutrition 146 NUTRITION Taxation 651 TAXATION AND PUBLIC INCOME Income and purchasing power 434 INCOME AND DEMAND Diet 262 DIET Education statistics 871 EDUCATION SYSTEM Gradations in wealth 556 ACCUMULATION OF WEALTH Health and welfare 740 Ownership of dwelling 592 HOUSEHOLD Wages and salaries 465 WAGES AND SALARIES Population policy 168 POPULATION POLICY Poverty 735 POVERTY Prevalence of home ownership and tenancy 427 RENTING AND LEASING Leisure-time activities 517 LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES Social classes 565 CLASSES Housing 362 HOUSING 512 DAILY ROUTINE Succession of activities throughout a typical day; time of arising and retiring; hours of work and relaxation; daily chores; longer rhythms (e.g., weekly, monthly); etc. Holidays 527 REST DAYS AND HOLIDAYS Housecleaning 356 HOUSEKEEPING Distribution of labor and leisure 461 LABOR AND LEISURE Annual cycle of economic activities 221 ANNUAL CYCLE Mealtimes 264 EATING 513 SLEEPING Hours of sleeping; postures in sleeping; segregation in sleeping (e.g., by age, by gender); bedding; ideas about sleep and sleepiness; naps and siestas; etc. Beds 352 FURNITURE Sleeping habits of children 857 CHILDHOOD ACTIVITIES Sexual intercourse 833 SEXUAL INTERCOURSE Conceptions of fatigue and dreams 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY Dream interpretation 787 REVELATION AND DIVINATION 514 ELIMINATION Postures in urination and defecation; conception of appropriate times and places for elimination; spitting; disposal of excreta; toilet facilities and fixtures; associated ideas and practices (e.g., modesty, scatological rites); etc. Diseases 164 MORBIDITY Ideas about elimination 827 ETHNOPHYSIOLOGY Public health and sanitation 744 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION Description of outdoor latrines 343 OUTBUILDINGS Exuvial magic 754 SORCERY Toilet training of children 863 CLEANLINESS TRAINING Sewage disposal 364 REFUSE DISPOSAL AND SANITARY FACILITIES Use of cathartics 757 MEDICAL THERAPY Anal humor 522 HUMOR 515 PERSONAL HYGIENE Frequency and methods of bathing and laving; use of washing and bathing facilities; use of soap and other cleansers; use of towels; conception and idealization of cleanliness; miscellaneous hygienic practices (e.g., brushing of teeth, washing of hair, removal of body lice); etc. Hairdressing and cosmetics 302 TOILET Sexual hygiene 833 SEXUAL INTERCOURSE Cleanliness of infants and children 854 INFANT CARE Bathhouses 343 OUTBUILDINGS Bathing apparel 292 SPECIAL GARMENTS Cleanliness training of children 863 CLEANLINESS TRAINING Laundering and cleaning 296 GARMENT CARE Ritual uncleanness and purification 783 PURIFICATION AND ATONEMENT Cleanliness of infants and children 855 CHILD CARE Sexual modesty 834 GENERAL SEX RESTRICTIONS Soap manufacture 388 SOAP AND ALLIED PRODUCTS Menstrual hygiene 841 MENSTRUATION Bathing resorts 529 RECREATIONAL FACILITIES 516 POSTURES Bodily positions assumed in standing (e.g., with feet apart, on one leg, leaning against a support, slumping); relaxed postures (e.g., sitting, squatting, kneeling); recumbent postures (e.g., reclining on elbow); occasions for assuming particular postures; ideas about correct postures; motor habits not elsewhere described; etc. Motor habits in the use of artifacts 410 Dance postures 535 DANCE Dramatic postures 536 DRAMA Positions in sleeping 513 SLEEPING Furniture 352 FURNITURE Gaits 481 LOCOMOTION Genuflection 782 PRAYERS AND SACRIFICES Nervous habits 157 PERSONALITY TRAITS Positions in elimination 514 ELIMINATION Positions in sexual intercourse 833 SEXUAL INTERCOURSE Etiquette 576 ETIQUETTE Gestures 201 GESTURES AND SIGNS Military drill 702 RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING 517 LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES Standards of amusement, recreation, and artistic appreciation; distribution of leisure time between active and passive, between social and individualistic, and between culturally preferred and less preferred pursuits; aesthetic ideals and principles; canons of taste; levels of appreciation and "culture"; etc. Social classes 565 CLASSES Distribution of labor and leisure 461 LABOR AND LEISURE Education 870 Artistic expression 530 Visiting 574 VISITING AND HOSPITALITY Religious activities 796 ORGANIZED CEREMONIAL Religious activities 780 Recreation 520 Entertainment 540 520 RECREATION General statements dealing with several different forms of recreation involving active participation. Recreation involving primarily spectatorship 540 521 CONVERSATION Loquacity and reserve; boasting and shyness; conversational patterns (e.g., idle chatter, rambling discourse, discussion, argument); occasions and places; participants; typical subjects (e.g., weather, news, gossip, politics); privilege and unprivileged communications; etc. Oratory 537 ORATORY Idling and loitering 461 LABOR AND LEISURE Drinking establishments 275 DRINKING ESTABLISHMENTS Interpersonal relations 570 Lying 577 ETHICS Story telling 5310 VERBAL ARTS Sociolinguistics 195 SOCIOLINGUISTICS Verbal news dissemination and rumor 203 DISSEMINATION OF NEWS AND INFORMATION Gossip and intentional silence as a means of social control 626 SOCIAL CONTROL Debates 544 PUBLIC LECTURES Story telling 538 LITERATURE 522 HUMOR Conception of humor; sources of amusement (e.g., mishaps); types of humor (e.g., wit, puns, practical jokes); expressions of amusement (e.g., smiling, laughter); droll stories; coarse humor (e.g., anal, pornographic); humorists (e.g., wits, jesters, comedians); special elaborations of humor (e.g., comic strips); etc. Ridicule as a means of social control 626 SOCIAL CONTROL Obscenity and pornography 831 SEXUALITY Clowns 536 DRAMA Patterned expressions of emotion 201 GESTURES AND SIGNS Humor in the fine arts 530 Joking relationships between kinsmen 602 KIN RELATIONSHIPS Ideas about laughing and smiling 827 ETHNOPHYSIOLOGY Humor in entertainment 540 523 HOBBIES Individual pastimes (e.g., reading); elaboration of economic and technological pursuits into hobbies (e.g., animal breeding, bookbinding, cookery, embroidery, woodworking); construction of models; collectors' hobbies (e.g., philately, coins, antiques, first editions, heirlooms); etc. Gardening 247 FLORICULTURE Club activities 575 SODALITIES Special dealers 549 ART AND RECREATIONAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES Personality traits 157 PERSONALITY TRAITS Museum and library collections 217 ARCHIVES Hunting and fishing 220 Heirlooms as property 420 Commercial breeding of animals 232 APPLIED ANIMAL SCIENCE Artistic hobbies 530 524 GAMES Playthings (e.g., dolls, blocks, mechanical toys); games of dexterity (e.g., string figures, tops, juggling, kite flying, billiards); problem games (e.g., riddles, charades, puzzles); games of calculation (e.g., chess, checkers, card games); special children's games; occasions for playing games; participants and spectators; special equipment; rules; organizers and sponsors of games (e.g., cliques, clubs, churches, communities, business organizations); etc. Childhood activities 857 CHILDHOOD ACTIVITIES 525 GAMBLING Laying of wagers on games, athletic contests, and spectacles; betting; lotteries; special gambling devices (e.g., roulette wheels); calculation of odds (e.g., bookmakers, pari-mutuel machines); informal gambling; gaming houses and their operation; gambling as a method of finance (e.g., government lotteries, church bingo games, hospital sweepstakes, club slot machines); specialists (e.g., gamblers, croupiers); prevalence of and attitudes toward gambling; restrictions and regulations; etc. Debts 426 BORROWING AND LENDING Illicit gambling establishments 548 ILLEGAL ENTERTAINMENT Speculation 455 SPECULATION Conception and manipulation of luck and chance 777 LUCK AND CHANCE Horse racing 541 SPECTACLES 526 ATHLETIC SPORTS Forms of exercise (e.g., hiking, swimming, skating, skiing, riding, mountain climbing, calisthenics, gymnastics); sports of pursuit (e.g., hide-and-seek, paper chases); individual contests (e.g., foot races, jumping, weight lifting, boxing, wrestling, archery, hoop and dart game, javelin throwing, trap shooting, bowling, tennis, golf); team contests (e.g., tug-of-war, boat races, lacrosse, hockey, football, baseball, basketball, polo); occasions; participants and spectators; special equipment; rules; associated ideas (e.g., sportsmanship, amateur status, value of physical fitness); organizers and sponsors of sports (e.g., clubs, schools, business organizations, promoters); etc. Fishing and hunting 220 Recreational structures 345 RECREATIONAL STRUCTURES Athletic clubs 529 RECREATIONAL FACILITIES Manufacture and distribution of sporting goods 549 ART AND RECREATIONAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES Racing and fighting with animals 541 SPECTACLES Military training 702 RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING Locomotion 481 LOCOMOTION Commercialized sports 542 COMMERCIALIZED SPORTS 527 REST DAYS AND HOLIDAYS Days reserved for rest from labor; conceptualization (e.g., as harvest celebrations, as patriotic or commemorative occasions, as reserved by religious taboos): secular festivals (e.g., harvest, housewarming, patriotic); birthdays and anniversaries; holiday activities (e.g., feasting, drinking, visiting, games, pageants); etc. For ceremonies associated with specific economic activities see the term(s) for those activities. Pageants 541 SPECTACLES Leisure time activities 517 LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES Feasting 574 VISITING AND HOSPITALITY Potlatches 431 GIFT GIVING Religious festivals 796 ORGANIZED CEREMONIAL Taboos 784 AVOIDANCE AND TABOO Victory celebrations 727 AFTERMATH OF COMBAT Distribution of labor and leisure 461 LABOR AND LEISURE Birthdays and age stratification 561 AGE STRATIFICATION 528 VACATIONS Extended leave from labor; incidence, duration, and cultural justifications; vacation activities (e.g., rest, recreation, travel, visiting, frequenting of resorts); etc. Military leave 701 MILITARY ORGANIZATION Invalidism 734 INVALIDISM Travel 484 TRAVEL Visiting 574 VISITING AND HOSPITALITY Honeymoons 585 NUPTIALS Pilgrimages 788 RITUAL 529 RECREATIONAL FACILITIES Vacation resorts (e.g., spas, mountain retreats, winter sports facilities, beach resorts, state and national parks); bridge, chess, riding, and rifle clubs and their facilities; athletic and country clubs; amusement parks; enterprises catering to games and sports (e.g., pool rooms, bowling alleys, shooting galleries, gymnasiums, skating rinks); special equipment, organization, operation and specialized personnel; etc. Recreational structures 345 RECREATIONAL STRUCTURES Social clubs 575 SODALITIES Hotels and tourist services 485 TRAVEL SERVICES Manufacture and distribution of recreational equipment 549 ART AND RECREATIONAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES Facilities catering to entertainment 540 Urban parks and recreational facilities 360 530 ARTS General statements about the creation and interpretation of various objects and products generally considered to be art forms. This category was called "Fine Arts" until 1997. Popular aesthetic ideals and canons of taste 517 LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES Art forms associated with ceremonials 796 ORGANIZED CEREMONIAL Art as a commercial venture and source of entertainment 540 531 DECORATIVE ART Types of artifacts decorated and not decorated; decorative techniques (e.g., carving, engraving, painting, inlay, embroidery); use of color and relief; designs and patterns (e.g., naturalistic, geometric); decorative symbols and their meanings; elaborated styles); associated beliefs and practices; specialists; etc. This term was used until 1997. To search for information on this subject in materials indexed after 1996, use "Visual Arts" (5311). Ornament 301 ORNAMENT Interior decoration 353 BUILDING INTERIORS AND ARRANGEMENT Architecture 341 ARCHITECTURE Chirography 212 WRITING Clothing 290 Face and body decoration 302 TOILET Tattooing 304 BODY ALTERATIONS Tools, utensils, and appliances 410 Manufacture of paints and dyes 386 PAINT AND DYE MANUFACTURE Textiles 280 Esthetics 517 LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES 532 REPRESENTATIVE ART Techniques in painting and sculpture (e.g., drawing or painting on flat surfaces, incising in relief, modeling of carving in the round); materials and implements used; subjects (e.g., still life, landscapes, human beings, abstractions); use of color; composition; appreciation of form and perspective; styles (e.g., naturalistic, idealistic, symbolic abstract); special products (e.g., etchings, bas-reliefs, masks); specialized fields (e.g., portraiture, commercial art, religious sculpture); artists and sculptors; etc. This term was used until 1997 when it was replaced with the term "Visual Arts". See the latter term for information on this subject in data indexed from 1997 on. Photography 215 PHOTOGRAPHY Art galleries 217 ARCHIVES Commemorative statues 211 MNEMONIC DEVICES Ideas about form and color 822 ETHNOPHYSICS Idols and images 778 SACRED OBJECTS AND PLACES Lapidary art 306 JEWELRY MANUFACTURE Paints and pigments 386 PAINT AND DYE MANUFACTURE Advertising 447 ADVERTISING Art supplies industry 549 ART AND RECREATIONAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES 533 MUSIC Musical form and structure (e.g., scale , pitch, tone, tempo, rhythm); melody; harmony; vocal music (e.g., singing, humming, chanting; instrumental music (e.g., accompaniment, solo playing, orchestras); occasions for music; song styles (e.g., work songs, drinking songs, dance songs, war songs, love songs, lullabies, sacred music, dirges and laments); musical training and appreciation; composition of music; techniques of playing and performance; specialization (e.g., composers, minstrels, musicologists, musicians); organization (e.g., choirs, bands, orchestras); etc. Added "techniques of playing and performance" in 2000. Musical texts 539 LITERARY TEXTS Palliation of labor with music 461 LABOR AND LEISURE Musical performances on the stage 545 MUSICAL AND THEATRICAL PRODUCTIONS Property in songs 424 INCORPOREAL PROPERTY 534 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS Idiophones (e.g., clappers, gongs, rattles); membranophones (e.g., drums); cordophones (e.g., zithers, lutes, harps); aerophones (e.g., flutes, pipes, trumpets); special instruments (e.g., bullroarers); complex mechanical instruments (e.g., piano, organ); care and repair of musical instruments; etc. Drum signaling 202 TRANSMISSION OF MESSAGES Musical supplies industry 549 ART AND RECREATIONAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES Radio 207 RADIO AND TELEVISION Sound recordings 216 SOUND RECORDS 535 DANCE Dance is the art of rhythmic and patterned movements of the body, usually accompanied by music. This category includes information on dance styles (e.g., imitative, pantomimic, symbolic, stylized); technique (e.g., movements of the head, trunk, and limbs); gestures, postures, and their symbolism; solo, pair, and group dancing; choreographic patterns; extemporization and formalization; rhythm; musical accompaniment; occasions for dancing and associated dance forms (e.g., war dances, shamanistic dances, ballroom dancing, tap dancing); participants and spectators; dancing places (e.g., dance halls); dance costumes and paraphernalia; emotional expression in dancing; training in dancing; specialized dancers and dance leaders; choreographic arts allied to dancing (e.g., figure skating); etc. Gestures 201 GESTURES AND SIGNS Night clubs 547 NIGHT CLUBS AND CABARETS Skating 526 ATHLETIC SPORTS Dance performances on the stage 545 MUSICAL AND THEATRICAL PRODUCTIONS Postures 516 POSTURES 536 DRAMA Compositions for dramatic representation; types (e.g., tragedy, comedy, farce); themes (e.g., from myth, history, everyday life); treatment (e.g., realistic, stylized); conventional limitations on dramatic composition; characters and parts; impersonation; acting techniques (e.g., gestures, postures, emotional expression); costumes and paraphernalia; make-up; staging (e.g., scenery, lighting, props, musical accompaniment); acts, scenes, choruses, and interludes; specialists (e.g., playwrights, actors, stagehands, directors); relation of drama to dancing, mythology, magic, and ritual; special types of plays (e.g., puppet shows, shadow plays, musical comedies); special roles (e.g., clowns); etc. Radio and television 207 RADIO AND TELEVISION Postures 516 POSTURES Cosmetics 302 TOILET Theater buildings 345 RECREATIONAL STRUCTURES Motion pictures 546 MOTION PICTURE INDUSTRY Masks 532 REPRESENTATIVE ART Humor 522 HUMOR Gestures 201 GESTURES AND SIGNS Religious ceremonial 796 ORGANIZED CEREMONIAL Pageants and circuses 541 SPECTACLES Stage productions 545 MUSICAL AND THEATRICAL PRODUCTIONS 537 ORATORY Oratory is the art of speaking in public eloquently or effectively. This category included information on rhetorical style; patterned forms of oratory (e.g., narration, debating, exhortation); techniques of declamation (e.g., exaggeration, repetition, figures of speech); gestures and postures in orating; training in public speaking; occasions for oratory; etc. Lectures and debates 544 PUBLIC LECTURES Arguments in court 695 TRIAL PROCEDURE Boasting 521 CONVERSATION Gestures 201 GESTURES AND SIGNS Preaching 793 PRIESTHOOD Pronouncing of spells 789 MAGIC Sociolinguistics 195 SOCIOLINGUISTICS Postures 516 POSTURES Parliamentary debates 646 PARLIAMENT Electioneering 666 ELECTIONS 538 LITERATURE Literary styles; poetry (e.g., epic, lyric); verse forms (e.g., couplets, stanzas); poetic techniques (e.g., meter, rhyme, alliteration); prose forms (e.g., tales, sagas, proverbs, fiction, short stories, essays); narrative plot and structure; literary subjects and themes; characters (e.g., animals, men, gods); treatment (e.g., realism, fantasy, allegory, satire); composition; literary conventions; recitation and narration (e.g., occasions, audiences); specialists (e.g., poets, prose authors, story tellers, ghost writers); etc. This category is reserved for generalized descriptions of literature. This term was used until 1997 when it was replaced with the term "Verbal Arts" (5310). See "Verbal Arts" (5310) for information on the subjects listed here in material that was indexed after 1996. Sacred literature 779 THEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS Aesthetic ideals and canons of taste 517 LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES Lectures 544 PUBLIC LECTURES News stories and magazine articles 204 PRESS Books and their publication 214 PUBLISHING Literary texts, and analyses and commentaries related to specific literary works see categories 900 Literary texts, and analyses and commentaries related to specific literary works see categories "Literary Texts" (539) and "Texts" (900). 539 LITERARY TEXTS Stylists 195 SOCIOLINGUISTICS Riddles 524 GAMES Wit and humor 522 HUMOR Humanistic studies 814 HUMANISTIC STUDIES 539 LITERARY TEXTS Texts, translations, and abstracts of folktales, myths, songs, and other individual literary products; critical analyses and commentaries thereupon; etc. This term was used until 1997 when it was replaced with the categories listed under "Texts" (900). For information on texts indexed after 1997 use "Texts" (900) and its subcategories. 5310 VERBAL ARTS Information on those arts (other than oratory and drama) that use primarily verbal means, either spoken or written, as a mode of artistic expression. This category includes information on genres in verbal arts (e.g., autobiography, fiction, folklore, folktales, novels, poetry, prose forms, verse forms); specialists in verbal arts; narrations and recitations; data on characters, composition, plots, structure, styles, and themes. This category was introduced in 1997. To find information on this subject in material indexed before 1997, search for OCM categories "Literature" (538) and "Literary Texts" (539). For texts of verbal arts, use the category "Texts" (900) and its subcategories. Riddles 524 GAMES Books and their publication 214 PUBLISHING Humanistic studies 814 HUMANISTIC STUDIES Lectures 544 PUBLIC LECTURES Sacred literature 779 THEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS Mythology 773 MYTHOLOGY Sociolinguistics 195 SOCIOLINGUISTICS Texts 900 Wit and humor 522 HUMOR News stories and magazine articles 204 PRESS Aesthetics 517 LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES Literary texts 539 LITERARY TEXTS 5311 VISUAL ARTS Information on those arts that produce material objects whose expressive dimension is primarily visual in nature. This category includes information on genres in visual arts (e.g., beadwork, drawing, painting, dyes and their use, printmaking, quillwork, sculpture, carving); specialists in visual arts; design and pattern; styles; and symbolism. This category was introduced in 1997. To find information on this subject in material indexed before 1997 search for OCM categories "Decorative Art" (531) and "Representative Art" (532). Clothing 290 Idols and images 778 SACRED OBJECTS AND PLACES Interior decoration 353 BUILDING INTERIORS AND ARRANGEMENT Lapidary art 306 JEWELRY MANUFACTURE Art galleries 217 ARCHIVES Manufacture of paints and dyes 386 PAINT AND DYE MANUFACTURE Ornament 301 ORNAMENT Photography 215 PHOTOGRAPHY Textiles 280 Ideas about form and color 822 ETHNOPHYSICS Commemorative statues 211 MNEMONIC DEVICES Art supplies industry 549 ART AND RECREATIONAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES Chirography 212 WRITING Architecture 341 ARCHITECTURE Advertising 447 ADVERTISING Aesthetics 517 LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES Tools, utensils, and appliances 410 Tattooing 304 BODY ALTERATIONS Face and body decoration 302 TOILET 540 COMMERCIALIZED ENTERTAINMENT General statements dealing primarily with the enjoyment of recreational and artistic activities on the part of spectators rather than participants, and especially with the more commercialized aspects of such activities. The title of this category was changed from "ENTERTAINMENT" to "COMMERCIALIZED ENTERTAINMENT" in 2000. 541 SPECTACLES Patriotic celebrations; parades; fireworks displays; military reviews; secular pageants; carnivals, circuses, and rodeos; animal racing and fighting (e.g., horse and dog races, bull baiting, cock fighting); gladiatorial combats; public executions; organization of spectacles; financing (e.g., by profits, voluntary contributions, subsidies); admissions (e.g., gratis, by ticket); specialists (e.g., organizers, performers); etc. Attendant gambling 525 GAMBLING Animal transport 492 ANIMAL TRANSPORT Breeding of racehorse 232 APPLIED ANIMAL SCIENCE Clowns 522 HUMOR Religious spectacles 796 ORGANIZED CEREMONIAL Clowns 536 DRAMA 542 COMMERCIALIZED SPORTS Commercially organized athletic events (e.g., boxing and wrestling matches, ball games, racing events); sponsors (e.g., political units, educational institutions, business entrepreneurs); special facilities (e.g., stadiums, ball fields); promotional activities; seating arrangements and distributions of tickets; specialists (e.g., professional and amateur athletes, coaches, promoters); offering of rewards (e.g., prizes, cups); championships and records; international contests (e.g., modern Olympic games, test matches); behavior of spectators; etc. Recreational structures 345 RECREATIONAL STRUCTURES Amateur sport 526 ATHLETIC SPORTS Sales promotion 446 SALES PROMOTION 543 EXHIBITIONS International expositions; local and regional fairs; animals-judging contests (e.g., horse and dog shows); handicraft displays; automobile and flower shoes; art exhibitions; special exhibits (e.g., by libraries and museums); offering of prizes and awards; organization of exhibitions; mode of finance (e.g., by sale of tickets, sale of articles on display, voluntary contributions); specialized organizers and dealers; etc. Markets 443 RETAIL MARKETING Sales promotion 446 SALES PROMOTION Libraries, art galleries, and museums 217 ARCHIVES Advertising 447 ADVERTISING Auctioning 437 EXCHANGE TRANSACTIONS Zoological and botanical gardens 367 PARKS 544 PUBLIC LECTURES Lectures on literary and artistic subjects; illustrated travelogues; public debates; addresses on current events; forums on public issues; lectures on scientific and scholarly subjects; speeches at banquets; public appearances of a non-theatrical nature by artists and musicians; lecture tours and circuits; organization and promotion of lectures; finance (e.g., from endowed funds, by sale of tickets); etc. Oratory 537 ORATORY Political campaigns 666 ELECTIONS Education 870 545 MUSICAL AND THEATRICAL PRODUCTIONS Public concerts; operatic productions; performances by dance troupes (e.g., ballets); burlesque and vaudeville; production of musical comedies and plays; stock companies, amateur musicals and theatricals; metropolitan show business (e.g., selection of a play, backers, producers, casting, try-outs, staging, rehearsals, promotion, advance sales, first nights, reviews, runs, motion picture rights, royalties, returns on investment, road companies); promotion of other musical and dramatic productions; etc. Fine arts 530 Theatrical supplies industry 549 ART AND RECREATIONAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES 546 MOTION PICTURE INDUSTRY Production, distribution, and exhibition of motion pictures; script writing; casting; locations and sets; filming; special equipment and techniques (e.g., Technicolor, sound); products (e.g., film plays, animated cartoons, educational and documentary films); system of distribution (e.g., chains, block booking, runs); motion picture theaters and their operation; specialists (e.g., producers, script writers, actors, cameramen, distributors, operators); economic organization of t he industry; regulation; etc. Sound recording 216 SOUND RECORDS Photography 215 PHOTOGRAPHY Cameras 416 APPLIANCES Fine arts 530 Visual aids in education 876 EDUCATIONAL THEORY AND METHODS 547 NIGHT CLUBS AND CABARETS Enterprises providing food, liquor, music, and dancing in various combinations (e.g., supper clubs, jukebox cafes, cabarets, road houses); types of entertainment offered; patronage; organization and specialization; regulation etc. Bars and saloons 275 DRINKING ESTABLISHMENTS Dancing 535 DANCE Music 533 MUSIC Restaurants 265 FOOD SERVICE INDUSTRIES 548 ILLEGAL ENTERTAINMENT Houses of prostitution; recruiting of prostitutes; business methods; auxiliary specialists (e.g., procurers, madams, pimps); organized homosexuality; illicit narcotics trade (e.g., drug peddlers, opium dens; crack houses); underworld gambling establishments; illicit liquor business (e.g., rumrunning, bootlegging, speakeasies); organization of underworld activities; political protection and graft; racketeering; etc. The name of this category was changed from "ORGANIZED VICE" to "ILLEGAL ENTERTAINMENT" in 2000 and the description was revised. Political corruption 660 Crime 674 CRIME Religious prostitution 786 ECSTATIC RELIGIOUS PRACTICES Use of narcotics and liquor 270 Organized crime 677 ORGANIZED CRIME Homosexuality 838 HOMOSEXUALITY Gambling 525 GAMBLING Prostitution where not controlled by an organization 839 MISCELLANEOUS SEX BEHAVIOR Public health 744 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION 549 ART AND RECREATIONAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRIES Distribution of equipment and accessories used in recreation, entertainment, and the fine arts (e.g., sporting goods, stamps and philatelic equipment, books, art supplies, musical instruments, theatrical and motion picture equipment); manufacture of special equipment and supplies (e.g., toys, sporting goods, musical instruments, art and theatrical supplies); business methods and specialization etc. Publishing 214 PUBLISHING Manufacture of paints and pigments 386 PAINT AND DYE MANUFACTURE Fine arts 530 Marketing 440 Business and industrial organization 470 Recreation 520 Manufacture of photographic equipment and supplies 395 MANUFACTURE OF OPTICAL AND PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT 550 INDIVIDUATION AND MOBILITY General statements covering several aspects of individuation and mobility; status, names, and naming. The term "status" is here used to connote the position occupied by an individual in any repetitive social relationship. The behavior exhibited by the occupant of a status is his "role,", i.e., his enactment of his part in the relationship. Societies tend to rank certain statuses as higher and lower, and within a status to rank the roles of different individuals in terms o f how adequately they measure up to the cultural expectations for that status. The "prestige" of any individual reflects both the level of the various statuses that he occupies and the social estimate of his roles in each. Some statuses are ascribed and not achievable, being gained either automatically or not at all. An individual can enhance his prestige through his own effort only by improving the performance of his roles or by moving into achievable statuses of higher social standing. By "mobility" is meant the means by which these objectives are accomplished. 551 PERSONAL NAMES Proper names of individuals (e.g., given names and/or surnames, patronyms, number and variety, meanings, circumstances of use); gender and status differences; special name usages (e.g., nicknames, aliases, teknonymy); name taboos and avoidances; etc. Naming 553 NAMING titles 554 STATUS, ROLE, AND PRESTIGE Names as souls 774 ANIMISM Dynastic lists 173 TRADITIONAL HISTORY Incorporeal property 424 INCORPOREAL PROPERTY Kinship terms 601 KINSHIP TERMINOLOGY 552 NAMES OF ANIMALS AND THINGS Proper names of individual animals, houses, boats, and other objects; meanings; bestowal and use; etc. Names of kin groups 610 Vocabulary 192 VOCABULARY Property in names 424 INCORPOREAL PROPERTY Place names 103 PLACE NAMES Names of supernatural beings 776 SPIRITS AND GODS 553 NAMING Bestowal of names in infancy; name givers and namesakes; naming ceremonies; exchange of names; reciprocal relationships created by naming or name exchange; assumption of new names (e.g., occasions, ceremonial); posthumous assumption of names; reasons for name changing; bestowal and assumption of honorific names and titles; etc. Ceremonies during infancy 852 CEREMONIAL DURING INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD Godparents and godchildren 608 ARTIFICIAL KIN RELATIONSHIPS Personal names 551 PERSONAL NAMES titles 554 STATUS, ROLE, AND PRESTIGE 554 STATUS, ROLE, AND PRESTIGE Relative prevalence of ascribed and achievable statuses; statuses adapted to particular personality types; general comments on the social ranking of statuses and roles; types of roles and achievable statuses which bring the largest rewards in prestige; individuals typifying the foregoing (e.g., celebrities, national heroes); symbolic tokens of the achievement of prestige (e.g., medals, titles, insignia, praise songs, special privileges, coats of arms); general statements on the various avenues of mobility (e.g., technological skill, wealth, shrewdness, valor, piety, wisdom); etc. Ethical ideals 577 ETHICS Ethos 181 ETHOS Military virtues and prestige 703 DISCIPLINE AND MORALE Occupational specialization 463 OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION Relation between individual roles and culturally defined statuses 156 SOCIAL PERSONALITY Social stratification 560 555 TALENT MOBILITY Extent to which prestige can be gained by mastering or excelling in some complex or difficult cultural activity (e.g., religious ritual, fine arts, scholarship, war, technology, business); talents and skills most highly rewarded in prestige (e.g., directly rather than indirectly through the material remuneration they may bring); frequency with which such channels of mobility are chosen; desirable statuses achievable thereby; symbolic tokens of success; specific techniques (e.g., counting group, writing a bestseller, making a scientific discovery, winning an Olympic race); etc. Occupational specialization 463 OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION Preferment of war veterans 729 WAR VETERANS Education 870 556 ACCUMULATION OF WEALTH Extent to which prestige can be gained through amassing wealth; means used to accumulate wealth or degree of skill involved; principal objects of wealth (e.g., money, cattle, slaves, land); relative importance of sheer accumulation, of display, of generosity in distribution; prominence of wealth accumulation as a mobility mechanism; desirable statuses achievable thereby; symbolic tokens of success; specific techniques (e.g., conspicuous consumption, potlatching, endowing a college, buying a title); etc. Hospitality 574 VISITING AND HOSPITALITY Wealth in relation to social classes 565 CLASSES Individual enterprise 472 INDIVIDUAL ENTERPRISE Property 420 Saving and investment 454 SAVING AND INVESTMENT Potlatches 431 GIFT GIVING 557 MANIPULATIVE MOBILITY Extent to which desirable statuses and the prestige they bring can be achieved by opportunistic manipulation of social relationships (e.g., cultivation of persons in authority, political machinations, exploitation of friends an relatives, backslapping, marriages of convenience); prominence and relative effectiveness of manipulative techniques as compared with acquisition of skills and wealth; desirable statuses achievable thereby (e.g., political preferment); etc. Interpersonal relations 570 Political behavior 660 Traits of leadership 157 PERSONALITY TRAITS 558 DOWNWARD MOBILITY Possibility and incidence of serious loss of prestige; extent to which such loss involves actual descent to less desirable statuses or merely a less favorable estimate of role enactment in the same statuses; major factors in downward mobility (e.g., loss of wealth, mesalliance, cowardice, impiety, crime); special examples (e.g., losing face, losing caste); etc. Social control 626 SOCIAL CONTROL Crime and sin 673 WRONGS Crime and sin 674 CRIME Poverty 735 POVERTY Breaches of etiquette and ethics 570 560 SOCIAL STRATIFICATION General statements covering several aspects of the major differentiations in social status that are commonly hierarchically graded or stratified; origins of stratification. Occupational differentiation 463 OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION Differentiation in political statuses at the community level 620 Differentiation in political statuses at higher levels in the territorial hierarchy 630 Differentiaion in political statuses at the state level 640 561 AGE STRATIFICATION Recognized age levels and their differentiation (e.g., age terms); generalized information on rites of passage from level to level; organized age-grades (e.g., composition, admission, advancement, symbols of membership, activities ; relations between age levels and age groups; division of labor by age; etc. Status and activities of adolescents, adults and the aged 880 Status and activities of children 850 Sodalities 575 SODALITIES 562 GENDER STATUS Rights, privileges, powers, duties, and disabilities of each gender (e.g., legal, domestic, economic, political, ceremonial); special exceptions for each gender; general statements bearing upon the status inferiority or superiority of women; special elaborations (e.g., chivalry, notions of the uncleanness of women); explanations of gender differences; competition between genders; stereotyped attitudes of each gender towards the other (e.g., disdain, idealization); etc. Until 1997 this category was used for most discussions about gender roles and issues. Starting in 1997 this category was restricted for discussions that explicitly and exclusively are about relative status of the genders. Franchise 641 CITIZENSHIP Cloistering of women 837 EXTRAMARITAL SEX RELATIONS Division of labor by gender 462 DIVISION OF LABOR BY GENDER Marriage 580 Menstrual isolation 841 MENSTRUATION Status and activities of children 850 Transvestism 838 HOMOSEXUALITY Gender roles and issues 890 GENDER ROLES AND ISSUES 563 ETHNIC STRATIFICATION Immigrant subgroups; racial linguistic, religious and national minorities; cultural differences between and characteristics of ethnic and minority groups; social and political status of ethnic subgroups; race prejudice and discrimination; assimilation and irredentism; extent of intermarriage; race crossing and amalgamation; racial hybrids and their status; etc. Reservations 657 PUBLIC WELFARE Ingroup antagonisms 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS Acculturation 177 ACCULTURATION AND CULTURE CONTACT Ethnic composition of the population 162 COMPOSITION OF POPULATION Immigration 167 EXTERNAL MIGRATION Naturalization 641 CITIZENSHIP Race theories 829 ETHNOSOCIOLOGY Racial affinities 144 RACIAL IDENTIFICATION Religious persecutions 798 RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE Ethnocentrism 186 CULTURAL IDENTITY AND PRIDE Degree of subcultural differentiation 184 CULTURAL PARTICIPATION 564 CASTES Presence of absence of stratified groups between which mobility is theoretically impossible; number, distribution, and ranking of castes and subcastes; basis of differentiation (e.g., race, occupation, religion); insignia and stigmata of caste ; prerogatives and disabilities; organization and activities; relations between castes; special marriage regulations (e.g., endogamy, hypergamy); extent of intermarriage; special outcaste groups; etc. Subcaste as a kin group 610 Sects 795 RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS Individual mobility as between castes 554 STATUS, ROLE, AND PRESTIGE Occupational specialization 463 OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION 565 CLASSES Presence or absence of stratified groups between which mobility is to at least some extent possible; number and ranking of social classes; composition and distribution; basis of differentiation (e.g., wealth, occupation, ascribed status, conquest); class consciousness; degree of class organization; integration of cliques with classes; class prerogatives and disabilities; insignia and stigmata of classes; relations between classes; extent of intermarriage; status and affiliation of children of interclass marriages; special social classes (e.g., royalty, nobles, peasants and commoners, bourgeois and proletariat); etc. Revolutionary movements 669 REVOLUTION Mobility 550 Occupational specialization 463 OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION Cliques 573 CLIQUES Standards of living 511 STANDARD OF LIVING Political statuses 660 Political statuses 640 Political statuses 630 Political statuses 620 Poverty 735 POVERTY 566 SERFDOM AND PEONAGE Presence or absence of a semi-servile class bound to the land; prerogatives, disabilities, and stigmata of serfs in a feudal society; characteristics of peonage in non-feudal societies; etc. Forced labor 466 LABOR RELATIONS Tenancy 427 RENTING AND LEASING Land tenure 423 REAL PROPERTY 567 SLAVERY Presence or absence of a servile class of chattel slaves; number of slaves and proportion in the population; activities of slaves; methods of control; treatment; stigmata; rights and privileges of slaves (e.g., to hold property, to marry, to contracts debts); rights, privileges, and powers of masters (e.g., to kill, to sell, to hire out); enslavement (e.g., of war captives, for debt, for crime); slave trade; permanency of servile status (e.g., hereditary, for life); redemption (e.g., manumission, adoption, purchase of freedom, escape, asylum); intermarriage between slaves and freemen; status of children of mixed marriages; emancipation; origins of slavery; etc. Prisoners of war 727 AFTERMATH OF COMBAT Enslavement of criminals 681 SANCTIONS Slave raids 721 INSTIGATION OF WAR 570 INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS General statements dealing with several specific aspects of interpersonal relations. Society is a structure of interpersonal relationships, i.e., sets of reciprocally adjusted habitual responses between pairs of interacting individuals. These tend widely to become culturally defined or standardized in terms of polar statuses. A social group arises whenever a number of specific individuals are linked, each to every other, by relationships of the same general types, e.g., friendship, kinship, or coresidence. Groups likewise reveal a marked tendency to become culturally standardized. The categories below are concerned with the general characteristics of interpersonal relationships and social groups, with some of their more voluntary forms, and with the unifying standards and disruptive influences typical of social relationships and groups in general. 571 SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND GROUPS Incidence of types of social relationships (e.g., face-to-face, stereotypes); social interaction (e.g., interaction rates); categories of social groups (e.g., primary, secondary); general observations on the nature, structure and interrelations of social groups not classifiable elsewhere (e.g., intelligentsia, Philistines, secular cult groups, elites, etc.); sociometric data; evidence bearing upon the dynamics of group formation; general statements on decision-making within social groups; etc. Information on specific interest groups, kin groups, political and religious groups, etc., will be filed elsewhere under specialized categories. Kin relationships 602 KIN RELATIONSHIPS Ecclesiastical organization 790 Contractual relationships 675 CONTRACTS Economic organization 470 Community organization 621 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE Family organization 590 Ingroup antagonisms 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS Personality 150 Political organization 630 Property relationships 420 Children's play groups 857 CHILDHOOD ACTIVITIES Political organization 640 Age-grades 561 AGE STRATIFICATION 572 FRIENDSHIPS Conceptualization of friendship; informal friendships and their development; formal friendships (e.g., best friends, guest friendship); reciprocal obligations of friends; etc. Blood brotherhood and other artificial kin relationships 608 ARTIFICIAL KIN RELATIONSHIPS Economic partnerships 472 INDIVIDUAL ENTERPRISE Relationships with non-relatives 609 BEHAVIOR TOWARD NON-RELATIVES Economic cooperation 476 MUTUAL AID 573 CLIQUES Groups of intimate friends; basis of association; organization and leadership; attitude toward outsiders; clique activities; special types of cliques (e.g., gangs); etc. Neighborliness 621 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE Leadership traits 157 PERSONALITY TRAITS Integration of cliques with class structure 565 CLASSES Children's cliques and gangs 857 CHILDHOOD ACTIVITIES Adolescent gangs 883 ADOLESCENT ACTIVITIES Age-grades 561 AGE STRATIFICATION 574 VISITING AND HOSPITALITY Extent and occasions of visiting; social relationships characterized by reciprocal visiting; reception and entertainment of visitors; informal and formal hospitality; offering of food and drink; feasts and parties; etc. Banquet speeches 544 PUBLIC LECTURES Travel 484 TRAVEL Recreation 520 Mortuary feasts 765 MOURNING Drinking 270 Wedding feasts 585 NUPTIALS Eating 264 EATING Gift giving 431 GIFT GIVING 575 SODALITIES Prevalence of clubs, fraternities, and comparable voluntary associations; types (e.g., lodges, secret societies, men's clubs, women's clubs); organization, characteristics, and activities of each type (e.g., inter-sodality relationships; origin accounts, paraphernalia, etc.); selection of members; initiation; meetings; special rituals; etc. Humanistic and scientific associations 816 APPLIED SCIENCE Craft guilds and labor unions 467 LABOR ORGANIZATION Clubhouses 345 RECREATIONAL STRUCTURES Cult groups 794 CONGREGATIONS Humanistic and scientific associations 814 HUMANISTIC STUDIES Humanistic and scientific associations 815 SCIENCE Medicine societies 750 Military societies 701 MILITARY ORGANIZATION Mutual-benefit societies 456 INSURANCE Athletic clubs 529 RECREATIONAL FACILITIES Veterans' organizations 729 WAR VETERANS Age-grades 561 AGE STRATIFICATION Initiation at puberty 881 PUBERTY AND INITIATION 576 ETIQUETTE Greetings and salutations; obeisances; compliments; concept of courtesy; general patterns of etiquette in eating, drinking, smoking, visiting, and travel; deference to status superiors; noblesse oblige; breaches of etiquette and the resulting social sanctions; etc. Drinking etiquette 270 Diplomacy 648 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Sexual etiquette 830 Propitiation 782 PRAYERS AND SACRIFICES Polite conversation 521 CONVERSATION Patterned behavior toward kinsmen 600 Sportsmanship 526 ATHLETIC SPORTS Court etiquette 644 EXECUTIVE HOUSEHOLD Chivalry 562 GENDER STATUS Informal social control 626 SOCIAL CONTROL Training of children in etiquette 867 TRANSMISSION OF CULTURAL NORMS Treatment of the aged 888 STATUS AND TREATMENT OF THE AGED Table manners 264 EATING Postures 516 POSTURES Religious ritual 788 RITUAL Intentional impoliteness 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS 577 ETHICS Abstract ethical ideals (e.g., truth, righteousness, justice); ideals of individual virtue (e.g., honesty, loyalty, industry, courage, temperance, tolerance, filial piety); notions of right and wrong; conception of conscience and character; incidence and causes of, and attitudes toward breaches of ethics (e.g., lying, cowardice, flouting of kinship obligations); conflicts between ideal values and practical considerations; gender-typed attitudes and values; etc. Personality 150 Ethopsychological concepts of character 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY Ethos 181 ETHOS Inculcation of ethics 867 TRANSMISSION OF CULTURAL NORMS Industry and sloth 461 LABOR AND LEISURE Informal social control 626 SOCIAL CONTROL Law 670 Military virtues 703 DISCIPLINE AND MORALE Crime and sin 673 WRONGS Illegal entertainment 548 ILLEGAL ENTERTAINMENT Philosophical systems of ethics 812 PHILOSOPHY Cultural norms 183 NORMS Civic virtues 641 CITIZENSHIP Chastity 831 SEXUALITY Aesthetic ideals 517 LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES Professional ethics 693 LEGAL AND JUDICIAL PERSONNEL Professional ethics 759 MEDICAL PERSONNEL Punishment of social offenses 689 SOCIAL OFFENSES Sexual modesty 834 GENERAL SEX RESTRICTIONS Crime and sin 674 CRIME 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS Prevalence and importance of antagonisms within the society; sources (e.g., economic deprivation, sexual rivalry, political repression, ethnic and religious cleavages, rigor of socialization or social control); expression in individual behavior (e.g., snobbishness, intentional impoliteness, ridicule, insults, vituperation); prevalence, causes and forms of quarrels; participants (e.g., husband and wife, business competitors, rival claimants to property); manifestations (e.g., verbal exchanges, fist fights, duels); reaction of onlookers; repression and control of aggression; etc. Cursing 789 MAGIC Informal justice 628 INTER-COMMUNITY RELATIONS Control of aggression in children 865 AGGRESSION TRAINING Lying 577 ETHICS Moiety rivalries 616 MOIETIES Quarreling and fighting by children 857 CHILDHOOD ACTIVITIES Litigation 691 LITIGATION Rivalry in sports 526 ATHLETIC SPORTS Informal justice 627 INFORMAL IN-GROUP JUSTICE Avoidance relationships 602 KIN RELATIONSHIPS Religious persecution 798 RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE Wit and practical jokes 522 HUMOR Family antagonisms 590 Ethnocentrism 186 CULTURAL IDENTITY AND PRIDE Economic competition 477 COMPETITION Torts and crimes 674 CRIME Torts and crimes 673 WRONGS Sorcery 754 SORCERY Social stratification 560 Social control and gossip 626 SOCIAL CONTROL Slander 683 OFFENSES AGAINST THE PERSON 579 BRAWLS, RIOTS, AND BANDITRY Prevalence and causes of brawls; types (e.g., drinking brawls, gang fights); running amok; incidence and types of riots (e.g., bread riots, race riots, political riots); methods of control; manifestations of mob psychology; incidence of organized violence (e.g., banditry, piracy); etc. Children's gangs 857 CHILDHOOD ACTIVITIES Feuds 628 INTER-COMMUNITY RELATIONS Lynching 627 INFORMAL IN-GROUP JUSTICE Martial law 722 WARTIME ADJUSTMENTS Illegal entertainment 548 ILLEGAL ENTERTAINMENT Petty delinquency 738 DELINQUENCY Punishment of disorderly conduct 689 SOCIAL OFFENSES Social control 626 SOCIAL CONTROL Warfare 726 WARFARE Strikes 468 COLLECTIVE BARGAINING Political corruption 660 Revolutions 669 REVOLUTION Police 625 POLICE 580 MARRIAGE General statements dealing with several specific aspects of marriage. Marriage is a socially sanctioned relationship usually between a man and a woman involving economic cooperation and residential and sexual cohabitation The description of this category was rewritten in 2000. 581 BASIS OF MARRIAGE Theories of the origin, purpose, sanctity, and permanency of marriage; conception of the marriage bond and of the status of matrimony; economic, political, sexual, and romantic factors in marriage; incentives to marriage; qualities desired in a spouse (e.g., beauty, fertility, wealth, industry, skill); relation of marriage to the family, marriage counseling; etc. Marriages of convenience 557 MANIPULATIVE MOBILITY Status effects of parenthood 851 SOCIAL PLACEMENT Fertility 842 CONCEPTION Family organization 590 Sex 830 582 REGULATION OF MARRIAGE Minimum and average age at marriage for each gender; postponement of marriage (e.g., for economic reasons to enable an elder sibling to marry first); marriage laws and regulations; physical and mental bars to marriage; endogamous and exogamous restrictions; primary marriage preference and practice (e.g., with a cross-cousin, hypergamy); explanations and rationalizations of marriage restrictions; tests of marriageability (e.g., of skill, prowess, fertility); occurrence of marriages not classifiable elsewhere; etc. Incest taboos and privileged sex relationships 835 KINSHIP REGULATION OF SEX Definition of majority 884 MAJORITY Kin group exogamy 610 Marriages between members of different social strata 560 Sexual and marital offenses 684 SEX AND MARITAL OFFENSES Puberty ordeal s 881 PUBERTY AND INITIATION Premarital sexuality 836 PREMARITAL SEX RELATIONS Preferred secondary marriages 587 SECONDARY MARRIAGES Polygamous marriages 595 POLYGAMY Local exogamy and endogamy 621 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE 583 MODE OF MARRIAGE Wife-capture (e.g., actual, ceremonial); marriage by exchange (e.g., of sisters); wife-purchase; marriage by payment of consideration (e.g., substantial bride-price, token bride-price, dowry); bride-service (e.g., premarital, post-marital); marriage by gift exchange; marriage by formal or informal initiation of common residence; temporary and trial marriage; elopement (e.g., motives, subsequent adjustments); prevalence and prestige of each mode; relation to rules of residence; conceptualization of bride-price or dowry (e.g., as purchase price, as compensation for loss of services, as guarantee of marriage stability); content and mode of payment of consideration; contributors and recipients; etc. Gift giving 431 GIFT GIVING Differential modes in secondary marriages 587 SECONDARY MARRIAGES Residence rules 591 RESIDENCE 584 ARRANGING A MARRIAGE Marriage preliminaries; courtship (e.g., opportunities, methods); initiation of negotiations (e.g., by youth, by girl, by parents of either); conduct of negotiations (e.g., by parents, through a go-between); marriage brokers; proposal of marriage; methods and consequences of rejection; requirement of consent (e.g., conceptualization, announcement, ceremonial, symbols, duration); status and behavior of betrothed persons; infant betrothal (e.g., prevalence, procedure, nullification ); breaking an engagement (e.g., reasons, procedures, consequences); adjustment to death of betrothed (e.g., substitution of a sibling); etc. Contractual relationships 675 CONTRACTS Sexual overtures 832 SEXUAL STIMULATION Gender status 562 GENDER STATUS Adolescent activities 883 ADOLESCENT ACTIVITIES 585 NUPTIALS Wedding (e.g. preferred time and place, preparations, ceremonial, persons attending and officiating); symbolic rites; means of assuring publicity and legality (e.g., banns, licenses); civil and ecclesiastical weddings; variations dependent upon status; associated property transactions (e.g., transfer of gifts, of bride-price); homecoming of bridal couple; consummation (e.g., immediate or deferred, private or public); defloration rites (e.g., jus primae noctis); concern for virginity of bride (e.g., exhibiting tokens); post-wedding events (e.g., honeymoon, exchange of visits); status and activities of newly married persons; etc. Residence in marriage 591 RESIDENCE Marital sexuality 830 586 TERMINATION OF MARRIAGE Methods (e.g., desertion, separation, annulment, divorce); prevalence of each; reasons (e.g., cruelty, infidelity, laziness, sterility); initiative and rights of each gender; procedure; residence readjustments; allocation of children (e.g., to mother, to father, to parent least at fault, division by age or gender); property arrangements (e.g., return of bride-price, alimony); subsequent relations of divorced spouses; social attitudes toward separation and divorce; etc. Adultery 837 EXTRAMARITAL SEX RELATIONS Sex and marital offenses 684 SEX AND MARITAL OFFENSES Dependency 736 DEPENDENCY Barrenness and sterility 842 CONCEPTION Termination of marriage following the death of one spouse 768 SOCIAL READJUSTMENTS TO DEATH Gender status 562 GENDER STATUS 587 SECONDARY MARRIAGES Remarriage and widowed and divorced persons; differential rules governing secondary marriages (e.g., preference for relative of first spouse, reduction in bride-price, curtailing of ceremonial); levirate and sororate unions (e.g. prevalence, preferences, procedure); allocation of children; etc. Polygamous unions 595 POLYGAMY Status and activities of widows and widowers 589 CELIBACY 588 SPECIAL UNIONS AND MARRIAGES Used to index discussions of unions and marriages that are uncommon and those that violate norms and/or restrictions such as: in violation of incest taboos, exogamous rules, caste restrictions, or prohibitions of bigamy; common-law marriages; marriages to gods, to deceased persons, to persons of the same gender; frequency of irregular unions; social reactions; etc. The name of this category was changed from "IRREGULAR UNIONS" to "SPECIAL UNIONS AND MARRIAGES" and the description was updated in 2000. Incestuous, premarital, and homosexual liaisons 830 Castes 564 CASTES Exogamous restrictions 610 Exogamous restrictions 582 REGULATION OF MARRIAGE 589 CELIBACY Prevalence of bachelors and spinsters; reasons for celibacy; status and activities of unmarried, widowed, and divorced celibates; etc. Mourning 765 MOURNING Premarital adulthood 885 ADULTHOOD Chastity 831 SEXUALITY Care of widows 736 DEPENDENCY Religious celibates 790 590 FAMILY General statements dealing with several specific aspects of the family and household. This category description was updated in 2000. Status of childless couples 851 SOCIAL PLACEMENT Status of childless couples 581 BASIS OF MARRIAGE 591 RESIDENCE Prevailing rule governing the place of residence of a married couple (e.g., matrilocal, avunculocal, patrilocal, neolocal); existence of combined rules (e.g., alternating, bilocal, matri-patrilocal); occurrence of alternative rules under special circumstances; extent to which marriage normally involves the removal of bride or groom to another community (e.g., local exogamy, local endogamy); residence changes by children or unmarried adults (e.g., removal to home of grandparents or maternal uncle); residence changes made late in married life; evidence bearing upon former or current changes in residence rules; etc. Organization of the community 621 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE Postmarital visits 585 NUPTIALS Bride-service 583 MODE OF MARRIAGE Residence readjustments after divorce 586 TERMINATION OF MARRIAGE Settlement patterns 361 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS Dwellings 342 DWELLINGS Residence changes by widows and widowers 768 SOCIAL READJUSTMENTS TO DEATH 592 HOUSEHOLD A household is a social group living in a single dwelling or compound. This category is used to index discussions about: typical composition (e.g., nuclear or polygamous family, joint or extended family, clan); range, types, and incidence of variations; extent of inclusion of servants, retainers, and dependent relatives (e.g., aged grandparents, parents-in-law); physical seat (e.g., a single small or large dwelling, a cluster of adjacent huts, a compound); functions and cooperative activities of the household unit as such (i.e., irrespective of variations in family composition); locus of authority; rule of succession; mechanism for adjusting disputes within the household; ownership of dwelling, food stores, and household possessions; etc. Functions associated with particular forms of the family rather than with the household as such will be found in separate categories. Slaves 567 SLAVERY Servants 357 DOMESTIC SERVICE Cooperative labor 476 MUTUAL AID Type of dwelling 342 DWELLINGS Property 420 Care of aged 888 STATUS AND TREATMENT OF THE AGED Care of aged 737 OLD AGE DEPENDENCY 593 FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS Patterns of behavior between spouses, between parents and children, between siblings, half-siblings and step-siblings; rights, privileges, and powers of husband, wife, father, mother, son, daughter, brother, and sister; family law; emotional attachments; evidences of ambivalence; etc. Socialization 860 Incest taboos 835 KINSHIP REGULATION OF SEX Conception of marriage 581 BASIS OF MARRIAGE Kinship terminology and patterned behavior between secondary and remoter relatives 600 Care, status, activities of children 850 Marital sexuality 830 Personality traits 157 PERSONALITY TRAITS Division of labor by gender 462 DIVISION OF LABOR BY GENDER Quarrels 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS Theory of paternity 842 CONCEPTION Gender status 562 GENDER STATUS 594 NUCLEAR FAMILY Degree of emphasis on the social group consisting of a married couple and their children; exclusiveness with which this group is associated with economic, sexual, reproductive, child-rearing, and educational functions; other family functions (e.g., religious, recreational); domicile (e.g., single dwelling, apartment); family authority (e.g., matripotestal, patripotestal); family possessions; etc. Family budgets 511 STANDARD OF LIVING Child care 855 CHILD CARE Education 870 Primary groups 571 SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND GROUPS Size of families 162 COMPOSITION OF POPULATION Reproduction 840 Inheritance 428 INHERITANCE Collective liability 672 LIABILITY 595 POLYGAMY Relative prevalence of monogamy, polygyny, polyandry, and group marriage; patterning of plural marriages (e.g., prohibited on principle, unpatterned and exceptional, disfavored for economic reasons, confined to persons of wealth or high status, preferential); numerical limitations; prevalence of and preferences for sororal polygyny and fraternal polyandry; distinctive procedures for secondary polygamous marriages; concubinage; organization and activities of polygynous families; relations between co-spouses (e.g., economic cooperation, supremacy of first wife); residential arrangements (e.g., common dwelling, separate quarters for each plural spouse); sexual adjustment (e.g., jealousy, sexual rotation); relations between half siblings and between stepparents and stepchildren in polygamous families; etc. Levirate and sororate marriages 587 SECONDARY MARRIAGES Cicisbeism 837 EXTRAMARITAL SEX RELATIONS 596 EXTENDED FAMILIES Incidence of extended families; prevailing type or types (e.g., matrilocal, avunculocal, patrilocal, and bilocal extended families, fraternal joint families); size and composition; domicile (e.g., compound, single large dwelling); locus of authority; rule of succession (e.g., matrilineal, patrilineal, succession by a younger sibling); collective or individual ownership of dwelling, land, food stores, and household equipment; economic cooperation; routine activities; collective responsibility; cohesive and fissive tendencies; etc. Collective liability 672 LIABILITY Lineages 613 LINEAGES Ancestor worship 769 CULT OF THE DEAD Clans 618 CLANS Property and inheritance 420 Kin relationships 602 KIN RELATIONSHIPS 597 ADOPTION Extent to which children and adopted or exchanged; motives and procedure; status of adopted children; reciprocal relations of adoptive parents and adopted children; relations between adoptive siblings; special types of adoption (e.g., adopt on of adults, posthumous adoption; ceremonial adoption); etc. Fosterage 853 INFANT FEEDING Adoption of captives 727 AFTERMATH OF COMBAT Status of children 858 STATUS OF CHILDREN Adoption of slaves 567 SLAVERY Care of orphans 736 DEPENDENCY Guardianship 429 ADMINISTRATION Artificial kin relationships 608 ARTIFICIAL KIN RELATIONSHIPS 600 KINSHIP General statements dealing with several specific aspects of the general characteristics and component terminology of kinship systems and with the specific patterns of behavior prevailing between kinsmen who do not belong to the same nuclear o polygamous family. For kin relationships within these types of family structure see "Family Relationships" (593). 601 KINSHIP TERMINOLOGY Lists and application of kinship terms; genealogical kinship charts; use of kinship terms relative to personal names and teknonymy; differentiation of vocative and referential forms; morphological typology (e.g., elementary derivative, and descriptive terms); number of elementary terms; incidence of denotative and classificatory terms; classificatory distinctions observed and overridden (e.g., generation, gender, affinity, collaterality, bifurcation, polarity, relative age, speaker's gender, decedence); classification of avuncular and nepotic terms (e.g., bifurcate collateral, bifurcate merging, lineal, generation); classification of cousin terminology (e.g., Eskimo, Hawaiian, Iroquois, Crow, Sudanese, Omaha); correlation between terminology and patterns of behavior; historical, structural, and functional interpretations of kinship systems, etc. Dynastic genealogies 173 TRADITIONAL HISTORY Personal names and teknonymy 551 PERSONAL NAMES Linguistic relationships 197 LINGUISTIC IDENTIFICATION 602 KIN RELATIONSHIPS Conception of kinship; cultural definition of kinship statuses; kinship symbolism and its extensions (e.g., to kings, to gods); interpenetration of kinship with other aspects of culture (e.g., nepotism); analyses of patterned kinship behavior; incidence and interpretations of stereotyped patterns (e.g., joking, respect, avoidance); categories of kin not classifiable elsewhere (e.g., patrikin and matrikin, general affinal relatives) and relationships among them; reciprocal parent-in- law relations (e.g., consuegro); etc. Data on relationships between specific secondary and tertiary relatives will be found in separate categories. Kin relationships within polygamous families 595 POLYGAMY Patterned behavior between primary relatives 593 FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS Political nepotism 661 EXPLOITATION Sex prohibitions and permission between kinsmen 835 KINSHIP REGULATION OF SEX Mutual aid 476 MUTUAL AID Mortuary functions of kinsmen 764 BURIAL PRACTICES AND FUNERALS Instruction of children in kinship behavior 867 TRANSMISSION OF CULTURAL NORMS Ingroup antagonisms 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS Functional integration 182 FUNCTIONAL AND ADAPTATIONAL INTERPRETATIONS Changes in social relationships upon birth of child 851 SOCIAL PLACEMENT Marriage restrictions 582 REGULATION OF MARRIAGE Kin groups 610 Visiting and hospitality 574 VISITING AND HOSPITALITY 603 GRANDPARENTS AND GRANDCHILDREN Patterns of behavior between grandparents and grandchildren; respective rights, privileges, and powers of the relatives involved; relationships between great uncles and aunts, grand nephews and nieces and further living lineal ancestors and descendants; etc. Activities and status of the aged 880 604 AVUNCULAR AND NEPOTIC RELATIVES Patterns of behavior between paternal and maternal uncles and aunts and fraternal and sororal nephews and nieces; respective rights, privileges, and powers of the relatives involved; special elaborations (e.g., avunculate, amitate); relationships with the spouses of avuncular and nepotic relatives; etc. Avunculocal residence 591 RESIDENCE 605 COUSINS Patterns of behavior between cousins; distinctions between types of cousins (e.g., first and second cousins, cross and parallel cousins); respective rights, privileges, and powers of the relatives involved; etc. Preferential cross-cousin marriage 582 REGULATION OF MARRIAGE Privileged sex relationships 835 KINSHIP REGULATION OF SEX 606 PARENTS-IN-LAW AND CHILDREN-IN-LAW Patterns of behavior between fathers- and mothers-in-law and sons- and daughters-in-law; respective rights, privileges, and powers of the relatives involved; special elaborations (e.g., mother-in-law avoidance); etc. Rule of residence 591 RESIDENCE Relationships between parents of a married couple 602 KIN RELATIONSHIPS Mode of marriage 583 MODE OF MARRIAGE Ingroup antagonisms 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS 607 SIBLINGS-IN-LAW Patterns of behavior between brothers-in-law, between sisters-in-law, and between brothers- and sisters-in law; respective rights, privileges, and powers of the relatives involved; relationships with the spouses of siblings-in-law; etc. Privileged sex relationships 835 KINSHIP REGULATION OF SEX Levirate and sororate marriages 587 SECONDARY MARRIAGES 608 ARTIFICIAL KIN RELATIONSHIPS Creation of kinship ties by artificial means (e.g., blood brotherhood); establishment of kinship through ceremonial sponsorship (e.g., godparents and godchildren); kinship terms employed by artificial kinsmen; reciprocal relations and stereotyped behavior patterns exhibited; etc. Naming ceremonies 553 NAMING Adoption 597 ADOPTION Friendship 572 FRIENDSHIPS Relations between guardian and ward 429 ADMINISTRATION 609 BEHAVIOR TOWARD NON-RELATIVES Cultural definition of non-relatives; relationships and associated behavior defined by absence of kinship ties; behavior toward strangers; etc. Behavior toward ethnic subgroups 563 ETHNIC STRATIFICATION Ethnocentrism 186 CULTURAL IDENTITY AND PRIDE International relations 648 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Interpersonal relationships 570 Behavior toward individual observers 123 OBSERVATIONAL ROLE IN RESEARCH 610 KIN GROUPS General statements dealing with several specific types of kin groups. In every society, individuals maintain interpersonal relationships, characterized by particular kinship terms and culturally patterned behavior, with each type of relative recognized by the prevailing kinship system. In addition, an individual is normally affiliated with one or more kin groups, each consisting of some, but not all, of his relatives. By "descent" is meant a cultural rule defining the types of relatives with whom an individual is affiliated in a kin group. It need not, and commonly does not, imply that these relatives are more closely akin to him than are those who do not belong to the same group. The major types of kin groups are defined in the narrower terms. 611 RULE OF DESCENT Unilinear rules (e.g., matrilineal, patrilineal); ambilineal descent (i.e., in each successive generation descent is traced through either parent); bilateral descent (i.e., absence of unilinear emphasis); double descent (i.e., concurrent matrilineal and patrilineal descent); anomalous rules (e.g., sex linked descent); special exceptions (e.g., ambil-anak or matrilineal descent for one generation in default of direct male heirs); degree of correspondence or divergence between the rule of descent and the recognition of kinship; evidences of former or recent transitions in the role of descent; etc. Succession to executive positions in the state 630 Theory of paternity 842 CONCEPTION Succession to a chiefship in the community 622 COMMUNITY HEADS Social placement of infants 851 SOCIAL PLACEMENT Rules of succession to authority in the family or household 590 Rules of residence 591 RESIDENCE Inheritance rules 428 INHERITANCE Descent of children in marriages between persons of different castes or social classes 560 Allocation of the children of divorced parents 586 TERMINATION OF MARRIAGE Succession to executive positions in the state 643 CHIEF EXECUTIVE 612 KINDREDS AND RAMAGES Presence of bilateral kin groups embracing the near relatives of an individual (i.e., kindreds); ambilineal kin groups consisting of persons tracing descent from a common ancestor (i.e., ramages); composition; reciprocal relations of members; bearing upon the regulation of marriage (e.g., exogamy, agamy); group functions; relations between kindreds or ramages; etc. Bilocal extended families 596 EXTENDED FAMILIES Demes 621 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE Marriage restrictions 582 REGULATION OF MARRIAGE 613 LINEAGES Presence of unilinear kin groups consisting of persons who can trace actual descent from a common ancestor; affiliation (e.g., matrilineal, patrilineal); regulation of marriage (e.g., exogamy, agamy, endogamy); distinguishing characteristic (e.g., names, insignia, totemism, food taboos); traditions; organization; headship and succession; prerogatives and obligations of members (e.g., mutual aid, blood vengeance); solidarity and group responsibility; common property; relationship to extended families and clans; unilinear kin groups intermediate between lineages and sibs; relations between lineages (e.g., subsibs); etc. Totemism 779 THEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS Blood vengeance 628 INTER-COMMUNITY RELATIONS Extended families 596 EXTENDED FAMILIES Marriage restrictions 582 REGULATION OF MARRIAGE Mutual aid 476 MUTUAL AID Taboos 784 AVOIDANCE AND TABOO Totemism 771 GENERAL CHARACTER OF RELIGION Property 420 614 SIBS Presence of unilinear kin groups of traditional, but not actually traceable, common descent; number and distribution; affiliation (e.g., matrilineal, patrilineal); regulation of marriage (e.g., exogamy, agamy, endogamy); distinguishing characteristics (e.g., names, insignia, totemism, food taboos); origin and traditions; organization; headship and succession; prerogatives and obligations of members; solidarity and group responsibility; common property and cult; relationship to clans; unilinear kin groups intermediate between sibs and phratries; relations between sibs; etc. Totemism 771 GENERAL CHARACTER OF RELIGION Property 420 Blood vengeance 628 INTER-COMMUNITY RELATIONS Taboos 784 AVOIDANCE AND TABOO Mutual aid 476 MUTUAL AID Marriage restrictions 582 REGULATION OF MARRIAGE Totemism 779 THEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 615 PHRATRIES Presence of one or more unilinear kin groups, each of which embraces or more sibs; affiliation (e.g., matrilineal, patrilineal); regulation of marriage (e.g., exogamy, agamy, endogamy); distinguishing characteristics; origin and traditions organization; prerogatives and obligations of members; relations between phratries; etc. Totemism 771 GENERAL CHARACTER OF RELIGION Totemism 779 THEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS Marriage restrictions 582 REGULATION OF MARRIAGE 616 MOIETIES Presence of a unilinear dichotomy, each half of which consists of one or more sibs, which may or may not be organized into phratries; affiliation (e.g., matrilineal, patrilineal); regulation of marriage (e.g., exogamy, agamy, endogamy); distinguishing characteristics (e.g., names, totemism); origin and traditions; prerogatives and obligations of members, rivalrous behavior (e.g., inter-moiety games); pseudo-moieties (e.g., social dichotomies not based on unilinear descent); relations between moieties; etc. Athletic competition 526 ATHLETIC SPORTS Totemism 771 GENERAL CHARACTER OF RELIGION Economic competition 477 COMPETITION Ingroup antagonisms 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS Marriage restrictions 582 REGULATION OF MARRIAGE Totemism 779 THEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 617 BILINEAR KIN GROUPS Presence of kin groups consisting of persons united by double descent in the presence of moiety exogamy (e.g., sections, subsections, other "marriage classes"); number (e.g., two-class, four-class, six-class, and eight-class systems); regulation of marriage (e.g., restriction of eligibility to members of a single group); distinguishing characteristics (e.g., names); reciprocal relationships of members; correlation of kinship terms with group membership; characteristics of irregular marriages; relations between bilinear kin groups; etc. Kinship terms 601 KINSHIP TERMINOLOGY Marriage restrictions 582 REGULATION OF MARRIAGE Irregular marriages 588 SPECIAL UNIONS AND MARRIAGES 618 CLANS Presence of localized kin groups consisting of unilinearly related persons of one gender and their spouses and young children but not including their out-marrying siblings of opposite gender; structural type (e.g., matri-clans, patri-clans, avuncu-clans, amita-clans); size (e.g., clan-barrios, clan-communities); number and distribution; subdivision (e.g., into subclans, extended families); organization; headship and succession; functions e.g., economic, political); reciprocal relations between members ; cohesive and fissive tendencies; land holdings; relations between clans; etc. Only data on clan-barrios will normally be indexed with this term. Clans as unilineal descent groups 613 LINEAGES Description and analysis of clan-communities 621 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE Clans as unilineal descent groups 614 SIBS 619 TRIBE AND NATION Presence or absence of groups larger than the community to which people think they "belong" in an extended kinship sense; basis of identification (e.g., common name, common language, contiguous territory, common culture, tradition of common descent); intratribal intercourse and communication (e.g., trade, intermarriage); degree of development of nationalistic aspirations; etc. Ideas about race 829 ETHNOSOCIOLOGY Intercommunity relationships 628 INTER-COMMUNITY RELATIONS Cultural revitalization and ethnogenesis 1710 CULTURAL REVITALIZATION AND ETHNOGENESIS Ethnocentrism 186 CULTURAL IDENTITY AND PRIDE Nationalistic movements 668 POLITICAL MOVEMENTS Territorial organization 630 Tribal or national political organization 640 Affiliation with a culture area or subarea 101 IDENTIFICATION Intertribal or international relationships 648 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 620 COMMUNITY General statements dealing with several aspects of the community and the officials who govern it. The term "community" connotes the maximal group of persons who normally reside together in face-to-face association. Since a community can rarely embrace many more than 1000 individuals, in societies with larger urban aggregates the term will be confined to subdivisions of towns or cities which approach communities in size and face-to-face character, e.g., wards, precincts, or residential neighborhoods. In societies lacking political integration above the level of the community information on government will ordinarily be indexed in this section rather than under "Territorial Organization" (630), "State" (640), or "Government Activities" (650) categories. In addition to political data on the community, this section includes information on social control, police, and informal justice irrespective of the level of political integration. Law whenever formal legal and judicial institutions are found even at the community level 670 Offenses and sanctions whenever formal legal and judicial institutions are found even at the community level 680 Political behavior whenever formal legal and judicial institutions are found even at the community level 660 Justice whenever formal legal and judicial institutions are found even at the community level 690 621 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE Physical type (e.g., migratory band, settled village, neighborhood of scattered households, aggregation of hamlets, ward or other local subdivision of a town); kinship structure (e.g., clan-community, endogamous or exogamous deme, segmented community of associated clan-barrios, unsegmented but homogeneous community, heterogeneous community); sociopolitical and economic structure and organization; local subdivisions of the community; community population (e.g., mean, range); area of territory exploited (e.g., mean, range); distinguishing characteristics (e.g., name, local dialect, local culture); tendency toward local endogamy or exogamy; cohesive and fissive tendencies; neighborliness; local pride; etc. Town and city government 630 Factionalism in political parties 665 POLITICAL PARTIES Composition of population 162 COMPOSITION OF POPULATION Interpersonal relations 570 Real property 423 REAL PROPERTY Social stratification 560 Clans 618 CLANS Place names 103 PLACE NAMES Physical characteristics and facilities of settlements 360 622 COMMUNITY HEADS Existence of community chiefs or heads; qualifications; mode of selection (e.g., by seniority, informal acceptance, election, matrilineal or patrilineal succession); functions and activities; domestic establishment; special status and functions of head's relatives; authority; prerogatives; etc. The name of this category was changed from "HEADMEN" to "COMMUNITY HEADS" in 2000. Leadership traits 157 PERSONALITY TRAITS Headmen of kin groups 610 Chiefs of territorial divisions 630 Chief executive of the state 643 CHIEF EXECUTIVE 623 COUNCILS Existence of advisory or deliberative bodies within the community (e.g., council of elders, assembly of adult males); membership; mode of selection; organization; functions (e.g., advisory, judicial, legislative); conduct of sessions; power and prerogatives; etc. Legislative and deliberative bodies of the state 646 PARLIAMENT Councils of territorial divisions 630 624 LOCAL OFFICIALS Specialized offices within the community (e.g., war chiefs, fire chief, talking chief, recorded of deeds, surveyor, herald, chief priest); qualifications, mode of selection, functions, activities, and prerogatives of each type of official; etc. Military organization 700 Officials of territorial divisions 630 Priesthood 793 PRIESTHOOD State bureaucracy 647 ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES 625 POLICE Specialized law-enforcement organs within the community and higher political units; personnel (e.g., qualifications, appointment, training, organization, promotion, retirement); equipment (e.g., uniform, insignia, arms); functions (e.g., crime prevention and detection, quelling disturbances, traffic control); specialization (e.g., patrolmen, detectives, vice squad); powers (e.g., arrest, detention, summary justice); degree of civilian control; special police organizations (e.g., state police, secret police); private police (e.g., bodyguards, watchmen, industrial police, private detectives); etc. Illegal entertainment 548 ILLEGAL ENTERTAINMENT Examination of travelers 486 REGULATION OF TRAVEL Legal and judicial personnel 693 LEGAL AND JUDICIAL PERSONNEL Military police 708 AUXILIARY CORPS Political graft 667 POLITICAL MACHINES Riots 579 BRAWLS, RIOTS, AND BANDITRY Highway patrols 494 HIGHWAY TRANSPORT Jails and prisons 697 PRISONS AND JAILS Fire protection 368 MISCELLANEOUS FACILITIES Government pensions 657 PUBLIC WELFARE Methods of crime detection 694 INITIATION OF JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS 626 SOCIAL CONTROL Incentives to conformity (e.g., expectation of rewards, reciprocity, fear of social and supernatural sanctions, conscience); means of inducing conformity (e.g., example, precept, praise, rewards, warnings, threats); pressure of public opinion; informal mechanisms of social control (e.g., criticism, ridicule, gossip, cursing, sorcery, intentional silence, ostracism); incidence and effectiveness of such sanctions as compared with the application of physical force; etc. Status and prestige 554 STATUS, ROLE, AND PRESTIGE Primary groups 571 SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND GROUPS Wit and humor 522 HUMOR Socialization 860 Supernatural sanctions for violations of taboos and other offenses 784 AVOIDANCE AND TABOO Public opinion 208 PUBLIC OPINION Loss of face 558 DOWNWARD MOBILITY Ingroup antagonisms 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS Cursing 789 MAGIC Breaches of ethics 577 ETHICS Reactions to breaches of etiquette 576 ETIQUETTE Social norms 183 NORMS Sorcery 754 SORCERY Modification of behavior 153 MODIFICATION OF BEHAVIOR 627 INFORMAL IN-GROUP JUSTICE Informal mechanisms for adjusting grievances and applying sanctions within the community; private retaliation (e.g., lynching, tarring and feathering, feuding); negotiation and compromise; informal hearings before the headman or local council; etc. Offenses and punishments 680 Justice whenever formal legal and judicial institutions even at the community level 690 Liability 670 628 INTER-COMMUNITY RELATIONS Traditional friendships and rivalries between communities; establishing, maintaining, and breaking relations; blood vengeance; feuds; negotiation and composition (e.g., payment of wergild); mediation and arbitration; etc. Gang wars 579 BRAWLS, RIOTS, AND BANDITRY War 720 International law 648 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Formal justice 690 629 INTER-ETHNIC RELATIONS This category is used to index information on interpersonal relations between individuals or groups of individuals of different ethnic and/or minority groups where multiple ethnic groups or "minorities" live together and interact with each other on a "day to day" and "face to face" basis and usually share a "lingua franca." In most cases, these kinds of interactions occur in large complex nations. This category was introduced in 1996. Interpersonal Relations 570 Religious Intolerance 798 RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE Political Movements 668 POLITICAL MOVEMENTS Acculturation and culture contact 177 ACCULTURATION AND CULTURE CONTACT Pressure Politics 664 PRESSURE POLITICS International Relations 648 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS War 720 Ethnocentrism 186 CULTURAL IDENTITY AND PRIDE Ethnic Stratification 563 ETHNIC STRATIFICATION Community 620 Revolution 669 REVOLUTION 630 TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION General statements dealing with several distinct levels of political territorial organization. Statements dealing with territorial hierarchy will be filed in Category 631. Material on political institutions of administrative or territorial units intermediate in size or functional scope between the community and the state, the sovereign or maximal political unit will be filed in the three digit categories below. It will be used only for societies of some political complexity, not for those in which communities are politically independent or for those with petty states embracing only a single district or a small city with its environs. The individual categories represent increasing levels of size and complexity, but since these are not universally comparable they must be considered subject to modification in order to adapt them to the actual territorial units of particular societies. 631 TERRITORIAL HIERARCHY Territorial structure of the state; the various levels of territorial and administrative organization within the state and their reconciliation with the categories below; hierarchy of political officials; integration with large political units (e.g., Ukraine within the Russian Federation); general nature of the territorial hierarchy (e.g., feudal, administrative, federal); degree of local differentiation in structural forms (e.g., federal districts, free cities, territories, colonies); etc. Identification of the cultural group in relation to culture areas and neighboring societies 101 IDENTIFICATION 632 TOWNS Political organization of municipalities (e.g., towns, townships, boroughs, parishes) embracing a number of communities; governmental personnel (e.g., executive, advisory, administrative, legislative); mode of selection (e.g., appointment, election, hereditary succession); jurisdiction, authority, prerogatives, functions, and activities associated with each position; etc. Physical characteristics and facilities of settlements 360 633 CITIES Political organization of urban aggregates larger than towns (e.g., cities, metropolitan districts); governmental personnel (e.g., executive, advisory, administrative, legislative); mode of selection (e.g., appointment, election, hereditary succession); jurisdiction, authority, prerogatives, functions, and activities associated with each position; etc. Political machines 667 POLITICAL MACHINES Settlements and urban and rural contacts 360 634 DISTRICTS Political organization of moderately extensive territories embracing a number of settlements or municipalities (e.g., a subtribe, an English or American county, a French department); governmental personnel (e.g., executive, advisory, administrative, legislative); mode of selection (e.g., appointment, election, hereditary succession); jurisdiction, authority, prerogatives, functions, and activities associated with each position, etc. 635 PROVINCES Political organization of extended regions embracing a number of districts (e.g., a Persian satrapy, a Roman or Inca province, an American state); governmental personnel (e.g., executive, advisory, administrative, legislative); mode of selection (e.g., appointment, election, hereditary succession); jurisdiction, authority, prerogatives, functions, and activities associated with each position; etc. Tribe and nation 619 TRIBE AND NATION 636 DEPENDENCIES Political organization of dependent regions not organized as provinces (e.g., a colony, a protectorate, a dependent territory); governmental personnel (e.g., executive, advisory, administrative, legislative); mode of selection (e.g., appointment, election, hereditary succession); jurisdiction, authority, prerogatives, functions, and activities associated with each position. Information on relations of dependency with colonial powers will be indexed for "International Relations" (648). Culture contact 177 ACCULTURATION AND CULTURE CONTACT Military governments 727 AFTERMATH OF COMBAT Ministers of colonial affairs 645 CABINET Administration of dependent ethnic groups 657 PUBLIC WELFARE 640 STATE General statements dealing with various aspects of the description of governmental institutions at the highest level of political integration, i.e., at the level where ultimate sovereignty resides, whether this be a district of a few communities under a paramount chief or a great empire embracing many nationalities. Material on societies revealing a level of political integration higher than that of the community will be indexed with these categories. Political organization on the community level 620 Political organization of groups intermediate between the community and the state 630 641 CITIZENSHIP Conception of the relationship of the individual to the state; territorial versus gentile affiliation; distinctions between citizens and residents, and between different categories of citizens; rights, duties, privileges, powers, and liabilities of the citizen or subject (e.g., civil liberties, franchise, liability to military service); acquisition of citizenship (e.g., naturalization); loss of citizenship (e.g., through serious crime); notions of civic virtues; etc. Justice 690 Forced or indentured labor 466 LABOR RELATIONS Social insurance 745 SOCIAL INSURANCE Social stratification 560 Symbolic representations of nationalism and patriotism 186 CULTURAL IDENTITY AND PRIDE Taxation 651 TAXATION AND PUBLIC INCOME Treason 687 OFFENSES AGAINST THE STATE Voting 666 ELECTIONS Legal majority 884 MAJORITY Immigration 167 EXTERNAL MIGRATION Public service 663 PUBLIC SERVICE Ideas about political behavior 829 ETHNOSOCIOLOGY Military service 701 MILITARY ORGANIZATION 642 CONSTITUTION Prevailing system governing the distribution of political power and authority; extent of agreement or disagreement between formal constitutional provisions and actual practice; rights, privileges, and powers assigned or delegated to each organ of government, including the power to alter their distribution; centralization and diffusion of power; constitutional principles (e.g., separation of powers); temporary relaxations or extensions of political authority (e.g., interregnums, war power s); form of the state (e.g., empire, union, federal republic, U.N. trusteeship, colony protectorate); form of rule (e.g., autocratic, oligarchic, aristocratic, theocratic, democratic); type of constitution (e.g., written, unwritten); framing and amending of constitutions; constitutional law; etc. Hierarchy of political officials 631 TERRITORIAL HIERARCHY Authority in the community 620 Political theory 829 ETHNOSOCIOLOGY Family authority 590 Political parties 665 POLITICAL PARTIES Judicial authority 692 JUDICIAL AUTHORITY Law 670 Authority within kin groups 610 643 CHIEF EXECUTIVE Type of executive (e.g., paramount chief, king, president); plural executives (e.g., peace chief and war leader, king and chief priest, constitutional monarch and prime minister, triumvirate, executive council); authority (e.g., supreme, nominal, dependent upon personal qualities); prestige (e.g., sanctity of person, divine descent); functions (e.g., administrative, judicial, military, religious); prerogatives; symbols of office; mode of selection (e.g., by election, seniority, matrilineal or patrilineal succession); qualifications (e.g., age, gender, rank, wealth, prowess, piety); installation; termination of tenure (e.g., deposition, expiration of term, killing of divine king); etc. Executives and rule of succession in the family 590 City executives 633 CITIES Town executives 632 TOWNS Mortuary rites 766 SPECIAL BURIAL PRACTICES AND FUNERALS Mortuary rites 764 BURIAL PRACTICES AND FUNERALS Executives and succession in the community 622 COMMUNITY HEADS Executives and succession in kin groups 610 Dynastic lists and genealogies 173 TRADITIONAL HISTORY 644 EXECUTIVE HOUSEHOLD Executive residence and domestic establishment; guards, servants, and retainers; court personnel (e.g., number, characteristics, mode of selection, activities, prerogatives); court etiquette and ceremonial; special status and functions of executive's relatives; etc. Public buildings 344 PUBLIC STRUCTURES Palace intrigue 662 POLITICAL INTRIGUE Manipulative mobility 557 MANIPULATIVE MOBILITY Royalty as a social class 565 CLASSES 645 CABINET Ministers and informal advisers to the chief executive; constitutionally elaborated cabinets; specialized cabinet functions (e.g., foreign affairs, war, finance, justice, internal and colonial administration, postal affairs, agriculture, industry, transportation, commerce, education); selection of ministers; authority, activities, and prerogatives of each; relation to parliament and political parties; cabinet meetings; etc. Political behavior 660 Government activities 650 646 PARLIAMENT Presence of deliberative or legislative bodies; type (e.g., council of headmen, popular assembly, oligarchic junta, elective legislature); number of houses (e.g., unicameral legislature, bicameral congress, three estates); membership qualifications; selection (e.g., appointment, election, succession); principle of representation; tenure (e.g., life, term, until deposed or recalled); powers and prerogatives; functions (e.g., advisory, legislative); organization; procedure (e.g., introduction, debating, passage of bills); special legislature provisions (e.g., executive veto, judicial review, popular referendum); etc. Statute law 671 LEGAL NORMS Electoral process 666 ELECTIONS Comparable bodies in subordinate political divisions 630 Comparable bodies in the community 623 COUNCILS 647 ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES Special bureaus, institutions, boards and commissions charged with conducting the activities of the state; responsibility (e.g., to chief executive, to cabinet officers, to parliament); organization, personnel, and authority of each agency; civil service; bureaucracy and its characteristics; public administration; etc. Government officials as an occupational class 463 OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION Activities of comparable agencies in subordinate political divisions 650 Administrative law 671 LEGAL NORMS Comparable agencies in subordinate political divisions 630 Comparable agencies in the community 624 LOCAL OFFICIALS 648 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Traditional friendships and rivalries with other states; relations between sovereign and dependent powers; determination of foreign policy (e.g., influence of domestic affairs); establishing, maintaining, and breaking diplomatic relations; foreign services (e.g., consular, diplomatic); specialized personnel (e.g., ambassadors, charges d'affaires, military attaches, consuls); prerogatives (e.g., diplomatic immunity); activities of consuls and diplomats; transmission of intelligence and diplomatic messages; negotiation of treaties, military alliances, foreign aid programs and trade agreements; economic sanctions (e.g., embargoes); adherence to international conventions; international law; peaceful settlement of disputes between states (e.g., arbitration, special peace tribunals); relations with international political organizations (e.g., United Nations); international power politics; peacetime espionage; irredentism; etc. International sports 542 COMMERCIALIZED SPORTS Dependencies 636 DEPENDENCIES War 720 Punishment of espionage 687 OFFENSES AGAINST THE STATE Informal intergroup justice 628 INTER-COMMUNITY RELATIONS Foreign trade 439 FOREIGN TRADE Codes and ciphers 202 TRANSMISSION OF MESSAGES Acculturation and culture contacts 177 ACCULTURATION AND CULTURE CONTACT Behavior toward strangers 609 BEHAVIOR TOWARD NON-RELATIVES Travel 484 TRAVEL 650 GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES General statements dealing with several aspects of the administrative activities of all governmental agencies usually above the level of the small local community. 651 TAXATION AND PUBLIC INCOME Sources of public income (e.g., gifts and bribes, tribute, registration and license fees, ground rents, profits from public enterprises, fines, confiscations, tolls, taxes); types of taxes (e.g., taxes in kind, labor levies, poll taxes, property taxes, stamp taxes, excise taxes, customs duties, income taxes, inheritance taxes); importance of and revenue from each type; differentiation by administrative level; principles of taxation; tax law; mode of fixing and collecting taxes; specialized personnel (e.g., tax collectors, tax consultants); tax exemptions; etc. Fines 681 SANCTIONS Government monopolies 655 GOVERNMENT ENTERPRISES Government lotteries 525 GAMBLING Property and inheritance 420 Gift giving 431 GIFT GIVING Forced labor 466 LABOR RELATIONS Income 434 INCOME AND DEMAND Foreign trade 439 FOREIGN TRADE 652 PUBLIC FINANCE Government budgets and financial estimates; statistics of public revenues and expenditures; government accounts; appropriations and financial legislation; disposition of surplus revenues; methods of meeting deficits (e.g., borrowing, currency inflation, debt repudiation); fiscal policies (e.g., use of public finance to influence foreign trade or employment); public debt and debt service; issuance and manipulation of currency; relations of the treasury with private banks; government banks; etc. Banking 453 BANKING Accounting 451 ACCOUNTING Borrowing and lending 426 BORROWING AND LENDING Money 436 MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE 653 PUBLIC WORKS Government construction of dams, reservoirs, canals, ship channels, railways, highways, sewers, and public buildings; method of accomplishment (e.g., by labor drafts, by contract with private entrepreneurs); public works policies (e.g., to relieve unemployment, to increase public revenues); maintenance of public works; etc. Public works programs to relieve unemployment 746 PUBLIC ASSISTANCE Highway and railway construction 499 HIGHWAY AND RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION Water supply 312 WATER SUPPLY Sewers 364 REFUSE DISPOSAL AND SANITARY FACILITIES River and harbor improvements 503 WATERWAYS IMPROVEMENTS Forced labor 466 LABOR RELATIONS Cultural goals 185 CULTURAL GOALS Public buildings 344 Construction contractors 331 CONSTRUCTION Political graft 667 POLITICAL MACHINES 654 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Government-supported research in applied science (e.g., agriculture, fisheries, mining, forestry, nutrition, medicine); public extension and demonstration services; government subsidies to weak or essential industries (e.g., airlines, shipping, agriculture); exploration; coast, geodetic, and geological surveys; meteorological research and weather stations; etc. Marine industries 228 MARINE INDUSTRIES Public health 744 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION Agricultural science 242 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE Cultural goals 185 CULTURAL GOALS Military research 711 MILITARY ENGINEERING Mining and forestry 310 Water and air transport 500 Applied animal science 232 APPLIED ANIMAL SCIENCE Exploring expeditions 484 TRAVEL 655 GOVERNMENT ENTERPRISES Government monopolies (e.g., salt, tobacco); enterprises operated by the state or its political subdivisions (e.g., postal system, telephone and telegraph services, railways, power plants, banks); organization and mode of operation of each; types of government enterprise; etc. Economics of state enterprise 475 STATE ENTERPRISE Banks 453 BANKING Telephone and telegraph 206 TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH Tobacco manufacture 277 TOBACCO INDUSTRY Monopolies 477 COMPETITION Social planning 185 CULTURAL GOALS Salt manufacture 258 MISCELLANEOUS FOOD PROCESSING AND PACKING INDUSTRIES Government property 421 PROPERTY SYSTEM Municipal power and light facilities 365 PUBLIC UTILITIES Railways 496 RAILWAYS Power development 371 POWER DEVELOPMENT Postal system 205 MAIL Government ownership and control of capital 471 OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF CAPITAL 656 GOVERNMENT REGULATION Policies underlying government regulation of private enterprises and activities; general aspects of supervision, restriction, and enforcement; specific instances of government regulation not classifiable elsewhere; etc. Government regulation of hunting and fishing 220 Price controls 435 PRICE AND VALUE Government regulation of weights and measures 804 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Government regulation of wages 465 WAGES AND SALARIES Government regulation of travel and transportation 480 Government regulation of the manufacture and distribution of liquor and drugs 270 Government regulation of radio 207 RADIO AND TELEVISION Rationing 434 INCOME AND DEMAND Wartime regulations 722 WARTIME ADJUSTMENTS Government regulation of immigration 167 EXTERNAL MIGRATION Government regulation of food processing 250 Government regulation of dairying 234 DAIRYING Government regulation of business and industry 470 Government regulation of banking and finance 450 Conservation policies 185 CULTURAL GOALS Government regulation of medical personnel 759 MEDICAL PERSONNEL Government regulation of marriage 582 REGULATION OF MARRIAGE 657 PUBLIC WELFARE Pensions and welfare services for government employees; government care and administration of dependent ethnic groups (e.g., reservations); extent of public support of social work, welfare, relief, social insurance, and public health; etc. Government housing programs 362 HOUSING Administration of dependent territories 636 DEPENDENCIES Social problems 730 Public health 744 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION Public parks and playgrounds 367 PARKS Public assistance 746 PUBLIC ASSISTANCE Social insurance 745 SOCIAL INSURANCE 658 PUBLIC EDUCATION Extent of direct and indirect public support to education; government sponsorship and support of the fine arts, pure science, libraries, and museums; etc. Musical and theatrical productions 545 MUSICAL AND THEATRICAL PRODUCTIONS Libraries and museums 217 ARCHIVES Fine arts 530 Education 870 Science 810 659 MISCELLANEOUS GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES Governmental activities not classifiable elsewhere (e.g., census taking, national and state forests, government support of established churches, general church-state relations); expenditures on public safety (e.g. military establishment, police, fire protection, disaster relief); etc. State and national parks 529 RECREATIONAL FACILITIES Census data 160 Army, navy, and air forces 700 Disaster relief 731 DISASTERS Established churches 795 RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS Fire protection 368 MISCELLANEOUS FACILITIES Police 625 POLICE Religious intolerance 798 RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE Programs of land reform 423 REAL PROPERTY 660 POLITICAL BEHAVIOR General statements dealing with several specific types of political behavior. Since informal mechanisms of social control do not operate effectively above the level of the community, all government at higher levels depends upon the authority and power to supplement such mechanisms with organized force. Hence political behavior, as opposed to other forms of social behavior, is characterized by the exercise or manipulation of such power, or the striving for it, as a means of accomplishing goals by force or the threat thereof. Ethnopolitical theory 829 ETHNOSOCIOLOGY 661 EXPLOITATION Exercise of their power by holders of political office to further personal goals, whether materialistic, psychological, or ideological; perquisites of office (e.g., exceptional income and material comforts, special sexual or marital privileges, unusual honors or deference); use of office for self-aggrandizement (e.g., exhibitionism, extortion of bribes, protection of vice, acceptance of commissions for services rendered); employment of power to force others to conform to personal ethical or religious convictions; suppression of rivals (e.g., purges); oppression of opponents; nepotism; protection of vested interests; etc. Religious persecution 798 RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE Illegal entertainment 548 ILLEGAL ENTERTAINMENT Political machines 667 POLITICAL MACHINES 662 POLITICAL INTRIGUE Use of the techniques of manipulative mobility to wrest favors from the holders of power or to obtain political preferment; flattery and ingratiation; use of bribery; deals; palace intrigue; opportunism; "playing politics"; etc. Manipulative mobility 557 MANIPULATIVE MOBILITY Punishment of bribery 687 OFFENSES AGAINST THE STATE Marriage of convenience 581 BASIS OF MARRIAGE 663 PUBLIC SERVICE Use of non-exploitative methods to retain a political office or secure a higher one; exercise of economy, suppression of corruption and vice, exhibition of administrative skill, statesmanship, and comparable methods of gaining and keeping mass support as a bulwark against opposing political forces; appealing to the intelligence and conscience of the public; etc. Reform movements 185 CULTURAL GOALS Civic virtues 641 CITIZENSHIP 664 PRESSURE POLITICS Exertion of organized pressure on holders of political office to use their power to further group goals; pressure groups; lobbying; organized manifestations of group solidarity (e.g., mass demonstrations, letter-writing campaigns); use of publicity channels and propaganda techniques; adoption of labor tactics (e.g., picketing); etc. Social control 626 SOCIAL CONTROL Public opinion 208 PUBLIC OPINION Collective bargaining 468 COLLECTIVE BARGAINING 665 POLITICAL PARTIES Organization for the purpose of acquiring and retaining political power; political factions; organized political parties (e.g., number, composition, leadership, objectives, political party ideologies); party organization (e.g., national, regional, and local committees); methods of recruiting and rewarding members (e.g., spoils system); nomination procedure (e.g., caucuses, primaries, conventions, slates); special organization during electoral campaigns; integration of political parties with the structure of the state and its subdivisions; etc. Factionalism in communities 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS Factionalism in communities 621 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE 666 ELECTIONS Voting; informal methods of selecting public affairs officials; organized electoral systems (e.g., election districts, registration of voters, requirements for nomination, polling places, balloting, precautions against fraud); election campaigns (e.g., fund raising, campaign platforms, speaking tours, use of publicity and propaganda); voting behavior and its determinants; electoral intimidation and fraud; methods of minority control (e.g., gerrymandering, rotten-borough system, poll taxes); etc. Oratory 537 ORATORY Molding of public opinion 208 PUBLIC OPINION Non-electoral methods of filling political offices 620 Non-electoral methods of filling political offices 640 Punishment of electoral fraud 687 OFFENSES AGAINST THE STATE Non-electoral methods of filling political offices 630 Franchise 641 CITIZENSHIP 667 POLITICAL MACHINES Special organizations for the control of elections and offices and the distribution of spoils; personal and party machines; rewards to members and controlled voters (e.g., jobs, contracts, favors, police protection, petty graft); mechanisms of mobility within the machine (e.g., ward heeling, getting out the vote); relations with the underworld; extent of political corruption; attempts at reform; etc. City government 633 CITIES Police 625 POLICE 668 POLITICAL MOVEMENTS Mass movements for substantial political change; types (e.g., messianic, nativistic, nationalistic, radical, revolutionary, reactionary); organization (e.g., into political parties, underground cells); leadership; doctrines, policies, and programs (e.g., socialism, communism, fascism); overt activities (e.g., passive resistance, propaganda, pressure politics, mass demonstrations, fomenting of labor disturbances); covert activities (e.g., infiltration, circulation of disparaging rumors, secret distribution of inflammatory literature, "front" organizations); proportion of population affected; etc. Cultural revitalization 1710 CULTURAL REVITALIZATION AND ETHNOGENESIS Collective bargaining 468 COLLECTIVE BARGAINING Sociopolitical theories 829 ETHNOSOCIOLOGY Temperance movements 733 ALCOHOLISM AND DRUG ADDICTION Development of nationalism 619 TRIBE AND NATION Propaganda 208 PUBLIC OPINION Socialism 471 OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF CAPITAL Reform movements 185 CULTURAL GOALS Social trends 178 SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS 669 REVOLUTION Attempt to seize political power by violent means; types (e.g., palace revolts, fifth columns, insurrections, class uprisings, civil wars); causes and objectives; rationalizations; participants; tactics (e.g., seizure of leading opponents of military strongholds, of strategic urban utilities); counterrevolutionary tactics and movements; results of success and failure; etc. Riots 579 BRAWLS, RIOTS, AND BANDITRY Cultural goals 185 CULTURAL GOALS Social stratification 560 Punishment of treason 687 OFFENSES AGAINST THE STATE History and culture change 170 Ingroup antagonisms 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS War 720 670 LAW General statements dealing with several aspects of customary or imposed norms of behavior for violations of which sanctions may be enforced by some agent or agency of the politically organized community or state, and not alone through informal mechanisms of social control. 671 LEGAL NORMS Extent of differentiation of social norms enforceable by some organ of politically constituted society from those enforced only by informal social control; conception of law (e.g., as precedent, as a body of absolute or relative principles); comparative prevalence of customary or common law and of "made" laws (e.g., edicts, decrees, ordinances, statutes, constitutions, binding judicial or administrative decisions, imposed taboos, divine revelations); lawgivers; law codes; legal categories (e.g., civil and criminal law); legal rules and administrative law; jurisprudence; uniform and multiple systems of law; etc. Government regulation 656 GOVERNMENT REGULATION Civil rights 641 CITIZENSHIP Constitutional law 642 CONSTITUTION Customary norms 183 NORMS Family law 593 FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS Informal justice 627 INFORMAL IN-GROUP JUSTICE Informal social control 626 SOCIAL CONTROL Innovation 176 INNOVATION Justice 690 Property law 421 PROPERTY SYSTEM Marital law 722 WARTIME ADJUSTMENTS 672 LIABILITY Conception of the liability of individuals and groups for breaches of legal norms; extension of liability to others (e.g., parents, spouse, sibmates); exemptions from legal responsibility (e.g., minors, insane persons, chiefs); recognition of extenuating or aggravating circumstances (e.g., youth or old age, gender or class status of aggressor or victim, accident, self-defense, intent, negligence, recidivism); liability of animals or inanimate objects (e.g., "the ox that gored); etc. Collective responsibility of kin groups 610 Collective responsibility of families 590 Sanctions 681 SANCTIONS Moral accountability 812 PHILOSOPHY Status of minors 858 STATUS OF CHILDREN Responsibility of a principal for acts of his agent 676 AGENCY 673 WRONGS General definitions of acts which violate legal norms; major categories of breaches (e.g., crimes, torts, violations of contract, sins); recognized graduations in the gravity of offenses (e.g., malum prohibitum and malum in se, misdemeanors and felonies, venial and deadly sins); etc. Taboo 784 AVOIDANCE AND TABOO Specific offenses and their sanctions 680 Sex perversions 830 Breaches of etiquette 576 ETIQUETTE Breaches of ethics 577 ETHICS 674 CRIME Prevalence and incidence of crime; common and rare offenses; crime statistics (e.g., number of reported violations, arrests, and convictions for various offenses); types of offenders (e.g., juvenile delinquents, criminal castes; narcotic addicts, professional criminals); motives in crime (e.g., greed, frustration, sexual jealousy); contributory social factors (e.g., poverty, oppression); criminology; etc. Litigation of civil cases 691 LITIGATION Socialization 860 Neuroses and psychoses 158 PERSONALITY DISORDERS Illegal entertainment 548 ILLEGAL ENTERTAINMENT Banditry and piracy 579 BRAWLS, RIOTS, AND BANDITRY Suicide 762 SUICIDE Crime prevention 625 POLICE Sanctions 681 SANCTIONS Ingroup delinquency 738 DELINQUENCY 675 CONTRACTS Conception of contractual relations; agreements, bargains, promises, and their enforceability; consideration; rights, privileges, and powers of contracting parties; procedure in the conclusion of contracts (e.g., presence of witnesses); terms and stipulations; types of contracts (e.g., legal forms, oral agreements, covenants); etc. Loans 426 BORROWING AND LENDING Builders and contractors 331 CONSTRUCTION Social relationships 571 SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND GROUPS Sales 432 BUYING AND SELLING Religious vows 782 PRAYERS AND SACRIFICES Marriage contracts 584 ARRANGING A MARRIAGE Leases 427 RENTING AND LEASING Labor relations 466 LABOR RELATIONS Treaties and alliances 648 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Insurance contracts 456 INSURANCE Penalties for breaches of contract 686 NONFULFILLMENT OF OBLIGATIONS 676 AGENCY Conception of the delegation of authority; implications and limitations; rights, privileges, and powers of principal and agent; responsibility of a principal for the acts of his agent; intrusting and revocation; commissions and fees of agents types of agents (e.g., factors); etc. Marriage brokers 584 ARRANGING A MARRIAGE Corporation law 473 CORPORATE ORGANIZATION Messengers 203 DISSEMINATION OF NEWS AND INFORMATION Public carriers 500 Public carriers 490 Private welfare agencies 747 PRIVATE WELFARE AGENCIES Salesmen 446 SALES PROMOTION Domestic servants 357 DOMESTIC SERVICE Attorneys at law 693 LEGAL AND JUDICIAL PERSONNEL Trust administration 429 ADMINISTRATION Labor relations 466 LABOR RELATIONS Government agencies 647 ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES Investment brokers 454 SAVING AND INVESTMENT 677 ORGANIZED CRIME Criminal organizations that operate illegal activities for profit. Activities and operations can include prostitutes and houses of prostitution; recruiting of prostitutes; auxiliary specialists (e.g. procurers, madams, pimps); organized homosexuality; illicit narcotics trade (e.g., drug peddlers, opium dens, crack houses); underworld gambling establishments; illicit liquor businesses (e.g., rumrunning, bootlegging, speakeasies); contract murders; Also any description of internal structure of organizations, leaders, business methods (graft, racketeering, money laundering, loan sharking, political protection), codes, conduct, initiation rites, special insignia Introduced in 2000. Public health 744 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION Gambling 525 GAMBLING Religious prostitution 786 ECSTATIC RELIGIOUS PRACTICES Crime 674 CRIME Political corruption 660 Secret societies 575 SODALITIES Illegal entertainment 548 ILLEGAL ENTERTAINMENT Youth gangs 883 ADOLESCENT ACTIVITIES Use of liquor and drugs 270 Sex 830 680 OFFENSES AND SANCTIONS General statements covering several distinct definitions, in legal or other form, of specific actionable or punishable offenses and for data on the general and specific incidence of punitive sanctions. Criminal behavior 674 CRIME 681 SANCTIONS Incidence and distribution of the major types of sanctions; capital punishment (e.g., hanging, decapitation, strangling, burning, dismembering); corporal punishment (e.g., flogging, mutilation, torture); property sanctions (e.g., damages, fines, confiscation); public humiliation (e.g., ridicule, pillory); deprivation of civil rights (e.g., enslavement, outlawry, imprisonment); theory of sanctions; systematization of sanctions (e.g., wergild, criminal codes); purpose of sanctions (e.g., compensation, punishment, prevention); penology; recipient of fines, damages, confiscated property (e.g., state, injured party); etc. Social control 626 SOCIAL CONTROL Supernatural punishment for violation of taboos 784 AVOIDANCE AND TABOO Prisons and penal labor 697 PRISONS AND JAILS Formal justice 690 Informal justice 627 INFORMAL IN-GROUP JUSTICE 682 OFFENSES AGAINST LIFE Definitions, incidence of, and sanctions for homicide (e.g., murder, manslaughter); punishments for attempted homicide and attempted suicide; penalties for abortion and infanticide; etc. Suicide 762 SUICIDE Liability in instances of accident or self defense 672 LIABILITY Accidents 164 MORBIDITY Killing the aged 888 STATUS AND TREATMENT OF THE AGED Abortion and infanticide 847 ABORTION AND INFANTICIDE Blood feuds 628 INTER-COMMUNITY RELATIONS Cannibalism 266 CANNIBALISM Euthanasia 730 Headhunting 721 INSTIGATION OF WAR Blood feuds 627 INFORMAL IN-GROUP JUSTICE Accidents 165 MORTALITY Headhunting 727 AFTERMATH OF COMBAT 683 OFFENSES AGAINST THE PERSON Definitions, incidence of, and sanctions for acts of physical and verbal aggression (e.g., assault, battery, mayhem, slander, libel); penalties for sorcery; etc. Gossip 626 SOCIAL CONTROL Quarrels 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS Sorcery 754 SORCERY 684 SEX AND MARITAL OFFENSES Definitions, incidence of, and penalties for sex offenses (e.g., fornication, seduction, adultery, prostitution, incest, miscegenation, rape, sodomy, bestiality); punishments for marital and family offenses (e.g., nonsupport desertion, neglect of children); etc. Sex 830 Marriage 580 Miscegenation 563 ETHNIC STRATIFICATION Prostitution 548 ILLEGAL ENTERTAINMENT Illegitimacy 848 ILLEGITIMACY 685 PROPERTY OFFENSES Definitions, incidence of, and penalties for stealing (e.g., theft, poaching, robbery, burglary, fraud, embezzlement); definitions of and punishment for property damage (e.g., trespass, arson, malicious mischief); etc. Property 420 Banditry 579 BRAWLS, RIOTS, AND BANDITRY 686 NONFULFILLMENT OF OBLIGATIONS Penalties for breach of contract and nonpayment of debts; definitions, incidence of, and sanctions for criminal negligence; etc. Enforcement of contracts and debts 696 EXECUTION OF JUSTICE Borrowing and lending 426 BORROWING AND LENDING Contracts 675 CONTRACTS 687 OFFENSES AGAINST THE STATE Definitions, incidence of, and punishments for political offenses (e.g., treason, espionage, illegal entry, conspiracy, lese majesty, electoral fraud, malfeasance in office); penalties for military offenses (e.g., insubordination, cowardice, desertion, mutiny); definitions of and punishments for judicial offenses (e.g., giving or receiving bribes, perjury, subornation, barratry, contempt of court); penalties for monetary or fiscal offenses (e.g., counterfeiting, falsification of records or documents, smuggling, tax evasion); etc. Smuggling 439 FOREIGN TRADE Taxation 651 TAXATION AND PUBLIC INCOME Money 436 MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE Military discipline 703 DISCIPLINE AND MORALE International law 648 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Courts-martial 698 SPECIAL COURTS Court procedure 695 TRIAL PROCEDURE Revolution 669 REVOLUTION 688 RELIGIOUS OFFENSES Definitions, incidence of, and punishments for blasphemy and impiety; penalties for specific sins of omission and commission (e.g., ritual offenses, violation of taboos); etc. Supernatural penalties for violation of taboos 784 AVOIDANCE AND TABOO Expiation 783 PURIFICATION AND ATONEMENT Fear of supernatural sanctions 626 SOCIAL CONTROL General definition of sin 673 WRONGS 689 SOCIAL OFFENSES Definitions, incidence of, and punishments for quarrelsomeness, disorderly conduct, and commission of nuisances; penalties for drunkenness, prohibited drug use, and abnormal behavior; patterned punishments for lying and other breaches of ethics; punishments for indolence and non-cooperation; etc. Ingroup antagonisms 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS Social control 626 SOCIAL CONTROL Breaches of ethics 577 ETHICS Behavior under intoxication 273 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES Narcotics and stimulants 276 RECREATIONAL AND NON-THERAPEUTIC DRUGS Mutual aid 476 MUTUAL AID Laziness and loafing 461 LABOR AND LEISURE Breaches of etiquette 576 ETIQUETTE Living standards and routines 510 Neuroses and psychoses 158 PERSONALITY DISORDERS 690 JUSTICE General statements dealing with several aspects of the formal procedures and the authorized agents of the community or state through which violations of legal norms are determined and sanctions imposed. Social control and informal mechanisms of justice 620 691 LITIGATION Incidence of civil actions; statistics of civil cases; causes and types of litigation; abuses (e.g., barratry, ambulance chasing); etc. Incidence of criminal actions and criminal behavior 674 CRIME Ingroup aggression 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS Informal justice 627 INFORMAL IN-GROUP JUSTICE Torts 673 WRONGS 692 JUDICIAL AUTHORITY Extent to which the settlement of disputes, redress of injuries, and application of sanctions is withdrawn from the parties concerned and vested in some constituted authority; degree of identification or separation of judicial and other constituted authority; specialized judges and courts; judicial system (e.g., courts of original and appellate jurisdiction, courts of law and equity, civil and criminal courts); jurisdiction of each type of court; judicial powers and prerogatives; etc. Judicial authority of executive and administrative officials 630 Judicial authority of executive and administrative officials 640 Concept of justice 577 ETHICS Legal norms 671 LEGAL NORMS Special courts 698 SPECIAL COURTS Constitution 642 CONSTITUTION Informal justice within the community 627 INFORMAL IN-GROUP JUSTICE 693 LEGAL AND JUDICIAL PERSONNEL Specialized law- enforcement personnel other than police (e.g., sheriffs, bailiffs, constables, posses, coroners); attorneys at law (e.g., counselors, barristers); bar associations; justices of the peace; court officials e.g., judges, prosecuting attorneys, public defenders, clerks, court reporters); grand and petit jurors; parole and probation officers; executioners; qualifications, selection, functions, and prerogatives of each; payment (e.g., fees, commissions, salaries); legal ethics; etc. Legal education 874 VOCATIONAL EDUCATION Police 625 POLICE 694 INITIATION OF JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS Complaints and accusations; methods of detection; bringing suit; indictments (e.g., by grand jury); warrants and summonses; arrests and detention; bail; writs (e.g., of habeas corpus); pleas and demurrers; etc. Litigation 691 LITIGATION Police 625 POLICE 695 TRIAL PROCEDURE Types of court procedure (e.g., summary, criminal, civil, appellate); arraignment; testimony (e.g., witnesses, rules of evidence); arguments and summations; special tests (e.g., oaths, ordeals, torture, judicial duels); judicial decisions (e.g., by judge, jury, arbitration); judgments and sentences; appeals; etc. Martial law 722 WARTIME ADJUSTMENTS Court records 217 ARCHIVES Courthouses 344 PUBLIC STRUCTURES Judicial abuses and their punishment 687 OFFENSES AGAINST THE STATE Informal judicial procedure at the community level 627 INFORMAL IN-GROUP JUSTICE Oratory 537 ORATORY 696 EXECUTION OF JUSTICE Manner in which judgments and sentences are executed (e.g., self-help, execution by special officials); enforcement of contracts and debts; writs (e.g., of execution, attachment, replevin); probation; evasions of justice (e.g., procedural loopholes, bribery, flight, asylum); etc. Public executions 541 SPECTACLES Lynch law 627 INFORMAL IN-GROUP JUSTICE Places of asylum 778 SACRED OBJECTS AND PLACES Bankruptcy administration 429 ADMINISTRATION Sanctions 681 SANCTIONS Blood vengeance 628 INTER-COMMUNITY RELATIONS 697 PRISONS AND JAILS Places of imprisonment and detention; precautions against escape; personnel (e.g., jailers, wardens, chaplains, guards); differential treatment of inmates (e.g., women, trusties); organization of penal institutions; prison rules an routines; rewards and punishments for behavior; terms; paroles and pardons; prison labor; penal labor camps; special prisons (e.g., prisons for political offenders, military prisons); etc. Penology 681 SANCTIONS Prison buildings 344 PUBLIC STRUCTURES Insane asylums 743 HOSPITALS AND CLINICS Forced labor 466 LABOR RELATIONS Prisoners of war 727 AFTERMATH OF COMBAT Reformatories 738 DELINQUENCY 698 SPECIAL COURTS Courts with special functions (e.g., courts-martial, claims courts, probate courts, juvenile courts, admiralty courts); arbitration tribunals; commissions with judicial authority; special personnel, jurisdiction, powers, and procedure of each type; etc. Military discipline 703 DISCIPLINE AND MORALE Probate procedure 428 INHERITANCE International courts 648 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Marine customs and regulations 502 NAVIGATION 700 ARMED FORCES General statements covering several distinct aspects of specialized military organization. Generalized data on unspecialized military organization will be filed under Category 701, except for aspects sufficiently elaborated in the particular society to merit special treatment under one of the other sibling categories. 701 MILITARY ORGANIZATION Purpose of military organization (e.g., defense, internal police, prestige); composition of the armed forces in peace and war; standing army and navy (e.g., size, disposition, state of preparedness); eligibility and liability for military service (e.g., age and gender qualifications); status of warriors (e.g., prerogatives, disabilities); military leaders (e.g., qualifications, mode of selection, authority, functions); extent of differentiation of military from political organization; coordination of armed forces (e.g., of a war party, an army, a complex military establishment); hierarchical organization (e.g., gradations in rank, chain of command); system of payment, promotion, and retirement; furloughs and leave; special organizations (e.g., military societies); length of time in service; etc. Political organization 640 Political organization 620 Prestige and mobility 550 Political organization 630 Military technology and equipment 710 Leadership traits 157 PERSONALITY TRAITS 702 RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING Induction into the armed forces (e.g., voluntary enlistment, conscription); screening (e.g., tests of fitness, medical examinations); training (e.g., instruction, drill, practice with weapons, tactical maneuvers); special elaborations (e.g., recruiting stations, manuals of arms); social status; etc. Citizenship 641 CITIZENSHIP Military reviews 541 SPECTACLES Athletics 526 ATHLETIC SPORTS Military schools and colleges 874 VOCATIONAL EDUCATION Training camps 712 MILITARY INSTALLATIONS 703 DISCIPLINE AND MORALE Military virtues (e.g., courage, obedience); punitive and summary judicial powers of military leaders; military rewards (e.g., medals, badges, special privileges); level of morale in the armed forces; integrating and demoralizing factors; special techniques of instilling morale; etc. Military offenses and sanctions 687 OFFENSES AGAINST THE STATE Courts-martial 698 SPECIAL COURTS Ingroup antagonisms 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS Prerogatives of veterans 729 WAR VETERANS Symbolic tokens of prestige 554 STATUS, ROLE, AND PRESTIGE Ethical ideals 577 ETHICS 704 GROUND COMBAT FORCES Specific organization of the army; high command; specialized combat branches (e.g., infantry, cavalry, artillery, tank corps); combat units (e.g., squads, companies, battalions, regiments, divisions); composition, organization, and special functions of each; specialized combat forces (e.g., scouts, marines, anti-aircraft defense units); etc. Military technology and equipment 710 Land transport 490 Tactics 725 TACTICS 705 SUPPLY AND COMMISSARIAT Special organization of supply services (e.g., quartermaster corps, naval and air transport services); system of procurement and distribution; rations and their issuance; mess arrangements; specialized personnel (e.g., cooks, stewards, supply officers); etc. Food consumption 260 Logistics 724 LOGISTICS 706 NAVY Specific organization of the navy; high command; combat units (e.g., scouting and task forces); organization of a ship (e.g., command, complement, line and engineering specialization, communications personnel); fleet auxiliaries; organization of ports, yards, depots, and other shore establishments; special naval forces (e.g., coast guard, submarine services); etc. Marine corps 704 GROUND COMBAT FORCES Naval vessels, ordnance, and equipment 710 Naval strategy and tactics 720 Ships, navigation, and water transport 500 707 AIR FORCES Organization of air forces; high command; combat and administrative units (e.g., strategic and tactical forces, wings, groups, squadrons); organization of personnel; organization of ground services; etc. Military aircraft 717 MILITARY AIRCRAFT Tactical air operations 725 TACTICS Air transport 509 AIR TRANSPORT Military air transport services 705 SUPPLY AND COMMISSARIAT 708 AUXILIARY CORPS Organization and functions of specialized non-combat services (e.g., medical and sanitary corps, army engineers, labor battalions, signal corps, intelligence services, military police); other specialized personnel (e.g., paymasters, chaplains, judge advocates, military government officers, specialists in communications and psychological warfare); etc. Courts-martial 698 SPECIAL COURTS Public health 744 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION Police 625 POLICE Peacetime espionage 648 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Military government 727 AFTERMATH OF COMBAT Medicine 750 Communication 200 Supply and commissary services 705 SUPPLY AND COMMISSARIAT Military engineering 711 MILITARY ENGINEERING 710 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY General statements on several aspects of technology peculiar to war. Technological processes and products used similarly in war and in industry are described under appropriate headings elsewhere. 711 MILITARY ENGINEERING Scientific knowledge of military technology; research and experimentation in applied military science; development and testing of new weapons and equipment; specialized techniques of army engineers; etc. Civil engineering 331 CONSTRUCTION Army engineers 708 AUXILIARY CORPS Chemical engineering 381 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Mechanical engineering 401 MECHANICS Navy engineering personnel 706 NAVY 712 MILITARY INSTALLATIONS Defensive fortifications; harbor and coast defenses (e.g., coast artillery emplacements, antisubmarine nets); radar and antiaircraft installations; military camps and posts; arsenals; naval stations and bases; military airfields; missile bases; construction, maintenance, and distribution of military installations; etc. Settlements 360 Organization of coast guard and naval shore stations 706 NAVY Anti-aircraft defense units 704 GROUND COMBAT FORCES Civilian airport facilities 508 AIRPORT FACILITIES Construction trades 330 713 ORDNANCE Specialized military weapons; description of complex weapons (e.g., small arms, artillery, poison gas, flame-throwers, torpedoes, mines, bombs, rockets); description of accessory equipment (e.g., cavalry gear, gun mounts and carriages, armor range finders, ammunition); ordnance stocks; etc. Unspecialized weapons 411 WEAPONS Riding gear 492 ANIMAL TRANSPORT Atomic energy 378 ATOMIC ENERGY Ordnance manufacture 719 MUNITIONS INDUSTRIES 714 UNIFORM AND ACCOUTERMENT Military garb (e.g., hair style, body armor, body painting, amulets and charms, uniform); description of personal equipment (e.g., canteen, haversack, helmet, gas mask, first-aid kit, shields); distinctions, (e.g., according to rank, between different corps and services, between parade and field uniforms and equipment); etc. Adornment 300 Clothing and accessories 290 Military medals and badges 703 DISCIPLINE AND MORALE 715 MILITARY VEHICLES Description of specialized military vehicles (e.g., armored trains, tanks, jeeps, amphibious vehicles); number, mode of operation, and special uses of each; etc. Automobile industry 398 MANUFACTURE OF VEHICLES Nonmilitary vehicles 493 VEHICLES Military material other than vehicles 713 ORDNANCE 716 NAVAL VESSELS Description of specialized naval vessels (e.g., war canoes, carriers, destroyers, submarines, mine layers, landing craft); motive power, speed, armament, special equipment, and functions of each; fleet statistics (e.g., number and disposition of units); etc. Other than naval craft 501 BOATS Naval ordnance 713 ORDNANCE Shipbuilding 396 SHIPBUILDING 717 MILITARY AIRCRAFT Description of specialized military air and space craft; motive power, speed, armament, and special equipment of each type; special adaptations (e.g., catapults, carrier arresting gear); number and disposition of military aircraft; etc. Organization of air force 707 AIR FORCES Aircraft industry 399 AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY Nonmilitary aircraft 506 AIRCRAFT 718 SPECIAL MILITARY EQUIPMENT Description of communications devices specialized for military use (e.g., field telephones, portable radio equipment, semaphore and blinker systems); special navigation and detection devices and equipment (e.g., radar, loran, special electronic gear); etc. Manufacture of electrical equipment 393 ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES INDUSTRY Army signal corps 708 AUXILIARY CORPS Photography 215 PHOTOGRAPHY Description of nonmilitary signaling, telephone, telegraph, radio and radar equipment 200 719 MUNITIONS INDUSTRIES Industries specializing in the manufacture of ordnance and other military supplies and equipment; ownership and operation; organization of labor and production; regulation; degree of economic self-sufficiency in munitions manufacture, etc. Gunsmiths 326 SMITHS AND THEIR CRAFTS Manufacture of explosives 389 MANUFACTURE OF EXPLOSIVES Capital goods industries 390 720 WAR General statements dealing with several aspects of the conduct and results of contests between independent political units (e.g., city-states, tribes) involving the use of organized military force. Revolution and civil war 669 REVOLUTION For in-group violence 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS 721 INSTIGATION OF WAR Frequency of war (e.g., common, rare, unknown); participating groups; military preparedness; scale, severity, and duration of wars; small-scale military operations (e.g., raids for slaves or cattle, headhunting, privateering); conception of war (e.g., as glorious, as holy, as wrong but inevitable, as less debilitating than peace); prevalent motives for waging war (e.g., vengeance, self-defense, aggrandizement, prestige); material gains (e.g., booty, trophies, slaves, women, mercantile advantages, territory); predominance of offensive or defensive warfare; decision as to war (e.g., deliberations, negotiations); methods of initiating hostilities (e.g., challenges, declarations of war, attacks without warning); etc. Ethnocentrism 186 CULTURAL IDENTITY AND PRIDE Prestige 554 STATUS, ROLE, AND PRESTIGE Religious intolerance 798 RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE International relations 648 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Feuds 628 INTER-COMMUNITY RELATIONS Cannibalism 266 CANNIBALISM Riots, piracy and banditry 579 BRAWLS, RIOTS, AND BANDITRY Revolution 669 REVOLUTION 722 WARTIME ADJUSTMENTS Emergency adjustments (e.g., martial law); wartime restrictions; disposition and behavior of noncombatants (e.g., removal to place of security, mobilization for war industries, observance of special taboos); means of maintaining civilian morale; civilian defense activities; economic readjustments to war; etc. Rationing 434 INCOME AND DEMAND Conscription 702 RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING Wartime extensions of political authority 642 CONSTITUTION Price controls 435 PRICE AND VALUE Public finance 652 PUBLIC FINANCE Government regulation 656 GOVERNMENT REGULATION 723 STRATEGY Principles of military, naval, and aerial strategy; non-technological aspects of military science; planning of wars and campaigns; coordination of military forces; planned use of propaganda and psychological warfare; economic warfare; etc. Public opinion 208 PUBLIC OPINION Negotiation of alliances 648 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 724 LOGISTICS Wartime procurement of military supplies; logistic planning; organization of land, sea, and air transport; expediting of supplies; depots, dumps, and supply trains; etc. Water and air transport 500 Military vehicles, naval vessels, and military aircraft 710 Organized commissariat and supply services 705 SUPPLY AND COMMISSARIAT Land transport 490 725 TACTICS Specialized tactics of ground, air, and naval forces; combined tactics; offensive tactical maneuvers; defensive tactics (e.g., trench warfare, use of underground installations); special tactics (e.g., parachute attacks, landing operations, raids in depth, tactics of resistance movements); etc. Revolutionary tactics 669 REVOLUTION Unspecialized tactics 726 WARFARE 726 WARFARE Wartime mobilization; departure of troops (e.g., public ceremonies, rituals for securing supernatural aid, exhortations to bravery); military expeditions (e.g., marching, scouts, protection of flanks and rear, camping, mounting of guards, foraging, billeting); types of combat (e.g., skirmishes, surprise attacks, assaults, pitched battles, guerrilla warfare, siege operations); joining battle (e.g., choice of time and place, ritual preliminaries and precautions); deploying and coordination of forces; special characteristics of naval and air combat; scorched earth policy; military conventions and rules of war (e.g., flag of truce); personal encounters (e.g., duels between champions); termination of combat (e.g., after first casualty, after desperate last stand); tactical withdrawals; flight and pursuit; surrender; etc. Organization of army or war party 701 MILITARY ORGANIZATION Religious practices 780 War songs 533 MUSIC International law 648 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 727 AFTERMATH OF COMBAT Number and nature of casualties; treatment of own casualties (e.g., retrieving and disposal of dead, care of wounded); treatment of enemy casualties (e.g., despoiling, mutilation, killing); taking of trophies; treatment of captives and prisoners (e.g., slaughter, torture, mutilation, release, exchange, holding for ransom, adoption, enslavement, sacrifice); punishment of enemy leaders; military occupation and military government; homecoming after war (e.g., return trip, reception of returning warriors); home reactions to victory and defeat; victory celebrations (e.g., dances, feasts, memorials); demobilization; resumption of normal life; reconstruction of war damage; compensation for casualties; refugees; etc. Body alteration 304 BODY ALTERATIONS Prisons 697 PRISONS AND JAILS Cannibalism 266 CANNIBALISM Commemorative statues and monuments 211 MNEMONIC DEVICES Slavery 567 SLAVERY War dances 535 DANCE Mortuary practices 764 BURIAL PRACTICES AND FUNERALS Colonial administration 636 DEPENDENCIES 728 PEACEMAKING Truce and peace negotiations; peace conferences; terms (e.g., tribute, indemnities, cession of territory, demilitarization); ratification of peace terms; consolidation of annexed territory; transplantation of conquered populations; etc. Colonial administration 636 DEPENDENCIES Naturalization 641 CITIZENSHIP Migrations 167 EXTERNAL MIGRATION International relations 648 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Migrations 166 INTERNAL MIGRATION 729 WAR VETERANS Status and activities of military veterans; special prerogatives (e.g., political and economic preferment); military pensions and soldiers' bonuses; special institutions (e.g., old soldiers' homes, veterans' hospitals); veterans' organizations; reunions; etc. Prestige and mobility 550 Sodalities 575 SODALITIES Veterans administration 647 ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES Public welfare 657 PUBLIC WELFARE Hospitals 743 HOSPITALS AND CLINICS Patriotic holidays and anniversaries 527 REST DAYS AND HOLIDAYS 730 SOCIAL PROBLEMS General statements dealing with several distinct types of major social problems and with the incidence, treatment, and care accorded each major type. Coordinated welfare programs and highly institutionalized methods of care and relief 740 731 DISASTERS Prevalence and major types of disasters (e.g., earthquakes, epidemics, conflagrations, typhoons, tornadoes, floods, droughts, famines, insect plagues); explanations and rationalizations; incidence of disastrous accidents (e.g., train wreck ); reactions to disasters; organization of relief (e.g., private, public); role of special relief agencies (e.g., Red Cross); emergency measures; reconstruction; preventive measures (e.g., flood control); etc. Occurrence of epidemics 164 MORBIDITY Cyclonic storms 132 CLIMATE Water supply 312 WATER SUPPLY Sickness 750 Reconstruction of war damage 727 AFTERMATH OF COMBAT Adjustments to famine 261 GRATIFICATION AND CONTROL OF HUNGER Areas of volcanic and seismic activity 133 TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY Municipal fire-fighting services 368 MISCELLANEOUS FACILITIES Relief agencies 740 732 DISABILITIES Incidence of serious physical disabilities (e.g., blindness, deaf-mutism, crippling infirmities and deformities); interpretation of deformities and disabilities; care and treatment of disabled (e.g., neglect, persecution, euthanasia, home care, charity, institutionalization); organization, operation, and financial support of special institutions for disabled; adjustments to disabilities (e.g., seeing-eye dogs, prosthetic devices, hearing aids); sterilization of disabled, etc. The descriptor was changed from HANDICAPPED to DISABLED in 2000. Care of aged 888 STATUS AND TREATMENT OF THE AGED Sign language 201 GESTURES AND SIGNS Interpretations of physical abnormalities 826 ETHNOANATOMY Aids to locomotion 481 LOCOMOTION Care of aged 737 OLD AGE DEPENDENCY Care of war veterans 729 WAR VETERANS Sickness 750 Incidence of insanity 158 PERSONALITY DISORDERS Guardianship 429 ADMINISTRATION Begging 735 POVERTY Infanticide 847 ABORTION AND INFANTICIDE 733 ALCOHOLISM AND DRUG ADDICTION Incidence of excessive or chronic use of alcohol or narcotics; social problems arising therefrom (e.g., poverty, delinquency, broken homes); care and treatment of alcoholics and drug addicts (e.g., neglect, attempts at restraint and cure); special institutions for the treatment and cure of alcoholics and addicts; temperance movements; etc. Relief of dependents 736 DEPENDENCY Illegal entertainment 548 ILLEGAL ENTERTAINMENT Sickness 750 Psychiatric aspects of alcoholism and drug addiction 158 PERSONALITY DISORDERS Political movements 668 POLITICAL MOVEMENTS Use of alcoholic beverages and narcotics 270 734 INVALIDISM Chronic illness and invalidism (e.g., mental illness, tuberculosis, multiple sclerosis); prolonged convalescence after illness; treatment and care (e.g., hospitalization, neglect, euthanasia, nursing, diet, rest); home care and institutionalization; sanitariums, mental institutions, convalescent homes; economic problems arising from chronic illness; relief of the chronically ill and their families (e.g., charity, public relief); etc. Social insurance 745 SOCIAL INSURANCE Sickness 750 Morbidity 164 MORBIDITY Malnutrition 146 NUTRITION Insurance 456 INSURANCE Hospitals and clinics 743 HOSPITALS AND CLINICS General data on medical care 758 MEDICAL CARE 735 POVERTY Prevalence and definition of poverty; causes (e.g., low income, unemployment, sickness, alcoholism, improvidence, indolence); social attitudes toward poverty; begging and beggars; poor relief (e.g., almsgiving, private charity, public r relief); special institutions for the poor (e.g., almshouses); support of institutions (e.g., municipal, ecclesiastical, private endowment); etc. Gift giving 431 GIFT GIVING Housing 362 HOUSING Laziness 461 LABOR AND LEISURE Standards and levels of living 511 STANDARD OF LIVING Wages 465 WAGES AND SALARIES Social insurance, public assistance, and private welfare agencies 740 Income 434 INCOME AND DEMAND Social stratification 560 736 DEPENDENCY Incidence of dependency (e.g., orphans, widows, deserted and divorced wives, families of the disabled and alcoholics, families of invalids and criminals); attitudes toward dependency; care and support of dependents (e.g., adoption, support y relatives, private charity, public relief); special institutions for dependents (e.g., orphanages); etc. Insurance 456 INSURANCE Social insurance, public assistance, and private welfare agencies 740 Adoption 597 ADOPTION Status of widows 589 CELIBACY Levirate 587 SECONDARY MARRIAGES Guardianship 429 ADMINISTRATION Treatment of motherless infants 846 POSTNATAL CARE 737 OLD AGE DEPENDENCY Incidence of dependency for the aged of both genders; care and support of the aged (e.g., support by relatives, private charity, public relief, institutionalization); special institutions for the aged (e.g., old people's homes); support of institutions (e.g., private, municipal, fraternal, ecclesiastical); etc. Annuities 456 INSURANCE Status and treatment of the aged 888 STATUS AND TREATMENT OF THE AGED Age distribution of the population 162 COMPOSITION OF POPULATION Pensions and social insurance 745 SOCIAL INSURANCE Public assistance 746 PUBLIC ASSISTANCE Savings 454 SAVING AND INVESTMENT 738 DELINQUENCY Incidence of petty delinquency (e.g., hoodlums and vandalism, inveterate gambling, sex delinquency, nonsupport); prevalence, causes, and types of juvenile delinquency; attitudes toward and methods of dealing with petty and juvenile delinquents; special institutions (e.g., reformatories, houses of correction); etc. Crime 674 CRIME Adolescent problems 883 ADOLESCENT ACTIVITIES Children's gang 857 CHILDHOOD ACTIVITIES Juvenile courts 698 SPECIAL COURTS Drunkenness 273 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES Prostitution 548 ILLEGAL ENTERTAINMENT Gambling 525 GAMBLING Prisons 697 PRISONS AND JAILS Premarital sex relations 836 PREMARITAL SEX RELATIONS Laziness 461 LABOR AND LEISURE Social offenses and their sanctions 689 SOCIAL OFFENSES Brawls 579 BRAWLS, RIOTS, AND BANDITRY 740 HEALTH AND WELFARE General statements covering several aspects of the more highly institutionalized adjustments to social problems and disease. 741 PHILANTHROPIC FOUNDATIONS Private endowments for relief of distress, social welfare, health, and education; church endowments for philanthropic and educational purposes; corporate foundations for the promotion of health, welfare, science, and education; special philanthropic organizations (e.g., community trusts); organization, administration, and policies of foundations; finance (e.g., gifts, investments, tax exemption); fund-raising methods; distribution of funds; etc. Trusts 429 ADMINISTRATION Gift giving 431 GIFT GIVING Education 870 Church organizations 794 CONGREGATIONS Institutions for disabled, dependents, and delinquents 730 Science and the humanities 810 Investment 454 SAVING AND INVESTMENT Taxation 651 TAXATION AND PUBLIC INCOME 742 MEDICAL RESEARCH Extent of research in medicine, nutrition, and public health, integration with hospitals and medical schools; specialized personnel (e.g., researchers, technicians); laboratories and equipment; research institutes; administration of research; special objectives (e.g., control of cancer, of tuberculosis); finance (e.g., government aid, foundation grants, public drives); fund-raising organization and techniques (e.g., Christmas seals, march of dimes); allocation of funds; etc. Medical schools 874 VOCATIONAL EDUCATION Veterinary science 232 APPLIED ANIMAL SCIENCE Medical personnel 759 MEDICAL PERSONNEL Development of biological science 815 SCIENCE Government support 654 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 743 HOSPITALS AND CLINICS Number and availability of special institutions for medical care; organization and operation of clinics and hospitals; personnel (e.g., administrative and medical staffs, nurses, orderlies, technicians), equipment; special services; charges and fees; sources of financial support (e.g., governmental, ecclesiastical, private); ambulatory clinics. Hospital buildings 344 PUBLIC STRUCTURES Care of alcoholics and drug addicts 733 ALCOHOLISM AND DRUG ADDICTION Institutions for the care of the handicapped 732 DISABILITIES Physicians, nurses, and medical care 750 Sanatoriums, convalescent homes, mental institutions, and leproseries 734 INVALIDISM Care of war veterans 729 WAR VETERANS 744 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION Organized measures for the prevention and control of infectious diseases and epidemics; degree of development and adequacy of public health services; specialized personnel (e.g., sanitary engineers, quarantine officers, inspectors); public health laboratories; public health activities (e.g., milk and meat inspection, imposition and enforcement of quarantines, control and extermination of disease vectors, sanitation); special control programs (e.g., yellow fever, venereal disease); public health legislation (e.g., pure food and drug acts); etc. Incidence of disease 164 MORBIDITY Army sanitation corps 708 AUXILIARY CORPS Disposal of human excreta 514 ELIMINATION Malnutrition 146 NUTRITION Municipal sanitation 364 REFUSE DISPOSAL AND SANITARY FACILITIES Hygienic conditions in industry 466 LABOR RELATIONS Immunization and unspecialized preventive medicine 751 PREVENTIVE MEDICINE Public welfare 657 PUBLIC WELFARE 745 SOCIAL INSURANCE Prevalent types of social insurance (e.g., retirement pensions, old age pensions, sickness and maternity benefits, unemployment benefits); contributions (e.g., from employers, beneficiaries, government); administration of funds; premiums and payments; industrial and business pension and benefit systems; social insurance legislation; systems sponsored and operated by the state (e.g., socialized medicine); etc. Government expenditures for public welfare and pensions to government employees 657 PUBLIC WELFARE Labor relations 466 LABOR RELATIONS Annuities,individual insurance, and mutual benefit societies 456 INSURANCE Pensions to war veterans 729 WAR VETERANS General data on medical care 758 MEDICAL CARE 746 PUBLIC ASSISTANCE Tax-supported agencies for the administration and dispensing of relief; categorical aid (e.g., grants to needy mothers, invalids, crippled children, dependent old people); unemployment relief (e.g., doles, public works programs); public welfare policies; justifications of public welfare as opposed to private relief; etc. Incidence of unemployment 464 LABOR SUPPLY AND EMPLOYMENT Public works 653 PUBLIC WORKS Expenditures for public welfare 657 PUBLIC WELFARE Invalidism, poverty, and dependency 730 747 PRIVATE WELFARE AGENCIES Private fund-raising organizations (e.g., community chests); private, semi-private, fraternal, and ecclesiastical operating relief agencies (e.g., Red Cross, Salvation Army, family welfare organizations); welfare institution not elsewhere described (e.g., CARE, settlement houses, city missions, day nurseries, church community houses); organization, administration, financial support, and activities of each type; etc. See also Church welfare work 794 CONGREGATIONS Institutions caring for specific types of the handicapped, dependents, and delinquents 730 748 SOCIAL WORK Specialization of training and techniques in the administration of relief and welfare activities; personnel (e.g., qualifications, education, organization); special types of social workers (e.g., visiting nurses, psychiatric social workers); employment of social workers by private, ecclesiastical, and governmental welfare organizations; social work policies, activities, and methods (e.g., family case work); etc. Social work schools 874 VOCATIONAL EDUCATION 750 SICKNESS General statements covering several aspects of sickness. 751 PREVENTIVE MEDICINE Conception of health and hygiene; health regimen; protective measures (e.g., sun tan lotion, amulets, charms, spells, prophylaxis, immunization); etc. Fetishes 778 SACRED OBJECTS AND PLACES Infant care 854 INFANT CARE Public health and sanitation 744 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION Child care 855 CHILD CARE Diet 262 DIET Exercise 526 ATHLETIC SPORTS Incidence of disease 164 MORBIDITY Personal hygiene 515 PERSONAL HYGIENE Magic 789 MAGIC Prescriptions for longevity 886 SENESCENCE Taboos 784 AVOIDANCE AND TABOO Health insurance 456 INSURANCE 752 BODILY INJURIES Theory of the causation of mishaps and accidental injuries; first aid; treatment of wounds, cuts, burns, frostbite, bruises, and sprains (e.g., ligatures, bandages, poultices, massage, cauterization); treatment of snake and insect bites; antidotes for poisoning; treatment of fractures (e.g., bone setting, trepanation); surgical operations; use of sterile techniques; adjustments to pain (e.g., anesthetics); dental surgery; etc. Body alteration 304 BODY ALTERATIONS Ideas about human anatomy 826 ETHNOANATOMY Wound doctors, surgeons, and dentists 759 MEDICAL PERSONNEL Incidence of accidents 164 MORBIDITY Obstetrics 840 Surgical instruments 413 SPECIAL TOOLS Accident insurance 456 INSURANCE Bloodletting 757 MEDICAL THERAPY 753 THEORY OF DISEASE Extent of the attribution of disease to natural causes, to sorcery, and to supernatural aggression; prevalent theories of the supernatural causation of disease (e.g., soul loss, spirit possession, object intrusion, poison, evil eye violation of taboos, pollution or contagion); special notions about loathsome diseases (e.g., leprosy); scientific theories of disease (e.g., transmission through germs); etc. Ideas about the influence of disease on the unborn child 843 PREGNANCY Medical research 742 MEDICAL RESEARCH Development of biological science 815 SCIENCE Conception of the causes of death 761 LIFE AND DEATH Religious and magical beliefs 770 Knowledge and beliefs concerning human physiology 827 ETHNOPHYSIOLOGY Interpretation of mental disorders 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY Incidence of disease 164 MORBIDITY 754 SORCERY Ideas of the causation of disease and death through witchcraft and sorcery; actual and reputed prevalence of sorcery; motives for practicing sorcery; methods (e.g., bone pointing, manipulation of effigies, exuvial magic, invocation of spirit aids); employment of sorcerers; witches, wizards, and sorcerers; physical, social and mental characteristics; sources of power, training; organization; special types of sorcerers (e.g., werewolves and other were-animals, vampires, individuals with the evil eye); evidence as to the efficacy of sorcery; reactions to sorcerers (e.g., witch hunts); etc. Familiar spirits 776 SPIRITS AND GODS Counter-measures to sorcery 755 MAGICAL AND MENTAL THERAPY Ingroup antagonism 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS Punishment of sorcery 683 OFFENSES AGAINST THE PERSON Sorcery as a factor in social control 626 SOCIAL CONTROL Uses of magic other than for the causation or cure of disease 789 MAGIC 755 MAGICAL AND MENTAL THERAPY Individual therapeutic efforts (e.g., acts of faith, self-analysis); resorting to a specialized practitioner (e.g., circumstances, arrangements, payments); diagnosis (e.g., divination, interpretation of symptoms); therapeutic procedure (e.g., shamanistic seances, analytic couch); methods (e.g., interpretation of dreams, counter-magic, exorcism; recapture of soul, sucking out of intrusive object, resort to spirit helpers); prescriptions (e.g., medication, purification, expiation, imposition of taboos); prognosis; ritual banishment of disease (e.g., scapegoat); faith healing; scientific systems of psychotherapy (e.g., psychoanalysis, psychiatry, mental hygiene); evidence as to the effectiveness of magical and mental therapy; etc. Behavior processes and personality 150 Shamanistic dances 535 DANCE Spirit possession and dream interpretation 787 REVELATION AND DIVINATION Soul concepts 774 ANIMISM Related religious practices 780 756 SHAMANS AND PSYCHOTHERAPISTS Prevalent types of psychotherapists (e.g., shamans, faith healers, psychoanalysts, clinical psychologists); physical, mental, and social characteristics; source of power (e.g., inheritance, spirit helpers, specialized knowledge); training and initiation; prerogatives and disabilities; special paraphernalia and behavior; source of support (e.g., gifts, fees); penalties for failure; relations between practitioners (e.g., rivalry, organization); shamanism as a religious complex special organizations (e.g., medicine societies, psychoanalytic societies); etc. The name of this category was changed from "PSYCHOTHERAPISTS" to "SHAMANS AND PSYCHOTHERAPISTS" in 2000. Non-therapeutic functions of psychotherapists 789 MAGIC Transvestism 838 HOMOSEXUALITY Magicians and diviners 791 MAGICIANS AND DIVINERS Familiar spirits 776 SPIRITS AND GODS Sorcery 754 SORCERY Revelation and divination 787 REVELATION AND DIVINATION 757 MEDICAL THERAPY Extent of differentiation of medical from magical and mental therapy; home remedies and self-medication; resorting to a specialized practitioner (e.g., circumstances, arrangements, payments); diagnosis (e.g., examination for symptoms diagnostic aids); consultations; therapeutic principles (e.g., counter-irritation, homeopathy); therapeutic methods (e.g., bloodletting, administration of cathartics and emetics, acupuncture, medication); prescribed regimen and remedies for specific complaints (e.g., fevers, colds, toothache, indigestion, rheumatism, infectious diseases); etc. Obstetrics 840 Surgery 752 BODILY INJURIES Medical research 742 MEDICAL RESEARCH Materia medica and pharmacology 278 PHARMACEUTICALS Ideas about anatomy and physiology 820 Public health and sanitation 744 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION 758 MEDICAL CARE Regimen and care of sick persons (e.g., diet, rest, isolation); apparatus and paraphernalia of medical care (e.g., clinical thermometers, bed pans); general availability of medical advice, treatment, and care (e.g., organization, finance, services); etc. This category is intended for general information on medical care. Care of the disabled 732 DISABILITIES Gift giving 431 GIFT GIVING Visiting 574 VISITING AND HOSPITALITY Care of chronic illness 734 INVALIDISM Institutional medical care 740 759 MEDICAL PERSONNEL Prevalent types of medical specialists (e.g., herbalists, diagnosticians, physicians, surgeons, dentists, nurses, technicians, midwives); qualifications, training, status, and activities of each type; prerogatives and disabilities f medical personnel; special garb, paraphernalia, and behavior; remuneration (e.g., fees, salaries); penalties for failure; medical organizations; professional ethics; medical cults (e.g., acupuncture, osteopathy); examination and licensing of medical practitioners; etc. Role of midwives at childbirth 844 CHILDBIRTH Public health, hospital, and research personnel 740 Psychiatrists, shamans, and medicine societies 756 SHAMANS AND PSYCHOTHERAPISTS Medical and nursing schools 874 VOCATIONAL EDUCATION Medical personnel in institutions for disabled, dependents, and delinquents 730 760 DEATH General statements dealing with several distinct aspects of death including ideas about death and with practices which accompany and follow the occurrence of death. For beliefs concerning a life after death see "Eschatology" (775). 761 LIFE AND DEATH Theories about life and death; notion of a life force; conception of death (e.g., as natural, as unnatural); beliefs about the cause of death; attitude towards death (e.g., confidence, fear, fatalism); etc. Conception of fate, animistic beliefs, eschatology, and myths about origin of death 770 Mortality statistics 165 MORTALITY Prescriptions for longevity 886 SENESCENCE Theories of health and disease 750 762 SUICIDE Incidence of suicide; motives (e.g., humiliation, thwarted love); common methods (e.g., jumping, drowning, shooting, poison); stereotyped methods (e.g., suttee, hara-kiri); justifications; attitude toward suicides; etc. Personality disorders 158 PERSONALITY DISORDERS Punishment of attempted suicide 682 OFFENSES AGAINST LIFE 763 DYING Omens and predictions of death; notions about dying; recognizing the approach of death; settlement of affairs; assembling of relatives; attempts to postpone death; preparing the patient for death (e.g., removal from dwelling, dressing in mortuary garments, last rites); preparing the funeral equipment (e.g., shroud, coffin); last words and last favors; criteria of death (e.g., coma, cessation of breath or heart action); attempts at revival; reaction to the impact of death (e.g., wailing, flight, self-mutilation); announcement of death; post-mortem examinations; etc. Omens 787 REVELATION AND DIVINATION Deathbed testaments 428 INHERITANCE Capital punishment 681 SANCTIONS 764 BURIAL PRACTICES AND FUNERALS Attitude toward the corpse; mortuary toilet (e.g., dressing and decorating the body); laying out in state; preservative techniques (e.g., embalming, desiccation, mummification); determination of time, place, and mode of burial; interval between death and burial (e.g., duration, measures to prevent further deaths, manifestations of grief); vigils and wakes; place of disposal of corpse (e.g., cemetery, ossuary); receptacles (e.g., coffin, canoe, urn, tomb); method of disposal (e.g., abandonment, inhumation, cremation, sea burial, cave burial, tree or scaffold burial); preparation of grave, pyre, or scaffold; transport of corpse to place of disposal; procession to grave; disposition of corpse (e.g., posture, orientation); funerary mounds, monuments, and memorials; burial rites; mortuary sacrifices; disposition of grave goods; roles of relatives at funerals; economic obligations of participants (e.g., fees, contributions); precautions against return of the soul (e.g., silence, disguise, doors of the dead); return from the funeral; purification of participants; etc. The name of this category was changed from "FUNERAL" to "BURIAL PRACTICES AND FUNERALS" in 2000. Mortuary cannibalism 266 CANNIBALISM Posthumous marriages 588 SPECIAL UNIONS AND MARRIAGES Purification rites 783 PURIFICATION AND ATONEMENT Blood vengeance 628 INTER-COMMUNITY RELATIONS Dirges and laments 533 MUSIC Commemorative statues and monuments 211 MNEMONIC DEVICES Eschatology 775 ESCHATOLOGY 765 MOURNING Duration of the mourning period; behavior of spouse and other relatives after the funeral (e.g., seclusion, mourning gab, observance of taboos, sacrifices); treatment of relics (e.g., preservation of skull or head, wearing of bones, use of air for artifacts); visits to the grave; mortuary feasts; exhumation, second funeral, and reburial; ceremonies terminating mourning; etc. Status of widows 589 CELIBACY Headhunting 721 INSTIGATION OF WAR Mortuary cannibalism 266 CANNIBALISM 766 SPECIAL BURIAL PRACTICES AND FUNERALS Abbreviated and extended funerals; distinctive mortuary rites in special cases of death (e.g., for an enemy, stranger, executed criminal, pauper, slave, child, women dying in childbirth, chief, shaman, warrior, person dying abroad, victim of accidental death, suicide, homicide, victim of epidemic or loathsome disease); ceremonies at the death of animals; etc. The name of this category was changed from "DEVIANT MORTUARY PRACTICES" to "SPECIAL BURIAL PRACTICES AND FUNERALS" in 2000. Human sacrifice 782 PRAYERS AND SACRIFICES Notions about loathsome diseases 753 THEORY OF DISEASE Disposition of war casualties 727 AFTERMATH OF COMBAT Disposition of victims of infanticide 847 ABORTION AND INFANTICIDE Disposition of miscarriages and stillbirths 845 DIFFICULT AND UNUSUAL BIRTHS Disposition of miscarriages and stillbirths 843 PREGNANCY 767 MORTUARY SPECIALISTS Burial associations; gravediggers; cemetery guards and caretakers; hired mourners; embalmers and undertakers; funeral parlors; status and remuneration of mortuary specialists; etc. Coroners 693 LEGAL AND JUDICIAL PERSONNEL 768 SOCIAL READJUSTMENTS TO DEATH Disposition of the possessions of the deceased (e.g., abandonment or relocation of dwelling, destruction or mutilation of movable possessions, redistribution of property); provision for support of spouse and children; residence changes of survivors; etc. Heirlooms 523 HOBBIES Status of widows 589 CELIBACY Rules of succession 643 CHIEF EXECUTIVE Rules of succession 622 COMMUNITY HEADS Rules of succession 630 Rules of succession 610 Rules of succession 590 Insurance 456 INSURANCE Relief of widows and orphans 736 DEPENDENCY Heirlooms 420 Guardianship and administration 429 ADMINISTRATION Adoption 597 ADOPTION Inheritance 428 INHERITANCE Rule of residence 591 RESIDENCE Remarriage 587 SECONDARY MARRIAGES 769 CULT OF THE DEAD Avoidance of graves and cemeteries; propitiation of ghosts and ancestors; recurrent feasts of the dead; maintaining relations with the long dead; ancestor worship; household cults; hero worship; etc. Family organization 590 Eschatology 775 ESCHATOLOGY Idea of filial piety 577 ETHICS Religious practices 780 770 RELIGIOUS BELIEFS General statements about several types of religious beliefs and ideologies. Organizational aspects of religion 790 Behavioral aspects of religion 780 771 GENERAL CHARACTER OF RELIGION Conception of what constitutes religion; differentiation of the sacred and the profane; distinctions drawn between religion and superstition; relation of religion to the unknown and the unpredictable; relative prominence of magical and anthropomorphic elements; evidence of the expression of projective mechanisms in religious beliefs; primary orientation of the religious system (e.g., ancestor worship, nature worship, totemism, ritualism, mysticism, redemptive religion); social and individual role of religion (e.g., services and disservices); incidence of faith, indifference, and skepticism; existence of non-supernatural ideologies supported with a faith akin to that in religion (e.g., ethical systems, political philosophies); etc. Magic 789 MAGIC Ethical ideals 577 ETHICS Extended discussions of theological systems 779 THEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS Ideas about the social role of religion 829 ETHNOSOCIOLOGY Personality 150 Philosophy 812 PHILOSOPHY Ancestor worship 769 CULT OF THE DEAD Religious sects 795 RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS Integration of religion with other aspects of culture 182 FUNCTIONAL AND ADAPTATIONAL INTERPRETATIONS Inculcation of religious beliefs 869 TRANSMISSION OF BELIEFS 772 COSMOLOGY Conception of the universe; cosmological systems (e.g., heavens and hells); universal categories (e.g., dualism of nature); etc. Realm of the dead 775 ESCHATOLOGY Ideas about cosmic phenomena 821 ETHNOMETEOROLOGY Conception of a moral order of the universe 812 PHILOSOPHY 773 MYTHOLOGY Cosmogony (e.g., theories and accounts of the creation of the world and of man); mythical epochs (e.g., golden age, age of the gods, age of animals); cataclysms (e.g., mythical floods and conflagrations); culture myths (e.g., accounts of a culture hero, mythical explanations of culture traits); myths about the origin of evil and death; nature myths; totemic myths; theogonic myths; ancestor myths; doomsday; etc. Mythology as literature 5310 VERBAL ARTS Text of myths 900 Text of myths 539 LITERARY TEXTS Historical traditions 173 TRADITIONAL HISTORY Mythology as literature 538 LITERATURE 774 ANIMISM Conception of the soul; number of souls; location in the body; characteristics (e.g., shape, visibility, separability); relation of the soul to the body, to the name, to the breath, to dreams, to shadows and reflections, and to life and death; notions of the temporary departure of the soul from the body; attribution of souls to animate and inanimate objects; etc. Personality 150 Spirit possession and dream interpretation 787 REVELATION AND DIVINATION Interpretation of shadows and reflections 822 ETHNOPHYSICS Names 551 PERSONAL NAMES Ideas about abnormal mental states 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY Theories of disease and death 753 THEORY OF DISEASE Concepts of soul-stuff and animated fetishes 778 SACRED OBJECTS AND PLACES Theories of disease and death 761 LIFE AND DEATH Ethnozoology 825 ETHNOZOOLOGY Ideas about breathing 827 ETHNOPHYSIOLOGY Conception of conscience 577 ETHICS 775 ESCHATOLOGY Conception of the survival of the soul; career of the soul after death (e.g., mode of departure from the body, temporary sojourn near place of death, indefinite sojourn as a disembodied soul or ghost, journey to a realm of the dead); notions about ghosts, specters, apparitions, and phantoms (e.g., shape, substance, propensities); behavior of departed souls or ghosts (e.g., haunting of houses and cemeteries, visitations); spiritualistic beliefs; conception of a realm of the dead (e.g., place, mode of life, rewards and punishment); duration of afterlife; belief in immortality; ideas of transmigration and reincarnation; conception of the survival of the body (e.g., resurrection); etc. Belief in witches, vampires and werewolves 754 SORCERY Notion of death and rebirth in initiation ceremonies 881 PUBERTY AND INITIATION Communication with spirits 787 REVELATION AND DIVINATION Cult of the dead 769 CULT OF THE DEAD 776 SPIRITS AND GODS Conception of supernatural beings of a higher order than disembodied souls; indications of their genetic relationship to ghosts; prevalent types of supernatural beings (e.g., guardian and familiar spirits, tutelary divinities, tribal gods, nature spirits and gods, angels, animal and totemic divinities, fairies and sprites, demons, mythical monsters, deified heroes and saints, divine tricksters, occupational or functional deities, creator gods, rulers of the spirit world, high god or supreme being); attributes of individual deities and of categories of divine beings (e.g., name, gender, form, character, powers, functions, symbols); hierarchical arrangement (e.g., polytheistic pantheon, dualism, henotheism, monotheism); etc. Religious practices 780 Hero worship 769 CULT OF THE DEAD Totemic beliefs associated with kin groups 610 777 LUCK AND CHANCE Concept of good and bad luck; ideas about chance and probability; things associated with good or bad luck (e.g., lucky objects, luck-bringing formulas, lucky and unlucky numbers, propitious and unlucky days); techniques for controlling luck (e.g., wearing of luck amulets, reciting of lucky formulas); Conception of fate; etc. Divination 787 REVELATION AND DIVINATION Pattern numbers 801 NUMEROLOGY Calendar 805 ORDERING OF TIME Theory of accidental injuries 752 BODILY INJURIES Scientific theory of chance 813 SCIENTIFIC METHOD Protective amulets 751 PREVENTIVE MEDICINE Insurance 456 INSURANCE Gambling 525 GAMBLING 778 SACRED OBJECTS AND PLACES Conception of sanctity (e.g., possession by an indwelling or frequenting spirit, infusion with impersonal supernatural power); idols and fetishes; extraordinary objects (e.g., bezoar stones, albino animals, mandrake roots); etc. Extended discussions of theological systems 779 THEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS Religious sects 795 RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS Personality 150 Ideas about the social role of religion 829 ETHNOSOCIOLOGY Philosophy 812 PHILOSOPHY Ancestor worship 769 CULT OF THE DEAD Inculcation of religious beliefs 869 TRANSMISSION OF BELIEFS Integration of religion with other aspects of culture 182 FUNCTIONAL AND ADAPTATIONAL INTERPRETATIONS Ethical ideals 577 ETHICS Magic 789 MAGIC 779 THEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS Elaborated systems of religious beliefs (e.g., totemism, pantheism); state religions; revealed religions (e.g., Buddhism, Christianity, Islam); sacred books; content of complex systems of dogma and theology; association of theological systems with ethics and philosophy; etc. Sects 795 RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS Totemic kin groups 610 Ethical ideals 577 ETHICS Statements on the general character of religion 771 GENERAL CHARACTER OF RELIGION Ancestor worship 769 CULT OF THE DEAD Theologians 812 PHILOSOPHY 780 RELIGIOUS PRACTICES General statements dealing with several aspects of the description and analysis of specific religious rites and practices or types thereof. Socialization in religious beliefs 869 TRANSMISSION OF BELIEFS Cult of the dead 769 CULT OF THE DEAD Extended ceremonies 796 ORGANIZED CEREMONIAL 781 RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE Emotional reactions experienced in religious behavior (e.g., oppressive fear of malevolent higher powers, overwhelming awe of divine might, luxurious sense of dependence upon a benevolent and all-knowing superior, reassuring feeling of security through conformity, prideful conviction of right, grateful release from the burdens of a guilty conscience, groveling humility of self-abnegation, ecstatic release of mysterious inner powers, mystic sense of identification with or absorption in the divine essence, aesthetic thrill in religious art, music, or ceremonial); evidence as to the predominant type or types of religious experience in the particular society; emotional needs satisfied through religious behavior; etc. Conceptions of emotions 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY Aesthetic ideals 517 LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES Ethical ideals 577 ETHICS Fine arts 530 Personality 150 782 PRAYERS AND SACRIFICES Practices reflecting a sense of dependence and a desire to ingratiate or influence the supernatural; repudiation and intimidation; obeisances (e.g., bowing, genuflection); laudation; prayer; sacrifice (e.g., libations, food sacrifices, animal and human sacrifice, symbolic and vicarious sacrifices); vows; burning of incense; decoration of religious edifices; endowing of shrines and temples; etc. The title of this category was changed from "PROPITIATION" to "PRAYERS AND SACRIFICES" in 2000. Desecration and consecration of sacred objects and places 778 SACRED OBJECTS AND PLACES Hymns 533 MUSIC Stereotyped prayers 788 RITUAL Philanthropy 740 Philanthropy 730 Mortuary sacrifices 764 BURIAL PRACTICES AND FUNERALS Etiquette 576 ETIQUETTE Propitiation of ghosts and ancestors 769 CULT OF THE DEAD 783 PURIFICATION AND ATONEMENT Practices reflecting a sense of contamination or guilt; concept of ritual uncleanness; things and persons considered unclean or impure; purification rites (e.g., ritual ablutions and bathing); concepts of sin, salvation, and redemption; riddance of sin (e.g., confession, remission, atonement, penance, scapegoat); etc. The title of this category was changed from "PURIFICATION AND EXPIATION" to "PURIFICATION AND ATONEMENT" in 2000. Ideas about corpses 764 BURIAL PRACTICES AND FUNERALS Elimination 514 ELIMINATION Conception of pollution, contagion, and loathsome diseases 753 THEORY OF DISEASE Definitions of acts regarded as sinful 673 WRONGS Ideas about menstrual blood 841 MENSTRUATION Ideas about sexual intercourse 833 SEXUAL INTERCOURSE Ideas about the exuviae of childbirth 844 CHILDBIRTH Ideas about unclean castes 564 CASTES Personal hygiene 515 PERSONAL HYGIENE Punishment of ritual offenses 688 RELIGIOUS OFFENSES 784 AVOIDANCE AND TABOO Practices reflecting impulses to escape from fear or anxiety; techniques for avoiding malevolent spirits (e.g., flight, disguise, deception, disparagement); concept of taboo; imposition and removal of taboos; prevalent types of taboos (e.g., food taboos, property taboos, status taboos, word and name taboos, totemic taboos, sex taboos, reproductive taboos, therapeutic taboos, mortuary taboos); systematization of taboos; general discussion of taboos; list of taboos; specific taboos not classifiable elsewhere; supernatural punishments and their invocation for violations of taboos and other offenses; etc. Since taboos commonly represent the negative aspects of cultural norms, information on taboos may be found under many other categories. Taboos surrounding a chief or king 630 Taboos surrounding a chief or king 643 CHIEF EXECUTIVE Totemic taboos 610 Taboos surrounding a chief or king 622 COMMUNITY HEADS Social sanctions for violations of taboos 688 RELIGIOUS OFFENSES Sex taboos 830 Rest days 527 REST DAYS AND HOLIDAYS Reproductive taboos 840 Totemic taboos 820 Legal norms 671 LEGAL NORMS Food taboos 262 DIET Euphemisms 195 SOCIOLINGUISTICS Definition of acts regarded as sins 673 WRONGS Cultural norms 183 NORMS Avoidance relationships 602 KIN RELATIONSHIPS Mortuary taboos 760 Name taboos 551 PERSONAL NAMES 785 ASCETICISM Practices reflecting tendencies of self-abasement or self-torture; mortification of the flesh (e.g., flagellation, hookswinging, bed of spikes); fasting; sexual renunciation (e.g.. continence); renunciation of comforts (e.g., vows of poverty, wearing sackcloth); abandonment of worldly affairs (e.g., becoming a beggar or hermit); etc. Body alteration 304 BODY ALTERATIONS Ascetics 792 PROPHETS AND ASCETICS Idealization of continence and chastity 831 SEXUALITY Personality 150 Control of hunger 261 GRATIFICATION AND CONTROL OF HUNGER Suicide 762 SUICIDE 786 ECSTATIC RELIGIOUS PRACTICES Group religious practices inducing altered states of consciousness with or without alcohol and/or drugs, frenzied singing and dancing, etc., resulting in trance, possession, glossolalia; ceremonial license (e.g., phallic rites, temporary lifting of sex restraints, ceremonial intoxication); induced hysteria, hallucination, and swoon; Tantrism, religious revivalism, snake handling, Greek and Roman orgies, etc. The description was revised and the descriptor changed from ORGIES to ECSTATIC RELIGIOUS PRACTICES in 2000. Conception of abnormal mental states 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY Drunkenness 273 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES Sex taboos 830 Temple prostitutes 793 PRIESTHOOD 787 REVELATION AND DIVINATION Practices reflecting anxiety about the future and often also a sense of inspiration; quest for visions and guardian spirits; hallucinatory revelations; communication with spirits (e.g., through spirit possession, through inspired oracles, through mediums); prophesy; clairvoyance; acquiring mystic insight through concentration and contemplation; interpretation of dreams; omens and their interpretation; divinatory practices and techniques (e.g., geomancy, haruspicy, hepatoscopy, necromancy, scapulimancy, scrying, sortilege, astrology); etc. Personality disorders 158 PERSONALITY DISORDERS Omens of death 763 DYING Judicial oaths and ordeals 695 TRIAL PROCEDURE Ideas about dreams 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY Guardian spirits 776 SPIRITS AND GODS Diviners, seers, and messiahs 791 MAGICIANS AND DIVINERS Revelation and divination in the treatment of diseases 755 MAGICAL AND MENTAL THERAPY 788 RITUAL Performance of symbolic acts in prescribed forms such as ringing bells, burning candles, sprinkling with holy water; gestures (e.g., sign of the cross), recital of formulas (e.g., blessings); praying in prescribed forms (e.g., tobacco invocations, chanting, with rosary, with prayer wheel); recitation of mantras, litanies, and liturgies; formal processions; making of pilgrimages; etc. The description of this category was rewritten in 2000. Ritual numbers 801 NUMEROLOGY Propitiation 782 PRAYERS AND SACRIFICES Elaboration of rituals into extended ceremonies 796 ORGANIZED CEREMONIAL 789 MAGIC Practices reflecting confidence in the ability to manipulate supernatural forces; magical techniques of weather control (e.g., rain making); magical rites for increasing the food supply; exorcistic practices (e.g., driving off evil spirits wit noise); potent formulas, incantations, and spells; curses; miracles; prevalent types of magic (e.g., imitative, contagious); concept of magical force; functions and social significance of magic; non-supernatural magic (e.g., wonderworking, jugglery, legerdemain, fire-walking); etc. Therapeutic magic 751 PREVENTIVE MEDICINE Magic rites in warfare 726 WARFARE Magic rites in the food quest 220 Relation of magic to science 813 SCIENTIFIC METHOD Prevalence of non-logical reasoning 811 LOGIC Magic rites in the reproductive cycle 840 Love magic 832 SEXUAL STIMULATION Luck magic 777 LUCK AND CHANCE Magic as entertainment 545 MUSICAL AND THEATRICAL PRODUCTIONS Magic rites in marriage 580 Magic rites as death 760 Concept of manna 778 SACRED OBJECTS AND PLACES Sorcery, witchcraft, and evil eye 754 SORCERY Therapeutic magic 755 MAGICAL AND MENTAL THERAPY Magic rites in agriculture 240 790 ECCLESIASTICAL ORGANIZATION General statements dealing with several aspects of the organization of religion, i.e., specialists, cult groups, and systematized ceremonial. 791 MAGICIANS AND DIVINERS Specialists in magic (e.g., wonder workers, exorcists, magicians, fakirs); specialists in divination (e.g., astrologers, oracles, diviners, fortune tellers, seers, mediums); characteristics of each (e.g., personality, gender, training, garb); sources of power; prerogatives and disabilities; organization; fees; etc. Shamans and faith healers 756 SHAMANS AND PSYCHOTHERAPISTS Magic 789 MAGIC Divination 787 REVELATION AND DIVINATION Magicians as entertainers 545 MUSICAL AND THEATRICAL PRODUCTIONS Witches, wizards, and sorcerers 754 SORCERY 792 PROPHETS AND ASCETICS Prophets and messiahs; ascetics and anchorites; monks, friars, and nuns; monastic orders (e.g., mendicant, hermit, cenobite); monasteries and convents (e.g., organization, activities); monastic rules (e.g., poverty, celibacy); characteristics, status, and means of support; etc. The name of this category was changed from "HOLY MEN" to "PROPHETS AND ASCETICS" in 2000. Oracles 787 REVELATION AND DIVINATION Messianic movements 668 POLITICAL MOVEMENTS Divine rulers 643 CHIEF EXECUTIVE Concept of sanctity 778 SACRED OBJECTS AND PLACES Celibacy 589 CELIBACY Poverty and almsgiving 735 POVERTY Asceticism 785 ASCETICISM 793 PRIESTHOOD Specialists in organized religious activities (e.g., priests, priestesses, clergymen, rabbis, mullahs); status and means of support; selection, training, and consecration; hierarchical organization (e.g., chief priests, bishops, cardinals popes); prerogatives and disabilities of priests; characteristics (e.g., gender, garb, paraphernalia); distinctive behavior (e.g., celibacy); activities (e.g., conducting ceremonies, preaching, teaching, comforting); special priestly personnel (e.g., acolytes, temple prostitutes); etc. Military chaplains 708 AUXILIARY CORPS Theocratic forms of government 642 CONSTITUTION Divinity schools 874 VOCATIONAL EDUCATION Celibacy 589 CELIBACY Theologians 812 PHILOSOPHY Shamans 756 SHAMANS AND PSYCHOTHERAPISTS 794 CONGREGATIONS Groups organized for common worship (e.g., kin and local groups, special cult groups, church congregations, parishes); lay organization (e.g., elders, deacons, committees); qualification for membership; admission and disciplining of members; fund raising; maintenance of place of worship; religious activities (e.g., Sunday school); secular church activities (e.g., education, welfare work, church gambling, temple money lending); recreational facilities (e.g., parish houses); etc. Relief and welfare 730 Gambling 525 GAMBLING Recreation 520 Education 870 Relief and welfare 740 Banking 453 BANKING Religious activities of kin and local groups 620 Temple prostitution 786 ECSTATIC RELIGIOUS PRACTICES Churches and temples 346 RELIGIOUS AND EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURES Religious activities of kin and local groups 610 795 RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS Organized groups of congregations with differing and unreconciled systems of beliefs; crucial divergences in dogma; organization of sects or denominations (e.g., Episcopal, congregational); admission of members (e.g., baptism, confirmation); distinguishing characteristics of members (e.g., special garb or behavior); established churches; splinter sects; interdenominational conferences and federations; territorial units (e.g., bishoprics, provinces); etc. The title of this category was changed in 2000 from SECTS to RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. Medicine societies 756 SHAMANS AND PSYCHOTHERAPISTS Baptism of infants 851 SOCIAL PLACEMENT Sectarian educational institutions 870 Secret societies 575 SODALITIES Religious intolerance 798 RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE Church-state relations 659 MISCELLANEOUS GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES Castes 564 CASTES Associated theological systems 779 THEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS Sectarian philanthropic institutions 740 Sectarian philanthropic institutions 730 796 ORGANIZED CEREMONIAL Systematization of religious ritual; ceremonial calendar (e.g., fixed and movable religious holidays, rest days, and festivals); detailed description of the ceremonies regularly associated with each (e.g., participants, ceremonial attire and paraphernalia, prescribed succession of rites, accompanying music and dancing, symbolism); church and temple services; religious dramas and spectacles; notions of propitious and unlucky days for ceremonies; etc. Rites of passage 880 Secular holidays, rest days, and festivals 527 REST DAYS AND HOLIDAYS Annual cycle of economic activities 221 ANNUAL CYCLE Leisure-time activities 517 LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES Mortuary ceremonies 764 BURIAL PRACTICES AND FUNERALS Weddings 585 NUPTIALS War ceremonies 720 Spectacles 541 SPECTACLES Shamanistic performances 755 MAGICAL AND MENTAL THERAPY Rites of passage 852 CEREMONIAL DURING INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD Rites of passage 561 AGE STRATIFICATION Agricultural ceremonies 240 Music,dancing, and drama 530 Calendar 805 ORDERING OF TIME House building ceremonies 342 DWELLINGS Installation of chiefs and kings 622 COMMUNITY HEADS Installation of chiefs and kings 630 Installation of chiefs and kings 643 CHIEF EXECUTIVE Specific cult practices 780 797 MISSIONS Religious proselytizing and evangelism; religious conversions; organized missionary activities (e.g., by sects within the society, by missions from other societies; by foreign missions abroad); mission organizations; mission stations; missionaries or evangelists (e.g., qualifications, selection, prerogatives and disabilities, religious activities); secular activities of missions and missionaries (e.g., education, medicine, technological assistance); etc. Religious revivalism 786 ECSTATIC RELIGIOUS PRACTICES Welfare missions 747 PRIVATE WELFARE AGENCIES 798 RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE Rivalry between sects; religious persecution and intolerance; concept of heretics; suppression of dissenters by established religious (e.g., massacres, inquisitions, discriminatory legislation); martyrdom and martyrs; anti-religious proselytizing; etc. Holy wars, instigation of 721 INSTIGATION OF WAR Stratification 563 ETHNIC STRATIFICATION Civil liberties 641 CITIZENSHIP Ingroup antagonisms 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS Ethnocentrism 186 CULTURAL IDENTITY AND PRIDE Religious skepticism 771 GENERAL CHARACTER OF RELIGION 800 NUMBERS AND MEASURES General statements dealing with several aspects of mathematics, counting, and mensuration. 801 NUMEROLOGY Symbolic and mystical significance of numbers; ritual and pattern numbers (e.g., standard numerical repetitions of elements in folklore and ceremonial); lucky and unlucky numbers; etc. Ritual 788 RITUAL Divination by numbers 787 REVELATION AND DIVINATION Ideas about luck 777 LUCK AND CHANCE Magic 789 MAGIC 802 NUMERATION Words for numerals (e.g., cardinal, ordinal); numerical signs and gestures; written numerals (e.g., Roman, Arabic); numerical system (e.g., quinary, decimal, vigesimal); methods of counting (e.g., on digits); aids to numeration (e.g., tallies, counters, abacus); upper limit of numerical reckoning; fractions and decimals; tabulations; etc. Gestures and signs 201 GESTURES AND SIGNS Writing 212 WRITING Accounting 451 ACCOUNTING Demographic conformation 160 Vocabulary 192 VOCABULARY Census taking 659 MISCELLANEOUS GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES 803 MATHEMATICS Arithmetical calculation (e.g., addition, subtraction, multiplication, division); use of calculating machines; higher mathematical knowledge (e.g., algebra, geometry, calculus); mathematical theory; statistics (e.g., theory, methods, use ); etc. Games of calculation 524 GAMES Use of sampling methods in field research 120 Sampling methods in public opinion polling 208 PUBLIC OPINION Calendrical reckoning 805 ORDERING OF TIME Description of calculating machines 405 WEIGHING, MEASURING, AND RECORDING MACHINES Mathematical knowledge exhibited in accounting 451 ACCOUNTING Mathematical knowledge exhibited in actuarial practice 456 INSURANCE Statistical methods in scientific research 813 SCIENTIFIC METHOD Logic 811 LOGIC Navigation 502 NAVIGATION 804 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Methods of measurement (e.g., comparison with parts of the body, use of mensurating tools, use of weighing and measuring machines); customary and standardized units (e.g., of length, area, volume, weight, heat, angles, electrical energy); complex techniques of measurement (e.g., surveying); governmental supervision of weights and measures; etc. Architectural draftsmanship 341 ARCHITECTURE Weighing and measuring machines 405 WEIGHING, MEASURING, AND RECORDING MACHINES Coast, geodetic, and geological surveys 654 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Conception of space 822 ETHNOPHYSICS Mensurating tools 413 SPECIAL TOOLS Money 436 MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE 805 ORDERING OF TIME Sense of time; Conception of a minimal unit of time (e.g., a moment); divisions of the day and night (e.g., hours); divisions of the year (e.g., weeks, months, seasons); longer time spans; solar, lunar, and stellar reckoning of time methods of dating; calendar and calendric knowledge; use of aids to measure the passage of time (e.g., sundials, clocks); etc. Holidays, birthdays, and anniversaries 527 REST DAYS AND HOLIDAYS Age levels and age terms 561 AGE STRATIFICATION Ceremonial calendar 796 ORGANIZED CEREMONIAL Clocks and watches 405 WEIGHING, MEASURING, AND RECORDING MACHINES Conception of time 822 ETHNOPHYSICS Annual cycle of economic activities 221 ANNUAL CYCLE Routine activities of a typical day 512 DAILY ROUTINE 810 SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES General statements dealing with several aspects of the use of logic, scientific experiment, and other exact methods as means to the attainment of knowledge, and with the intellectual products of such methods. To the extent that knowledge is international or cross-cultural, only its degree of development in the particular society, not its detailed content, will be included. The name of this category was changed from "EXACT KNOWLEDGE" to "SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES" in 2000. Journals of professional organizations 204 PRESS "Folk" beliefs about nature and people 820 811 LOGIC Prevailing canons and criteria of validity in thought and demonstration; prevalence of non-logical methods of reasoning (e.g., by analogy, free or mystical association, post hoc ergo propter hoc, rationalization); degree of acceptance of precise principles of definition, classification, and use of terms; notions of correct predication; formal principles of logic; development and use of symbolic or mathematical logic; etc. Mathematics 803 MATHEMATICS Magic 789 MAGIC Methods of problem solution 153 MODIFICATION OF BEHAVIOR Ideas about mental processes 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY 812 PHILOSOPHY Degree of development and acceptance of elaborated metaphysical and epistemological systems (e.g., theories of being, of super-sensible reality, of experience, of understanding, of knowledge); theoretical foundations of ethics (e.g., divine will, moral order of the universe, free will and moral accountability of the individual); ethical systems (e.g., hedonism, utilitarianism, perfectionism); teleological evaluations (e.g., theories of the highest good, idea of progress, pragmatism); theologians and philosophers (e.g., number, characteristics, status, sources of support, activities); etc. Ethical ideals 577 ETHICS Social philosophy 829 ETHNOSOCIOLOGY Ethos 181 ETHOS Cosmology 772 COSMOLOGY Theological systems 779 THEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS Legal liability 672 LIABILITY 813 SCIENTIFIC METHOD Relative prevalence of fact-thinking as opposed to wishful thinking; degree of reliance on common sense and experience; areas in which experimental evidence is normally accepted; degree of acceptance and use of exact methods (e.g., precise canons of historical and linguistic research, experimentation, comparative and statistical methods); philosophy of science; evidence bearing upon the relationship of science to magic, technology, and philosophy; etc. Magic 789 MAGIC Practical or folk science 820 814 HUMANISTIC STUDIES Historiography, archaeology; biography; linguistic studies; research in literature and the fine arts; degree of interest, activity, and specialization in humanistic studies; humanistic associations (e.g., organization, membership, meetings); etc. Education 870 Cultivation of the fine arts 530 Data on history and prehistoy 170 Architecture 341 ARCHITECTURE Public lectures 544 PUBLIC LECTURES The society's language 190 Records 210 Aesthetic ideals, appreciation, and taste 517 LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES 815 SCIENCE Degree of acceptance of theories of natural causation; extent and dissemination of scientific knowledge, degree of development of knowledge and research in the natural sciences (e.g., astronomy, physics, chemistry, geology, biology) and in the social sciences (e.g., psychology, geography, anthropology, sociology, economics); extent of laboratory and research facilities, scientists (e.g., number, characteristics, status, sources of support, activities); scientific associations (e.g., organization, membership, meetings); etc. Museums 217 ARCHIVES Mathematics 803 MATHEMATICS Lectures 544 PUBLIC LECTURES Foundation support 741 PHILANTHROPIC FOUNDATIONS Education 870 Popular beliefs about nature and man 820 Divination 787 REVELATION AND DIVINATION 816 APPLIED SCIENCE Extent to which exact science is applied to practical problems; areas of such application; proliferation of laboratory and research facilities; sources of support; applied scientists (e.g., number, activities, organizations); etc. Mining engineering 316 MINING AND QUARRYING Mechanical engineering 401 MECHANICS Metallurgy 325 METALLURGY Chemical engineering 381 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Civil engineering 331 CONSTRUCTION Conservation 185 CULTURAL GOALS Fisheries research 228 MARINE INDUSTRIES Forestry science 313 LUMBERING Government-supported research 654 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Veterinary science 232 APPLIED ANIMAL SCIENCE Medical research 742 MEDICAL RESEARCH Military science 711 MILITARY ENGINEERING Navigation 502 NAVIGATION Pharmacology 278 PHARMACEUTICALS Scientific education 874 VOCATIONAL EDUCATION Medical practice 750 Agricultural science 242 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE Aeronautic science 507 AVIATION 820 IDEAS ABOUT NATURE AND PEOPLE General statements covering several types of speculative and popular notions concerning phenomena of the external world and of the human organism. Vernacular terms or names for any of these phenomena will be included in the appropriate "Ideas about Nature and People" (820) categories rather than in "Vocabulary" (192). 821 ETHNOMETEOROLOGY Ideas about night and day, dawn and twilight, rising and setting of the sun, phases of the moon, eclipses, solstices and equinoxes, and the succession of seasons; notions about heavenly bodies (e.g., sun, moon, stars, constellations planets, comets, meteorites); ideas about meteorological phenomena (e.g., clouds and fog, frosts and drought, rain and snow, ice, hail and sleet, winds and whirlwinds, storms, thunder and lightning, rainbow, perihelion and aurora); associated behavior patterns (e.g., greeting the dawn, dispelling an eclipse); etc. Nature spirits and gods 776 SPIRITS AND GODS Magical weather control 789 MAGIC Reaction to disasters 731 DISASTERS Ordering of time 805 ORDERING OF TIME Development of scientific astronomy and meteorology 815 SCIENCE Climate 132 CLIMATE Association of lunation with menstruation 841 MENSTRUATION Cosmology 772 COSMOLOGY Omens and astrology 787 REVELATION AND DIVINATION Navigation 502 NAVIGATION 822 ETHNOPHYSICS Popular Conceptions of matter, energy, and their properties; notions about space, time, and gravitation; ideas about form, color, and sound (e.g., color symbolism, patterned use of color); beliefs about shadows, reflections, and echoes; notions about electricity, magnetism, chemical properties (e.g., alchemy); etc. Ideas about heat, light, and fire 370 Optical instruments 416 APPLIANCES Chemical engineering 381 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Civil engineering 331 CONSTRUCTION Data on sensation and perception 151 SENSATION AND PERCEPTION Art and music 530 Ideas about the soul 774 ANIMISM Mechanics 401 MECHANICS Metallurgy 325 METALLURGY Photography 215 PHOTOGRAPHY Telephone, telegraph, radio, and television 200 Mensuration 804 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Development of scientific physics and chemistry 815 SCIENCE 823 ETHNOGEOGRAPHY Notions about water; ideas about hydrographic phenomena (e.g., oceans and seas, waves and tides, currents and whirlpools, rivers and streams, lakes and springs, floods); ideas about topographic phenomena (e.g., hills and mountains, canyons and valleys, caves and grottoes, striking natural formations, volcanoes and earthquakes); notions about minerals, metals, and precious stones; geographical and geological lore; map making; directions (e.g., upstream and downstream, cardinal points); ideas about the beauty of nature; associated behavior patterns (e.g., attempts to quell earthquakes); etc. Routes and maps 487 ROUTES Nature spirits and monsters 776 SPIRITS AND GODS Development of scientific geology and geography 815 SCIENCE Disaster relief 731 DISASTERS Flood myths and mythical cataclysms 773 MYTHOLOGY Geographical environment 130 Place names 103 PLACE NAMES Settlements 360 Surveying 804 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Water supply 312 WATER SUPPLY Land use 311 LAND USE 824 ETHNOBOTANY Notions about plants in general; ideas about particular plants (e.g., mistletoe); cultural uses of plants native terms for plants; knowledge of poisonous plants; associated behavior patterns; etc. Materia medica and pharmacology 278 PHARMACEUTICALS Arrow poisons 411 WEAPONS Collecting 222 COLLECTING Textile uses of plant fibers 280 Native flora 137 FLORA Forest products 314 FOREST PRODUCTS Development of scientific botany 815 SCIENCE Fish poisons 226 FISHING Agriculture 240 Food taboos 262 DIET Lumbering and forestry science 313 LUMBERING 825 ETHNOZOOLOGY Notions about animals (e.g., mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, crustaceans, insects); ideas about particular animals (e.g., snakes, fireflies); cultural uses of animals; native terms for animals; associated behavior patterns (e.g., avoidance of snakes); etc. Proper names of animals 552 NAMES OF ANIMALS AND THINGS Germ theory of disease 753 THEORY OF DISEASE Animal divinities 776 SPIRITS AND GODS Animal sacrifices 782 PRAYERS AND SACRIFICES Animism 774 ANIMISM Native fauna 136 FAUNA Public health and sanitation 744 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SANITATION Remedies for snakebite 752 BODILY INJURIES Totemism 610 Animal husbandry 230 Totemism 779 THEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS Vampires and werewolves 754 SORCERY Collecting, hunting, and fishing 220 Development of scientific zoology 815 SCIENCE 826 ETHNOANATOMY Conception of ideal bodily proportion; ideas about the torso and its parts (e.g., belly, breasts, buttocks navel, neck, spine), skin and pigmentation, hair (e.g., axial, body, facial, head pubic), head and its parts (e.g., brain, ears, yes, lips, mouth, nose, teeth, tongue), limbs (e.g., arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers, toes, nails), blood, veins and arteries, bones, fat and muscles, nerves and sinews, internal organs (e.g., heart, intestines, kidneys, liver, lungs, stomach); interpretations of physical abnormalities (e.g., albinism, clubfoot, cretinism, dwarfism, harelip, hermaphroditism, hunchback); associated behavior patterns; etc. Surgery 752 BODILY INJURIES Ideas concerning menstrual blood 841 MENSTRUATION Bathing and laving 515 PERSONAL HYGIENE Taking of trophies 727 AFTERMATH OF COMBAT Relation of body and soul 774 ANIMISM Race prejudice 563 ETHNIC STRATIFICATION Notions about the genitalia 831 SEXUALITY Anthropometric measurements 141 ANTHROPOMETRY Handicapped 732 DISABILITIES Development of scientific anatomy 815 SCIENCE Blood brotherhood 608 ARTIFICIAL KIN RELATIONSHIPS Adornment 300 Athletic sports 526 ATHLETIC SPORTS Blood vengeance 628 INTER-COMMUNITY RELATIONS Ideals of erotic beauty 832 SEXUAL STIMULATION Use of hair and nails in sorcery 754 SORCERY 827 ETHNOPHYSIOLOGY Ideas about anal reactions (e.g., urination, defecation, farting); circulatory reactions (e.g., heartbeat, pulse); dermal reactions (e.g., flushing, fever and temperature, perspiring, shivering, itching and twitching, sloughing of skin and hair); facial reactions (e.g., laughing, smiling, grinning, sneering, running of nose); ocular and auricular reactions (e.g., weeping, blinking, dilation of pupils, ringing of ears, secretion of wax); oral reactions (e.g., salivation, spitting, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, hiccoughing, yawning); ideas about digestion and respiration; notions about heredity; associated behavior patterns (e.g., scratching, congratulations upon sneezing); etc. Eating 264 EATING Cleanliness training 863 CLEANLINESS TRAINING Death and mortuary customs 760 Development of scientific physiology 815 SCIENCE Sorcery with exuviae 754 SORCERY Taboos on looking, listening, and speaking 784 AVOIDANCE AND TABOO Sickness and therapy 750 Drinking,smoking, and narcosis 270 Ideas about development and maturation 856 DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION Genetic and ontogenetic data 140 Relation of breath to soul concepts 774 ANIMISM Humor 522 HUMOR Reproduction 840 Ideas about language 191 SPEECH Sleeping, elimination, and bathing 510 Gestures 201 GESTURES AND SIGNS Ideas about suckling 853 INFANT FEEDING Sex 830 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY Ideas about impulses or drives; conceptualization of sensation, perception, and emotions; standards of sensory pleasantness and unpleasantness; ideas about conscious and unconscious mental processes; notions about abnormal mental states (e.g., aphasia, catalepsy, coma, delirium, hallucination, hypnosis, hysteria, swoon); interpretations and explanations of neuroses and psychoses; ideas about habits, attitudes, and the learning process; concepts of the self, of human nature of motivation, of personality, of character; associated cultural behavior; etc. Food preferences 262 DIET Ethics 577 ETHICS Use of anesthetics 752 BODILY INJURIES Use of alcohol, narcotics, and stimulants 270 Types of religious experience 781 RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE Soul concepts 774 ANIMISM Appreciation of form and perspective 532 REPRESENTATIVE ART Punishments for abnormal behavior 689 SOCIAL OFFENSES Psychotherapy 755 MAGICAL AND MENTAL THERAPY Education 870 Patterned expressions of emotions 201 GESTURES AND SIGNS Logic 811 LOGIC Sex 830 Palliation of labor 461 LABOR AND LEISURE Ideas about elimination 514 ELIMINATION Ideas about sleep 513 SLEEPING Ideas about form, color, and sound 822 ETHNOPHYSICS Gratification and control of hunger 261 GRATIFICATION AND CONTROL OF HUNGER Development of scientific psychology 815 SCIENCE Manifestations and control of thirst 271 WATER AND THIRST Divination and interpretation of dreams and hallucinations 787 REVELATION AND DIVINATION Data on behavior processes and personality 150 Aesthetic ideals and cannons of taste 517 LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES Ideas about blindness, deafmutism and feeblemindedness 732 DISABILITIES Conception of free will 812 PHILOSOPHY 829 ETHNOSOCIOLOGY Social philosophy; interpretations of the society's charter; ideas about societies; native views of the world politics; native ideas about social relationships and social structure; concepts of society (e.g., social contract); notions about culture and cultural change; economic and political behavior (e.g., mercantilism); racial inequality; etc. Development of scientific anthropology, sociology and economics 815 SCIENCE Philosophical systems 812 PHILOSOPHY Penology 681 SANCTIONS National character 181 ETHOS Missionary programs 797 MISSIONS Jurisprudence 671 LEGAL NORMS Constitution 642 CONSTITUTION Policies of government regulation 656 GOVERNMENT REGULATION Principles of taxation 651 TAXATION AND PUBLIC INCOME Educational policies 871 EDUCATION SYSTEM Cultural revitalization and ethnogenesis 1710 CULTURAL REVITALIZATION AND ETHNOGENESIS Development of nationalism 619 TRIBE AND NATION Criminology 674 CRIME Traditional history 173 TRADITIONAL HISTORY Political movements 668 POLITICAL MOVEMENTS Theological systems 779 THEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS Sociocultural trends 178 SOCIOCULTURAL TRENDS Social planning 185 CULTURAL GOALS Population policy 168 POPULATION POLICY Welfare policies 746 PUBLIC ASSISTANCE 830 SEX General statements about several aspects of sexual ideas and behavior. Sex offenses 684 SEX AND MARITAL OFFENSES Marriage 580 831 SEXUALITY Ideas about the male and female sex organs; conceptions of sexual physiology (e.g., erection, nocturnal emission); notions about seminal and vaginal secretions; favorable attitudes toward sex (e.g., as natural, necessary, amusing, sacred); idealization of sex (e.g., romantic love); unfavorable attitudes toward sex (e.g., as dangerous, debilitating, unclean, disgusting, sinful); idealization of continence and chastity; preoccupation with sex (e.g., sexual symbolism in religion and the arts, obscenity, pornography); etc. Differences in gender status 562 GENDER STATUS Affection between husband and wife 593 FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS Celibacy 589 CELIBACY Sexual humor 522 HUMOR Description of secondary sexual characteristics 142 DESCRIPTIVE SOMATOLOGY Chastity as an ascetic ideal 785 ASCETICISM Notions about puberty in each sex 881 PUBERTY AND INITIATION Ideas about the sex impulse 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY 832 SEXUAL STIMULATION Ideals of erotic beauty and sexual attraction; enhancement of sexual appeal (e.g., through wearing of alluring garb, use of perfumes of cosmetics, artificial development of the breasts and genitalia); acts interpreted as erotic overtures; suggestive gestures (e.g., winking, staring); innuendoes; serenades; love magic; techniques of sexual approach; terms of endearment; caresses and embraces; kissing; coyness and bashfulness; etc. Erotic dancing 535 DANCE Use of cosmetics and perfumes 302 TOILET Magic 789 MAGIC Genital alterations 304 BODY ALTERATIONS Courtship 584 ARRANGING A MARRIAGE Blushing 827 ETHNOPHYSIOLOGY Love songs 533 MUSIC 833 SEXUAL INTERCOURSE Sexual initiation (e.g., age and circumstances of first intercourse for each gender, preferred partner); defloration; times and places considered appropriate for coitus; degree of interest and enjoyment ascribed to and manifested by each gender; initiative in copulation; degree of elaboration of preliminary sex play; preferred, variant, and tabooed postures; accompanying behavior (e.g., biting, urination); frequency and duration of coitus; occurrence of female orgasm; artificial means of augmenting sensation; behavior after coitus (e.g., sexual hygiene); psychic difficulties in coitus; impotence and frigidity (e.g., prevalence, explanation, prevention, treatment); etc. Contraception 842 CONCEPTION Defloration rites at marriage 585 NUPTIALS Regulation of intercourse under polygamy 864 SEX TRAINING 834 GENERAL SEX RESTRICTIONS Sexual modesty and decorum; ideas of proper behavior between the sexes; sex taboos observed on particular occasions (e.g., before or during ceremonies, war, hunting, or special industrial activities); miscellaneous sex restrictions; etc. Training of children in modesty 864 SEX TRAINING Modesty about elimination 514 ELIMINATION Sex taboos during lactation 853 INFANT FEEDING Sex regulation under polygamy 595 POLYGAMY Sex behavior and taboos at menstruation and during pregnancy 840 Regulation of sex relations between classes, castes, and ethnic groups 560 Effect of sexual repression on personality 150 Punishable s ex offenses 684 SEX AND MARITAL OFFENSES Modesty in bathing 515 PERSONAL HYGIENE Word taboos 784 AVOIDANCE AND TABOO Etiquette 576 ETIQUETTE Deferred consummation 585 NUPTIALS Avoidance and joking relationships 602 KIN RELATIONSHIPS Asceticism 785 ASCETICISM Modesty in dress 291 NORMAL GARB Euphemisms 195 SOCIOLINGUISTICS 835 KINSHIP REGULATION OF SEX Incest taboos (e.g.., between primary relatives, bilateral and unilinear extensions); patterned exceptions to primary incest taboos (e.g., ceremonial and dynastic incest); violations of incest taboos (e.g., incidence, circumstances, notions of physical and social results, treatment of offspring); privileged and tolerated sex relations between kinsmen (e.g., between cross-cousins, between siblings-in-law); etc. Levirate and sororate marriages 587 SECONDARY MARRIAGES Regulation of marriage 582 REGULATION OF MARRIAGE Patterned behavior between kinsmen 602 KIN RELATIONSHIPS Exogamous rules 610 Punishments for incest 684 SEX AND MARITAL OFFENSES 836 PREMARITAL SEX RELATIONS Presence or absence of a standard of chastity for the unmarried; variations in the standard (e.g., by gender, by class status); basis of the standard (e.g., material or ethical considerations); prevalence of premarital liaisons; degree of social approval or disapproval; seduction; assignations; permanency and exclusiveness of premarital unions; reciprocal behavior of lovers; incidence of rivalry and jealousy; termination of liaisons; evidence as to infertility of premarital unions; etc. Fertility, contraception, abortion, infanticide, and illegitimacy 840 Legal definitions and sanctions 684 SEX AND MARITAL OFFENSES Adolescent activities 883 ADOLESCENT ACTIVITIES Courtship and behavior during betrothal 584 ARRANGING A MARRIAGE Idealization of chastity 831 SEXUALITY Trial marriage 583 MODE OF MARRIAGE Sex training 864 SEX TRAINING 837 EXTRAMARITAL SEX RELATIONS Presence or absence of an ideal of marital fidelity; cultural definition of adultery (e.g., applying to both spouses, to wife only); allegations of promiscuity; incidence of adultery for both genders; prevention (e.g., cloistering of women, chastity belts); initiation and conduct of adulterous liaisons; cicisbeism; keeping of mistresses; culturally sanctioned extramarital relations (e.g., wife lending, sexual hospitality); etc. Ceremonial license 786 ECSTATIC RELIGIOUS PRACTICES Concubinage 595 POLYGAMY Privileged sex relationships 835 KINSHIP REGULATION OF SEX Punishment of adultery 684 SEX AND MARITAL OFFENSES Illegitimacy 848 ILLEGITIMACY Prostitution 548 ILLEGAL ENTERTAINMENT 838 HOMOSEXUALITY Conceptualization (e.g., as normal, as abnormal); prevalence for each gender; specific behavior patterns; regulation (e.g., by incest taboos and exogamous rules); institutionalization (e.g., in bachelor organizations); reactions of the community (e.g., toleration, disgust); variant attitudes correlated with gender, age, and marital condition; transvestitism; etc. Organized homosexuality 548 ILLEGAL ENTERTAINMENT Celibacy 589 CELIBACY Legal definitions and sanctions 684 SEX AND MARITAL OFFENSES Unconscious homosexual traits 150 Marriages between persons of the same gender 588 SPECIAL UNIONS AND MARRIAGES 839 MISCELLANEOUS SEX BEHAVIOR Incidence of nocturnal emission, masturbation, petting to orgasm, bestiality, necrophilia, sexual sadism and masochism, exhibitionism, voyeurism, sexual fetishism, and rape, personal and social characteristics, circumstances, methods, and social reaction for each type of behavior; eunuchs (e.g., number, status, activities); prostitution where not controlled by an organization; etc. Castration 304 BODY ALTERATIONS Psychoses and neuroses 158 PERSONALITY DISORDERS Organized prostitution 548 ILLEGAL ENTERTAINMENT Punishable sex offenses 684 SEX AND MARITAL OFFENSES Ecstatic religious practices 786 ECSTATIC RELIGIOUS PRACTICES Coitus interruptus 842 CONCEPTION Asceticism 785 ASCETICISM Sexual behavior of infants and children 864 SEX TRAINING Uncommon unions 588 SPECIAL UNIONS AND MARRIAGES 840 REPRODUCTION General statements dealing with several aspects of the cultural adjustments, behavioral and ideological, to the reproductive cycle in women. 841 MENSTRUATION Theory of menstruation and the menstrual cycle (e.g., association with lunation); beliefs about menstrual blood; associated practices (e.g., medicinal and magical uses of menstrual blood, avoidance of contact, methods of stanching and disposal); behavior and treatment of women during menses (e.g., isolation, imposition of taboos, purification rites); adjustments in behavior of spouse and parents; recognized symptoms of menstruation; explanation and treatment of irregular, excessive, or prolonged menses; etc. Ontogenetic data 145 ONTOGENETIC DATA First menstruation 881 PUBERTY AND INITIATION Purification 783 PURIFICATION AND ATONEMENT Physiological characteristics of menstruation 147 PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA Menstrual lodges 343 OUTBUILDINGS Menopause 886 SENESCENCE Ideas about blood 826 ETHNOANATOMY Medical therapy 757 MEDICAL THERAPY Notions of the uncleanness of women 562 GENDER STATUS 842 CONCEPTION Theory of impregnation and paternity; fertility and sterility (e.g., incidence, conceptualization); desire for children and preferences as to gender; methods of inducing conception and counteracting barrenness and sterility; treatment of barren women and sterile men; methods of influencing conception (e.g., determining sex, preventing twins, inducing healthy offspring); prevention of conception (e.g., continence, coitus interruptus, contraceptive devices); attitudes toward birth control; etc. Population policy 168 POPULATION POLICY Sterilization of the disabled 732 DISABILITIES Notions of reincarnation 775 ESCHATOLOGY Ideas about heredity 827 ETHNOPHYSIOLOGY Sex behavior 830 843 PREGNANCY Theory of pregnancy; determination of pregnancy (e.g., from cessation of menses, darkening of areola, abdominal protuberance, fetal movements); forecasting time of delivery; predicting sex; treatment and behavior of the pregnant woman (e.g., relief from work, dealing with nausea and giddiness, gratification of food cravings, observation of taboos, regimen, isolation); associated rites and ceremonies; sympathetic behavior of husband; ideas about embryonic development; practices intended to facilitate delivery and insure healthy offspring; differences in treatment of first and subsequent pregnancies; miscarriages (e.g., disposal of fetus, associated beliefs and practices); etc. Abortion 847 ABORTION AND INFANTICIDE Maternity benefits 745 SOCIAL INSURANCE 844 CHILDBIRTH Ideas about childbirth; attitude of the community; importance of first and subsequent births; preparations for delivery; place of birth; witnesses, assistants, and excluded persons; role of midwives and obstetricians; onset and duration of labor; facilitation of delivery (e.g., pressure, massage); posture in childbirth; receiving the baby; severing and tying the umbilical cord; expulsion of placenta; disposal of exuviae; immediate care of mother and child; cleansing, bandaging, and medication of mother; adjustments to postnatal hemorrhage; treatment of baby (e.g., initiation of respiration, cleansing, swaddling); etc. Birth registration 217 ARCHIVES Omens, divination, and astrology 787 REVELATION AND DIVINATION Birthdays 527 REST DAYS AND HOLIDAYS Special mortuary rites 766 SPECIAL BURIAL PRACTICES AND FUNERALS Medical personnel 759 MEDICAL PERSONNEL Infant and maternal mortality 165 MORTALITY Hospitals 743 HOSPITALS AND CLINICS Birth statistics 163 BIRTH STATISTICS 845 DIFFICULT AND UNUSUAL BIRTHS Explanations of prolonged, difficult, and fatal deliveries; methods of dealing with abnormal presentations; obstetrical surgery (e.g., use of forceps Cesarean section); beliefs and practices connected with unusual births (e.g., premature births, caul births); stillbirths (e.g., conceptualization, disposal of stillborn infant); delivery and treatment of deformed infants; notions about birthmarks; multiple births (e.g., conception of causation, reaction of the community, treatment of twins); special observances and ceremonial associated with unusual births and persons distinguished by unusual births; etc. Incidence of stillbirths and multiple births 163 BIRTH STATISTICS Surgery 752 BODILY INJURIES Treatment of the disabled 732 DISABILITIES 846 POSTNATAL CARE Care of postnatal mother during period of recuperation (e.g., rest, isolation, medication, taboos); duration of lochia and its disposal; visits and presents; resumption of normal life (e.g., gradual, after lapse of a specified time); purification rites; special care of child between birth and sloughing of umbilical cord; conceptualization and disposition of umbilical cord; treatment and disposition of motherless infants; special behavior of father (e.g., couvade); etc. Purification 783 PURIFICATION AND ATONEMENT Adoption 597 ADOPTION Gift giving 431 GIFT GIVING Infant feeding 853 INFANT FEEDING 847 ABORTION AND INFANTICIDE Prevalence of abortion; reasons and circumstances (e.g., illegitimate pregnancy); methods; disposal of fetus; reaction of community (e.g., toleration, disapproval); prevalence of infanticide; reasons and circumstances (e.g., illegitimate pregnancy, deformity, death of father or mother); methods used; disposal of corpse, reaction of community; etc. Legal sanctions 682 OFFENSES AGAINST LIFE Mortality 165 MORTALITY Miscarriages 843 PREGNANCY 848 ILLEGITIMACY Cultural definition of legitimacy and illegitimacy; frequency of illegitimate pregnancies; tests of legitimacy; behavior and treatment of mother (e.g., ordeals, confession); treatment of father (e.g., forced marriage); treatment of offspring; status of illegitimate children; etc. Legal sanctions 684 SEX AND MARITAL OFFENSES Premarital sex relations 836 PREMARITAL SEX RELATIONS 850 INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD General statements dealing with several aspects of the care, physical development, activities, and status progression of children from birth to puberty. Socialization of children 860 851 SOCIAL PLACEMENT Assignment of infant to a male parent (e.g., under polyandry, in case of a posthumous child); public announcement of birth; formal acceptance of infant into a social group (e.g., by family head or chief); alignment with the supernatural (e.g., baptism); changes in marital status and social relationships wrought by birth of a child; etc. Adult baptism 795 RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS Orphans 736 DEPENDENCY Descent 611 RULE OF DESCENT Adoption 597 ADOPTION Affiliation of offspring of mixed marriages 560 Concept of reincarnation 775 ESCHATOLOGY Theory of paternity 842 CONCEPTION Naming ceremonies 553 NAMING 852 CEREMONIAL DURING INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD Rites of passage prior to puberty; maturation ceremonies (e.g., at first step, at first tooth); rites associated with cutting of hair, ear piercing, and circumcision; ceremonies correlated with achievements (e.g., first animal killed, first cloth woven); adult guidance and sponsorship; participation of children in adult ceremonies (e.g., Christmas); etc. Artificial kin relationships 608 ARTIFICIAL KIN RELATIONSHIPS Religious ceremonial 796 ORGANIZED CEREMONIAL Naming ceremonies 553 NAMING Body alteration 304 BODY ALTERATIONS Birthdays 527 REST DAYS AND HOLIDAYS Baptism and confirmation 795 RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS Baptism and confirmation 851 SOCIAL PLACEMENT 853 INFANT FEEDING Conception of lactation, milk, and colostrum; beliefs about sucking; initiation of suckling in newborn infants; stimulation of the flow of milk; routine of nursing (e.g., posture, intervals); feeding problems; treatment and behavior of the nursing mother (e.g., diet, sexual abstention); communal nursing, fosterage; adjustments to death of mother; supplementary feeding (e.g., age at beginning, appropriate foods and their preparation); method of feeding (e.g., bottle, cup, spoon); etc. Weaning 862 WEANING AND FOOD TRAINING Malnutrition 146 NUTRITION Dairy products 234 DAIRYING Ideas about breasts 826 ETHNOANATOMY Diet 262 DIET 854 INFANT CARE Care of routine bodily needs; cleaning; dealing with excreta; clothing and swaddling; provisions for sleep (e.g., cradles, cribs); playing with infants (e.g., fondling, dandling, rocking, crooning); emotional care (e.g., distracting techniques, methods of soothing, guarding against emotional upsets); watching and tending; special dangers ascribed to period of infancy; protection from real and supernatural dangers; hygienic and therapeutic measures; methods of holding and carrying infants (e.g., on back, astride hip); distribution of care among members of the family; institutionalized care (e.g., nurseries); etc. Cradle songs and lullabies 533 MUSIC Cleanliness training 863 CLEANLINESS TRAINING Disparagement 784 AVOIDANCE AND TABOO Preventive medicine 751 PREVENTIVE MEDICINE Medical care 758 MEDICAL CARE 855 CHILD CARE Supervision, care, and support of children from earliest independence (e.g., walking, talking) to puberty; distribution of responsibility among parents and other relatives; institutionalized care (e.g., day nurseries); beliefs and standards concerning proper clothing, feeding, and housing of children; provisions for physical and mental health; protection from physical and social dangers (e.g., confinement, removal of dangerous objects); attitude of adults toward children (e.g., indulgent, indifferent, censorious); spoiling and coddling; mistreatment and neglect of children; etc. Discipline and training 860 Care of orphans 736 DEPENDENCY Family relationships 593 FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS Preventive medicine 751 PREVENTIVE MEDICINE Medical care 758 MEDICAL CARE 856 DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION Concepts and standards of physical, mental, and emotional behavior and development during infancy and childhood; data on infant behavior; methods of promoting and influencing growth (e.g., molding of head, magical rituals); adjustments to growth; data on maturation (e.g., age at creeping, standing, walking, talking, cooperation); attitudes toward and special treatment of development events (e.g., teething, growth of hair and nails, increases in weight and stature); reactions and adjustments to retardation and precocity; etc. Ceremonies during infancy and childhood 852 CEREMONIAL DURING INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD Data on physical growth and mental development 145 ONTOGENETIC DATA Education 870 Socialization 860 Cranial deformation 304 BODY ALTERATIONS 857 CHILDHOOD ACTIVITIES Extent to which a special culture of childhood exists; children's play; imitative activities (e.g., make-believe); habits of rest and sleep; children's play groups, cliques, and gangs; quarreling and fighting; children's explorations and haunts; tasks performed by children and age at which each is undertaken (e.g., errands, chores, care of younger children); etc. Child betrothal 584 ARRANGING A MARRIAGE Daily routine 512 DAILY ROUTINE Mutual aid 476 MUTUAL AID Age-grades 561 AGE STRATIFICATION Baby talk 195 SOCIOLINGUISTICS Children's games, toys, and playthings 524 GAMES Primary groups 571 SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND GROUPS Quest for guardian spirits 787 REVELATION AND DIVINATION Residence changes by children 591 RESIDENCE Ingroup antagonisms 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS Socialization 860 Education 870 858 STATUS OF CHILDREN Cultural definition of status of periods and progression of statuses during infancy and childhood; rights, privileges, and powers of children (e.g., special exemptions); restrictions and disabilities of infants and children (e.g., special taboos); conception of legal minority; extent to which children are treated as inherently inferior or merely as inexperienced adults; stereotyped ideas about children (e.g., concepts of the good and the naughty child); differential expectations and treatment of children (e.g., according to age, gender), etc. Kin relationships 600 Age stratification 561 AGE STRATIFICATION Juvenile courts 698 SPECIAL COURTS Family relationships 593 FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS Marriageability of children 582 REGULATION OF MARRIAGE Special mortuary rites 766 SPECIAL BURIAL PRACTICES AND FUNERALS Guardianship 429 ADMINISTRATION Legal liability 672 LIABILITY Concept of legal majority 884 MAJORITY 860 SOCIALIZATION General statements dealing with several aspects of the basic mechanisms of cultural transmission, especially the socialization of impulses and the more informal educational processes. Personality and its development 150 Formal education 870 861 TEChnIQUES OF SOCIALIZATION Ideas about childhood training; general methods and discipline in socialization; specific techniques of providing motivation (e.g., inciting, warning, scolding, threatening, punishing); specific techniques of guidance (e.g., leading, demonstrating, explaining, commanding); specific techniques of providing rewards (e.g., helping, recompensing, praising); special emphasis on particular techniques (e.g., in General, at different ages, for particular types of training); consistency or inconsistency in the use of techniques; ages at which conscious parental socialization begins and ends; etc. Education through play 857 CHILDHOOD ACTIVITIES Military discipline 703 DISCIPLINE AND MORALE Family relationships 593 FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS Educational theory 876 EDUCATIONAL THEORY AND METHODS Data on habit formation 153 MODIFICATION OF BEHAVIOR Social control 626 SOCIAL CONTROL Native ideas about learning 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY Legal sanctions 681 SANCTIONS 862 WEANING AND FOOD TRAINING Adult beliefs, standards, and aims concerning weaning and appropriate eating habits for children; special reasons for weaning (e.g., insufficient lactation, illness or pregnancy of mother); normal age at weaning (e.g., separation from mother, ridicule, application of bitter substances to nipple); reactions of children to weaning; imposition of rules about eating; teaching of table manners; resistance of children to food training; etc. Diet 262 DIET Eating and table manners 264 EATING Etiquette 576 ETIQUETTE Infant feeding 853 INFANT FEEDING 863 CLEANLINESS TRAINING Adult beliefs, standards, and aims concerning sphincter control and cleanliness for children; normal age at beginning and completion of bladder and bowel control; techniques employed; bladder and bowel incontinence (e.g., incidence, parental reaction, treatment); methods of teaching children to wash, bathe, and groom themselves; teaching standards of cleanliness, neatness, and orderliness, reactions of children to cleanliness training; etc. Elimination 514 ELIMINATION Personal hygiene 515 PERSONAL HYGIENE Ideas about anal reactions 827 ETHNOPHYSIOLOGY Infant care 854 INFANT CARE 864 SEX TRAINING Adult beliefs, standards, and aims concerning sex behavior in children and methods of sex training; incidence of specifically sexual behavior in infants and children (e.g., masturbation, fingering of genitals, exhibitionism, sex play); rules for the control of such behavior (e.g., imposition, enforcement); training in sexual modesty; imparting of knowledge and beliefs about sex and reproduction; reactions to curiosity of children about sex; normal age for each aspect of sex training; reactions of children to sex training; etc. Sex 830 Personality 150 Ethical ideals 577 ETHICS Initiation 881 PUBERTY AND INITIATION 865 AGGRESSION TRAINING Adult beliefs, standards, and aims concerning aggression in children and means of controlling it; incidence and treatment of physical aggression (e.g., striking, biting, kicking, hair-pulling); incidence and treatment of verbal aggression (e.g., insults, profanity, teasing); incidence and treatment of annoying behavior (e.g., crying, whining, noisiness); incidence and treatment of disobedience, defiance, and temper tantrums; incidence and treatment of rivalry and jealousy in children; rules governing the control of aggressive behavior (e.g., imposition, enforcement); approved forms of and occasions for aggression (e.g., rules, training); etc. Warlikeness 721 INSTIGATION OF WAR Obscenity 831 SEXUALITY Crime 674 CRIME Quarreling and fighting among children 857 CHILDHOOD ACTIVITIES Insults and quarrels 578 INGROUP ANTAGONISMS Profanity 195 SOCIOLINGUISTICS Litigation 691 LITIGATION 866 INDEPENDENCE TRAINING Adult beliefs, standards, and aims concerning dependence in children and the development of independence; culturally prescribed age levels for the achievement of independence; incidence and treatment of dependent behavior (e.g., clinging to parents, tattling); induration to heat, cold, pain, fatigue (e.g., exposure, ordeals, flogging); instilling of courage; teaching of self-reliance and readiness to assume responsibility; training in cooperation and competitiveness; instilling of levels of aspiration (e.g., for knowledge, for skills, for social advancement); reactions of children to demands for independence; etc. Vision quest 787 REVELATION AND DIVINATION Military training 702 RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING Age stratification 561 AGE STRATIFICATION Activities of children 857 CHILDHOOD ACTIVITIES Social mobility 550 Cooperativeness and competitiveness 157 PERSONALITY TRAITS Economic cooperation and competition 470 867 TRANSMISSION OF CULTURAL NORMS Instilling of norms concerning appropriate behavior for children (e.g., rest and sleep routines); initiation of children into social relationships (e.g., teaching to share and take turns, instruction in etiquette and kinship behavior); training in gender-typed attitudes and values (e.g., ladylikeness, manliness); instilling of respect for property; instruction in social, ethical, legal and political norms; techniques for education in morals and character; etc. Kinship behavior 600 Personality 150 Ethical ideals 577 ETHICS Interpersonal relations 571 SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND GROUPS Juvenile delinquency 738 DELINQUENCY Labor and leisure 461 LABOR AND LEISURE Legal norms 671 LEGAL NORMS Citizenship 641 CITIZENSHIP Occupational specialization 463 OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION Status and role 554 STATUS, ROLE, AND PRESTIGE Juvenile delinquency 674 CRIME Aesthetic ideals 517 LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES Mutual aid and competition 470 Standard of living 511 STANDARD OF LIVING Social norms 183 NORMS Etiquette 576 ETIQUETTE Social control 626 SOCIAL CONTROL Sleeping 513 SLEEPING Public opinion 208 PUBLIC OPINION Taboos 784 AVOIDANCE AND TABOO 868 TRANSMISSION OF SKILLS Acquisition of language; teaching children to walk and swim; techniques for teaching manual dexterity and technological skills; teaching and learning of economic skills appropriate to each gender; informal instruction in occupational skills; acquisition of artistic skills (e.g., playing of musical instruments); relative importance of imitation, practice, and instruction in the transmission of skills; etc. Occupational specialization 463 OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION Athletic sports 526 ATHLETIC SPORTS Military training 702 RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING Age at walking and talking 856 DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION Motor habits 516 POSTURES Locomotion 481 LOCOMOTION Language 190 Formal vocational education 874 VOCATIONAL EDUCATION Division of labor by gender 462 DIVISION OF LABOR BY GENDER Fine arts 530 869 TRANSMISSION OF BELIEFS Special techniques for the instilling of beliefs, knowledge, attitudes and values not covered elsewhere in this section (e.g., supernatural beliefs, beliefs concerning phenomena of the external world); manipulation of anxiety in support of beliefs (e.g., arousing it for motivation, relieving it for reinforcement); role of accident and coincidence in confirming supernatural beliefs (e.g., rain following a rain-making rite, winning a race while wearing a luck charm); extent to which reality testing is inhibited or encouraged in children; etc. Formal religious instruction 872 ELEMENTARY EDUCATION Types of religious experience 781 RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE Beliefs about nature and man 820 Formal religious instruction 794 CONGREGATIONS Theories of disease 753 THEORY OF DISEASE Religious beliefs 770 870 EDUCATION General statements dealing with several aspects of the more formal and institutionalized aspects to the educational process, especially instruction conducted in schools, by specialized tutors, or through formal apprenticeship. Informal education 860 871 EDUCATION SYSTEM Degree of development and elaboration of formal education; prevalent types of educational specialization (e.g., schools, tutors, apprenticeship); source of support of teachers and educational institutions (e.g., fees from students ecclesiastical aid, private gifts and endowments); systematization of education (e.g., local schools boards, state educational agencies, voluntary organizations of educational administrators); degree of standardization as to levels, policies, language, and curricula; primary objectives of formal education (e.g., piety, morality, citizenship, vocational skills, intellectual leadership); diffusion of education (e.g., educational statistics); attitudes toward education; etc. Public support of education 658 PUBLIC EDUCATION Reformatories 738 DELINQUENCY School buildings 346 RELIGIOUS AND EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURES Sunday schools 794 CONGREGATIONS Literacy 212 WRITING Philanthropic foundations 741 PHILANTHROPIC FOUNDATIONS 872 ELEMENTARY EDUCATION Tutorial education; primary schools (e.g., private, parochial, public); periods of instruction (e.g., terms, vacations, hours per day, days per week, weeks per year, years required for graduation); compulsory or voluntary attendance; objectives (e.g., universal literacy); curriculum (e.g., subjects and their progression); grading and advancement; educational aids (e.g., textbooks, stationery, blackboards); ceremonial (e.g., graduation); special institutions for very young children (e.g., nursery schools, kindergartens); etc. Arithmetic 803 MATHEMATICS Traditional history 173 TRADITIONAL HISTORY Teachers 875 TEACHERS School buildings 346 RELIGIOUS AND EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURES Civics 641 CITIZENSHIP Informal transmission of Social norms 867 TRANSMISSION OF CULTURAL NORMS Music 533 MUSIC Reading, writing, and spelling 212 WRITING Religious beliefs 770 Books and writing materials 210 Ethnogeography 823 ETHNOGEOGRAPHY Ethical ideals 577 ETHICS 873 LIBERAL ARTS EDUCATION Existence, number, and variety of institutions on the secondary and college levels devoted to instruction in the liberal arts; special objectives (e.g., inculcation of aristocratic ideals, preparation for democratic leadership refinement of personal tastes, preparation for rational choice of careers); sources of financial support; administration; curricula; courses and terms; education aids (e.g., libraries); grading and advancement; degrees; ceremonial (e.g., commencement); extracurricular activities (e.g., sports, politics, debating); special institutions (e.g., finishing schools, adult education); etc. Ideas about nature and man 820 Cultural participation 184 CULTURAL PARTICIPATION Mathematics 803 MATHEMATICS Aesthetic ideals 517 LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES Student organizations 877 STUDENTS Student uprisings 664 PRESSURE POLITICS Humanistic studies, philosophy, and science 810 Fine arts 530 Public lectures 544 PUBLIC LECTURES Libraries 217 ARCHIVES 874 VOCATIONAL EDUCATION Institutionalized vocational apprenticeship (e.g., skills thus taught, terms and conditions of apprenticeship); number and variety of educational institutions specialized for vocational training; general types (e.g., trade schools, correspondence schools, professional schools); special types (e.g., barber schools, secretarial schools, radio schools, police schools, social work schools, business schools, journalism schools, agricultural schools, military schools, art schools, norm al schools, engineering schools, divinity schools, law schools, medical schools, graduate schools); sources of support; administration; courses and curricula; degrees; facilities; etc. Lawyers 693 LEGAL AND JUDICIAL PERSONNEL Applied science 816 APPLIED SCIENCE Physicians 759 MEDICAL PERSONNEL Informal transmission of skills 868 TRANSMISSION OF SKILLS Occupational specialization 463 OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION Priesthood 793 PRIESTHOOD Craft guilds 467 LABOR ORGANIZATION On-the-job training 466 LABOR RELATIONS 875 TEACHERS Number of general and specialized teachers; degree of training and proficiency; social status of teachers (e.g., prerogatives, disabilities); mode of selection; fees and salaries; tenure and advancement; degree of academic freedom; organization (e.g., associations, unions); extracurricular activities (e.g., research, community activities); etc. Government pensions 657 PUBLIC WELFARE Normal schools 874 VOCATIONAL EDUCATION 876 EDUCATIONAL THEORY AND METHODS Dominant and alternative theories of education; favored methods of instruction (e.g., collective recitation, rote memorizing, systematic classification case analysis); system of rewards (e.g., praise, prizes); prevalent and eschewed methods of punishment (e.g., ridicule, corporal punishment, deprivation of privileges); special techniques for handicapped and backward pupils; educational psychology; examining and testing methods; use of visual and auditory aids, degree of individuation in instruction (e.g., cultivation of uniformity, encouragement of independence and initiative); educational experiments and innovations (e.g., progressive education); etc. Social control 626 SOCIAL CONTROL Evidence of habit formation 153 MODIFICATION OF BEHAVIOR Informal techniques of instruction 860 Educational motion pictures 546 MOTION PICTURE INDUSTRY Ethnopsychology 828 ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY 877 STUDENTS Composition of the student body; number of general and specialized students in an academic institution; organization and associations (e.g., student unions); leadership; social status of students; sources of financial support (e.g., private funds, scholarships, fellowships, etc.); degree of academic freedom; extracurricular activities; living and dining accommodations (e.g., dormitories, off-campus housing, sororities and fraternities, etc.); student-community relations; student-faculty relationships; group values and behavior characteristics (e.g., political and social activism, etc.); etc. Athletic sports 526 ATHLETIC SPORTS Community structure 621 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE Socialization processes 860 Sex 830 Informal in-group justice 627 INFORMAL IN-GROUP JUSTICE Individual behavior characteristics 150 Adolescence and adulthood 880 Social relationships and groups 571 SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND GROUPS Brawls and riots 579 BRAWLS, RIOTS, AND BANDITRY Social status and roles 554 STATUS, ROLE, AND PRESTIGE Drug use 276 RECREATIONAL AND NON-THERAPEUTIC DRUGS Sodalities 575 SODALITIES Delinquency 738 DELINQUENCY Dress 291 NORMAL GARB Drinking 273 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES Ethical norms 577 ETHICS Education 870 Adornment 300 880 ADOLESCENCE, ADULTHOOD, AND OLD AGE General statements dealing with several aspects of the age-graded statuses and associated activities in the individual life cycle from puberty to old age. 881 PUBERTY AND INITIATION Ideas, beliefs, and practices associated with first emissio seminis and first menstruation; rites of passage at or near puberty; prevalence of special initiation rites for each gender; ceremonial sponsors; function and purpose of ceremonial; mystery and seclusion; taboos; ordeals and tests; inculcation of secret lore; special instruction in sex life; ideas of death and rebirth; etc. Religious ceremonial 796 ORGANIZED CEREMONIAL Artificial kin relationships 608 ARTIFICIAL KIN RELATIONSHIPS Taboos 784 AVOIDANCE AND TABOO Religious confirmation 795 RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS Initiation into clubs and secret societies 575 SODALITIES Concept of reincarnation 775 ESCHATOLOGY Tests of marriageability 582 REGULATION OF MARRIAGE Age-grades 561 AGE STRATIFICATION Body alteration 304 BODY ALTERATIONS Menstruation 841 MENSTRUATION Masks 532 REPRESENTATIVE ART Bullroarers 534 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS Age at puberty 145 ONTOGENETIC DATA Sex training 864 SEX TRAINING 882 STATUS OF ADOLESCENTS Cultural definition of adolescence (e.g., age limits); beliefs and attitudes about adolescents; prerogatives and disabilities of adolescents; relaxing or tightening of social control for each gender; residence shifts at puberty (e.g., removal of boys to men's house or to home of grandparent or maternal uncle); readjustment of social relationships; etc. Residence rules 591 RESIDENCE Men's clubs 575 SODALITIES Social control 626 SOCIAL CONTROL Legal liability 672 LIABILITY Treatment of handicapped 732 DISABILITIES Age stratification 561 AGE STRATIFICATION 883 ADOLESCENT ACTIVITIES Behavior patterns and attitudes characteristic of adolescents (e.g., dating, loitering); economic activities expected of adolescents; adolescent organizations (e.g., work groups, cliques, bachelors' clubs); adolescent recreation (e.g., expeditions, picnics); adolescent problems (e.g., reactions to social pressures for adult behavior); etc. Dancing 535 DANCE Education 870 Welfare organizations 740 Slang 192 VOCABULARY Premarital sex relations 836 PREMARITAL SEX RELATIONS Mutual aid 476 MUTUAL AID Juvenile delinquency 674 CRIME Child labor legislation 466 LABOR RELATIONS Athletic sports 526 ATHLETIC SPORTS Juvenile delinquency 738 DELINQUENCY Loafing and loitering 461 LABOR AND LEISURE Socialization 860 Courtship 584 ARRANGING A MARRIAGE Cliques, gangs, clubs, and visiting 570 884 MAJORITY Concept of legal majority if differentiated from puberty; criteria for its attainment by each gender (e.g., age); ceremonies of admission to full manhood or womanhood; readjustments of behavior and social relationships; etc. Full citizenship status 641 CITIZENSHIP Sex 830 Age at marriage 582 REGULATION OF MARRIAGE Celibacy 589 CELIBACY Conception of legal minority 858 STATUS OF CHILDREN 885 ADULTHOOD Conception of the prime of life; cultural definition of adult status; differential status and activities of adult males and females prior to and subsequent to marriage; concepts of the ideal man and the ideal woman; etc. Social mobility 550 Civil rights 641 CITIZENSHIP Leisure-time activities 517 LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES Ethical ideals 577 ETHICS Celibacy 589 CELIBACY Activities of newly married persons 585 NUPTIALS Age stratification 561 AGE STRATIFICATION Gender status 562 GENDER STATUS Treatment of handicapped 732 DISABILITIES 886 SENESCENCE Cultural criteria of senescence and the onset of old age; menopause (e.g., cultural interpretation, adaptive changes in behavior); attitude toward growing old (e.g., resignation, simulation of youth); prescriptions for longevity and rejuvenation; preparations for old age (e.g., insurance); retirement from active life (e.g., gradual, at a prescribed retirement age); etc. Physical senescence 145 ONTOGENETIC DATA Treatment of handicapped 732 DISABILITIES Attitude toward death 761 LIFE AND DEATH Menstruation 841 MENSTRUATION Insurance 456 INSURANCE 887 ACTIVITIES OF THE AGED Regimen of the aged (e.g., diet, exercise, rest); economic tasks performed by the aged; leisure time activities of the aged; sexuality in old age; professional activities of the aged; other functions and activities of the aged (e.g., ceremonial, political); etc. Domestic authority of the aged 590 Authentic cases of extreme longevity 165 MORTALITY Roles of grandparents 603 GRANDPARENTS AND GRANDCHILDREN 888 STATUS AND TREATMENT OF THE AGED Cultural definition and explanations of old age; idealized and derogatory evaluations of old age; conception of the ideal old man and old woman; symbols and synonyms for age and longevity; prerogatives and disabilities of the aged; special exemptions (e.g., from legal sanctions, from taboos); etiquette toward the aged; treatment of the aged (e.g., exploitation, neglect, obedience, respect); support of the aged; (e.g., investments, fees for services, annuities, pension s, assistance from relatives); care of the aged; customs of abandoning and killing the aged; etc. Legal liability 672 LIABILITY Age stratification 561 AGE STRATIFICATION Etiquette 576 ETIQUETTE Family relationships 593 FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS Incidence and relief of old age dependency 737 OLD AGE DEPENDENCY Insurance and annuities 456 INSURANCE Last favors before death 763 DYING Status of widows 589 CELIBACY Social insurance 745 SOCIAL INSURANCE Investment 454 SAVING AND INVESTMENT Polygamy 595 POLYGAMY 890 GENDER ROLES AND ISSUES This category is used to index discussions of gender-specific values, behavior, roles, relationships, and activities and the extent to which the values, etc. are exclusive to each gender and that are not covered elsewhere. This category is used for discussions of interpersonal relations within the same gender and between genders. This category differs from the category Gender Status in that status equality/inequality is not presumed. This category (along with other specific categories) is used to index discussions such as life histories that EXPLICITLY are presented as examples of gender roles, experience, and/or issues as well as to index explicit statements about such roles, etc. Introduced in 1997. Citizenship 641 CITIZENSHIP Infancy and childhood 850 Transvestism 838 HOMOSEXUALITY Socialization 860 Reproduction 840 Political movements 668 POLITICAL MOVEMENTS Observational role 123 OBSERVATIONAL ROLE IN RESEARCH Extramarital sex relations 837 EXTRAMARITAL SEX RELATIONS Ethics 577 ETHICS Division of labor by gender 462 DIVISION OF LABOR BY GENDER Cultural goals 185 CULTURAL GOALS Concept of ideal man and ideal woman 885 ADULTHOOD Marriage 580 Family590 Gender status 562 GENDER STATUS 900 TEXTS Texts, narratives, verbatim transcriptions, or verbal discourse recorded or transcribed in the language of the culture that is the focus of this file that may or may not be translated into English. The texts included in this category may cover a wide range of subject matter, from "literary", historical, life history, etc. To search for texts about specific subjects, use a Boolean "and" search. This term was introduced in 1997. It replaces category 539 "Literary Texts". For texts indexed prior to 1997, use category 539. Traditional history 173 TRADITIONAL HISTORY Verbal arts (1997 and after) 5310 VERBAL ARTS Sociolinguistics 195 SOCIOLINGUISTICS Mythology 773 MYTHOLOGY Verbal Arts (before 1997) 538 LITERATURE 901 TEXTS IN THE SPEAKER'S LANGUAGE Texts, narratives, verbatim transcriptions, or verbal discourse in the language in which it was originally spoken or written. Introduced in 1997. 902 TEXTS TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH Texts, narratives, verbatim transcriptions, or verbal discourse as translated into English. Introduced in 1997. 903 INTERLINEAR TRANSLATIONS This term is used to index interlinear translations, where a line of native language text alternates with a line containing its literal translation into the language of the author of the HRAF document. Introduced in 1997. 910 ARCHAEOLOGICAL MEASURES, TEChnIQUES, AND ANALYSES General statements about archaeology. Introduced in 1997. 911 CHRONOLOGIES AND CULTURE SEQUENCES Detailed or specific statements concerning prehistoric culture sequences; time periods that imply culture history (such as Early, Middle, and Late Periods, or Stone Age, Iron Age, Bronze Age); and chronologies (as determined by geological or paleontological evidence, stratigraphy, typology, tree-ring data, Carbon 14 dating, thermoluminesence, etc.); detailed or specific statements about dates for artifacts, units, strata, or sites, or the initial use of a process, tool, etc. (plant domestication, earliest dated bottle gourd, etc.); etc. Introduced in 1997. Soil Stratigraphy 134 SOIL Prehistory 172 PREHISTORY Geological stratigraphy 133 TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY 912 CULTURAL STRATIGRAPHY Statements about the cultural versus natural stratigraphy of a site, unit, or profile (what was found at what depth or in which stratum, statements about an artifact or feature, etc. being deeper than another, etc.); statements on the formation of an archaeological site, stratum, layer, or feature; generalized statements about unspecific features, etc. Introduced in 1997. How the stratigraphy was affected after deposition 138 POST DEPOSITIONAL PROCESSES IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES 913 FUNCTIONAL SPECIALIZATION AREAS Statements about specialized activity areas found at an archaeological site (lithic workshop, ceramic workshop, male activity areas, female activity areas, etc.). General statements about such things as household activity areas will be indexed under food preparation, work in skins, or other appropriate category. Individual artifacts are indexed under appropriate categories. Introduced in 1997. Gender roles and issues 890 GENDER ROLES AND ISSUES Division of labor by gender 462 DIVISION OF LABOR BY GENDER Household activity areas 356 HOUSEKEEPING Household activity areas 592 HOUSEHOLD 914 TYPOLOGIES AND CLASSIFICATIONS This term is used to index information on typologies and classifications including discussions on morphological types ("discs"), functional types (knife vs. axe), temporal types (chopper vs. hand axe), and/or cognitive types (use of mental template). This category is also used to index statements about how and why artifacts (ceramics, projectile points), or other archaeological data such as architecture (domestic architecture, public architecture, road ways, etc.) or site type (camp site, kill sites, base camps, lithic quarries, etc.) have been typed or placed into categories; what the typologies or categories are called (Moche vs. Nasca pottery, Clovis vs. Folsom projectile points); discussions about the temporal or spatial significance of the artifact categories; seriation; etc. Introduced in 1997. Organization and analysis of results of research 128 ORGANIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF RESEARCH 915 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORIES Listings or inventories or artifacts or non-artifactual constituents of a site, unit, trench, or stratum; statements about the number of artifacts or non-artifactual constituents of a particular type recovered (1100 flaked-stone tools were found at the site, 50 bird bones were found in unit A, etc.) etc. Introduced in 1997. Field data 117 FIELD DATA A to Z Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Abacus (aid to numeration)802 Abacus (description)405 Abacus (use)803 Abandoned children855 Abandoned property423 Abandonment (infanticide)847 Abandonment of aged888 Abandonment of criminals684 Abandonment of dwelling after a death768 Abandonment of dying763 Abandonment of sick758 Abattoirs (description)347 Abattoirs (use)253 Abdominal injuries (incidence)164 Abdominal injuries (treatment)757 Abduction (crime)683 Abduction (type of crime)674 Abduction of bride (mode of marriage)583 Ability (artistic)153 Ability (mental)153 Ability (verbal)153 Ableism732 Ablineal relatives602 Ablutions (bathing)515 Ablutions (ritual)783 Abnormal behavior (description)158 Abnormal behavior (ideas about)828 Abnormal behavior (social offense)689 Abnormalities, physical (description)143 Abnormalities, physical (disabilities)732 Abnormalities, physical (ideas about)826 Abnormalities, physical (incidence)164 Abolition of slavery567 Abortifacients847 Abortion (crime)682 Abortion (criminal)682 Abortion (emotional aspects)847 Abortion (incidence)847 Abortion (induced)847 Abortion (legal)847 Abortion (spontaneous)843 ABORTION AND INFANTICIDE847 Abortion counseling847 Abortion laws847 Abortion pill847 Abortion rights movement668 Abortion rights movement847 Absence (father)593 Absence (leaves of)466 Absence (mother)593 Absence (parental)593 Absentee fathers593 Absentee mothers593 Absentee ownership (real property)423 Absentee ownership (renting and leasing)427 Absentee voting666 Abstention (alcoholic beverages)273 Abstention (food)261 Abstention (recreational drugs)276 Abstention (religious practice)785 Abstention (sex)834 Abstention (smoking)276 Abstention (water)271 Abstinence (alcohol)273 Abstinence (food)261 Abstinence (recreational drugs)276 Abstinence (religious practice)785 Abstinence (sex)834 Abstinence (smoking)276 Abstinence (water)271 Abstinence f(tobacco)276 Abuse (animal)231 Abuse (child)855 Abuse (elder)888 Abuse (emotional)152 Abuse (infant)854 Abuse (sexual)839 Abuse (spousal)593 Abuse (substance)733 Abuse prevention (child)855 Abuse prevention (spouse)593 Abused spouses (family relationships)593 Abused spouses (violence)578 Abusive parents855 Academic achievement870 Academic advising877 Academic aptitude153 Academic aspiration870 Academic degrees (liberal arts)873 Academic degrees (vocational education)874 Academic discipline876 Academic education873 Academic environment873 Academic failure876 Academic fraternities877 Academic freedom877 Academic libraries217 Academic libraries873 Academic overachievement877 Academic probation876 Academic profession875 Academic rank877 Academic records873 Academic specialization873 Academic standards876 Academic success870 Academic tenure875 Academic underachievement873 Academies870 Accelerated education876 Accelerator mass spectrometric (AMS) technique1211 Accelerator mass spectrometry (ASM) dating1211 Accents191 Acceptance (social)571 Access to education871 Access to health care758 Access to information200 Accessories (clothing)293 Accident insurance456 Accidental injuries (ideas about)752 Accidents (fatal)165 Accidents (injuries from)164 Accidents (liability)672 Accommodation (cultural)177 Accommodations (travelers')485 Accountants451 ACCOUNTING451 Accounts (bank)453 Accounts (government)652 Accouterment (military)714 ACCULTURATION AND CULTURE CONTACT177 Acculturation177 Accumulation of food supply251 Accumulation of wealth (investments)454 Accumulation of wealth (status)556 ACCUMULATION OF WEALTH556 Accumulators (description)403 Accumulators (manufacture)493 Accumulators (use)377 Accusations (legal)694 Acephalous societies630 Achievement and ascription554 Achievement ceremonies (infancy and childhood)852 Achievement ceremonies (social mobility)550 Achievement mobility555 Achievement tests (formal education)870 Achievement tests (research method)125 Achievement tests (results)153 Acids (production)385 Acids (use)385 Acolytes (religious)793 Acquired drives152 ACQUISITION AND RELINQUISHMENT OF PROPERTY425 Acquisition of language (socialization)868 Acquisition of property425 Acquisition of second language191 Acquisition of skills through socialization868 Acquisition of vocational skills through formal education874 Acrobatics (entertainment)540 Acrobatics (sport)526 Acting cool156 Activism (political)660 Activism (student)877 ACTIVITIES OF THE AGED887 Actors (motion picture industry)546 Actors (radio and television)207 Actors (theater)536 Acts (dramatic structure)536 Actuaries456 Acuity (sensory)151 Acupuncture (medical cult)759 Acupuncture (medical therapy)757 Adaptation (acculturation)177 Adaptation (environmental)182 Adaptation (genetic)143 Adaptation (historical)178 Adaptation (physiological)147 Adat (legal code)671 Addiction (crime)674 Addiction (mental disorder)158 Addiction (social problem)733 ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY112 Additives (food (condiments))263 Additives (food (diet))262 Additives (food (nutrition))146 Address (terms of (kinship terms))601 Address (terms of (personal names))551 Adhesives (manufacture)381 Adhesives (use)381 Adjustment (behavioral)154 Adjustment (cultural)177 Adjustment (physiological)147 ADJUSTMENT PROCESSES154 Adjustment to disaster731 Adjustment to famine261 Adjustment to war (civilian)722 Adjustors (insurance)456 Administration (bankruptcy)429 Administration (dependent regions or colonies)636 Administration (justice)690 Administration (property)429 Administration (public)647 Administration (reservations)657 ADMINISTRATION429 Administrative agencies (federal and state)647 ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES647 Administrators (educational)871 Admiralty courts698 Adobe (masonry)333 ADOLESCENCE, ADULTHOOD, AND OLD AGE880 ADOLESCENT ACTIVITIES883 Adolescent cliques883 Adolescent gangs883 Adolescent initiations881 Adolescent loitering883 Adolescent organizations883 Adolescent problems883 Adolescent recreations883 Adolescent status882 Adolescent work groups883 Adopted children (relationship with adoptive parents)597 Adoption of captives727 Adoption of children597 Adoption of slaves567 ADOPTION597 ADORNMENT300 Adult attitudes toward children855 Adult education870 Adult entertainment548 Adult status885 Adult students877 Adulteration (legal offense)685 Adultery (incidence)837 Adultery (punishments)684 Adultery (sex or marital offense)684 ADULTHOOD885 Advanced degrees873 Advertising media447 ADVERTISING447 Advice (social control)626 Advice (socialization)861 Advising (academic)877 Advocacy groups664 Adze412 Aerial courses507 Aerial imaging in archaeological surveys used in research for documents in the HRAF collections126 Aerial photographs129 Aeronautic science507 Aerophones (musical instruments)534 Aerospace industry (description)399 Aerospace industry (government programs)654 Aesthetics (academic philosophy)812 Aesthetics (popular standards)517 Aesthetics530 Affairs (extramarital)837 Affairs (sexual)836 Affairs (sexual)837 Affection (emotion)152 Affection (gestures)201 Affection, public displays of576 Affiliation, religious771 Affiliations (cultural)101 Affinal relatives (parental)606 Affinal relatives (siblings)607 Affines (parental)606 Affines (siblings)606 Affirmative action (education)871 Affirmative action (ethnic minorities)563 Affirmative action (government support)658 Afterbirth844 Afterlife775 AFTERMATH OF COMBAT727 Afterworld775 Agamy582 Age (ideas about one's)829 Age at marriage582 Age at which children begin to work857 Age classes561 Age demographics162 Age determination by skeleton1212 Age determination by teeth1212 Age differences (activities)880 Age differences (clothing)291 Age differences (linguistic styles)195 Age differences (status indicators)561 Age discrimination562 Age discrimination888 Age grades561 Age groups561 Age levels561 Age sets