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(2002). Transition from a hypoxia-based monitoring plan to an ecosystem-based monitoring plan workshop: meeting summary. Battelle. University of Connecticut Avery Point Campus. A workshop entitled Transition from a Hypoxia-based monitoring plan to an ecosystem-based monitoring plan was held March 6 and 7, 2002. The purpose of the workshop was to bring together individuals presently conducting monitoring, research and assessment programs in LIS. LISS requested this meeting to: 1) review a conceptual framework of LIS ecosystem, 2) discuss what could be done better? what is missing?, 3) identify priorities for monitoring and research, and 4) prepare a report on the workshop conclusions.

C. Alcacer (2002). Application of the Hydromorphology of the River to Protect the Minimum Instream Flow According to Fish Habitat. The goal of this project is not to make a review of the Instream Flow methodologies; on the contrary, the objective is to obtain new scientific tools in river and management that will help the managers to more effectively select the instream flow that will ensure the protection of fish habitat, in a way as reliable as Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM) and faster in time. However, a brief description of the methods will be helpful to understand the approach of this project.

D. Beach (2002).Coastal Sprawl: The Effects of Urban Design on Aquatic Ecosystems in the United States.Pew Oceans Commission & South Carolina Coastal Conservation League. "According to popular wisdom, rapid population growth is the biggest threat to the coastal environment. It's a classic care of trying to put ten pounds of potatoes in a five-pound sack. Or is it? At first glance, national statistics appear to confirm that perspective. Coastal counties cover 17 percent of the land area in the United States. Coastal watersheds, as described by the Department of Agriculture, represent just 13% of the nation's acreage. By any measure, the coastal zone is a small part of the country, but it is home to more than half of America's citizens. ….Many opportunities exist for implementing change. At the local level, citizen activists are promoting better growth patterns through improved zoning and public investment policies." Abstract.

G. Benoit and R. Schiff (2002).West River Water Quality Assessment - Final Report.Yale University, Center for Coastal and Watershed Systems, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies.New Haven. Samples were collected at 9 sites representing all of the major tributaries plus some main stem locations. In that research, a pollution index was developed and applied to sites throughout the watershed. The index was developed and applied to sites throughout the watershed. The index is based on seven characteristics: Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), nitrate, phosphate, fecal coliform, the ratio of chloride to sulfatel and the ratio of nitrate to total nitrogen. Not each of these characteristics is a contaminant of concern, but their combination provides a more robust index of water quality than any of them in isolation.

D. F. Boesch (2002). "Challenges and Opportunities for Science in Reducing Nutrient Over-enrichment of Coastal Ecosystems". Estuaries.25:4b. 886-900. Nutrient over-enrichment has resulted in major changes in the coastal ecosystems of developed nations in Europe, North America, Asia, and Oceania, mostly taking place over the narrow period of 1960 to 1980. Many estuaries and embayments are affected, but the effects of this eutrophication have been also felt over large areas of semi-enclosed seas including the Baltic, North, Adriatic, and Black Seas in Europe, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Seto Inland Sea in Japan.

G. J. Bugbee and J. C. White (2002).Control of Aquatic Weeds in Lake Quonnipaug.Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station.Guilford, CT. Research on the control of invasive aquatic vegetation in Lake Quonnipaug is needed to protect this valuable natural resource. This report details work done in 2002 by The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (CAES) on the control of invasive aquatic plants, movement of herbicides and general water chemistry. Eurasian milfoil was controlled with the granular herbicide Navigate (granular 2,4-D). Periodic water testing monitored the dissipation rate and movement of 2,4-D in the lake. No Cabomba was treated in 2002. The boat launch area treat with Sonar SRP in 2001 was monitored for regrowth and the effects of the herbicide on nontarget plants particularly water marigold and robbins pondweed. Spot foliar applications of liquid glyphosate were tested, in the southern end of the lake, to determine if this herbicide in conjunction with hydroraking could control the luxuriant growth of a variety of immersed plants and submersed plants. General water chemistry parameters tested such as transparency, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, temperature and total phosphorus were tested to compare with past results, update the current database and determine the affects of the week control practices.

A. J. K. Calhoun and M. W. Klemens (2002).Best Development Practices: Conserving Pool-Breeding Amphibians in Residential and Commercial Developments in the Northeastern United States.Metropolitan Conservation Alliance: Wildlife Conservation Society. Vernal pools and adjacent upland habitats contribute a vast amount of biodiversity to landscapes of the northeastern United States. Due to their small size, and a variety of other issues, these habitats are disproportionately impacted by development trends associated with regional urban and economic growth. As a result, vernal pools-and the species that depend on them-are disappearing at a rapid rate. We must come to terms with the complexities that surround the protection of vernal pools. The Best Development Practices (BDPs) in this publication present a new approach to accomplish this goal. This document also outlines steps to identify those vernal pools worthy of protection. BDPs should eliminate costly delays in project approval by giving local decision-makers the ability to reliably identify wetlands worthy of protection and, by default, other areas where a community can plan for additional growth and development. Ultimately, BDPs are viewed as an exercise in empowering local decision-makers to make better, scientifically credible, and consistent decisions. They seek to replace the site-by-site reactive decision-making with a framework for making multiple decisions.

A. S. A. C. R. F. H. H. M. a. H. M. R. Camacho (2002).A Management Plan for Yale University's Peabody Museum Natural Area.Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies.Branford and Guilford, Connecticut. Executive Summary: A variety of information was used to create the Peabody Natural Area management plan. Particular areas of emphasis included deed history, air photo interpretation, soil and hydrologic characteristics, biological community analysis, and social analysis of the major stakeholders and user groups. Our biophysical analysis indicated that the site hosts six distinct communities, each with its own characteristic flora, hydrologic setting, and disturbance pattern. These were: Salt Marsh, Coastal Edge, Vernal Pool, Lowland Forest, Eastern Upland Forest, and Western Upland Forest. Also noted were significant infestations of invasive plant species, particularly in the eastern upland and along the major paths. The property also contained signs of a diverse wildlife community and richness of cultural features. Our social analysis targeted various stakeholders and user groups such as Peabody Museum staff, Yale University-associated educational users, surrounding neighbors and local landowners, and recreational users. Our results indicated frequent leisure use, and uncovered that the local neighbors and recreational users strongly value the site as open space. We also found that although the property is generally known among the Yale faculty as a teaching resource, it is not commonly used as a field site for research or incorporated into most curricula.

N. E. J. A. Council (2002).Fish Consumption and Environmental Justice.National Environmental Justice Advisory Council, A Federal Advisory Committee to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This report was developed from the National Environmental Justice Advisory Council meeting held on December 3-6, 2001. It summarizes the impacts and policy implications of how the EPA should improve the quality, quantity, and integrity of our Nation's aquatic ecosystems in order to protect the health and safety of people consuming or using fish, aquatic plants, and wildlife. This report identifies and discusses the issues that are raised when those affected by contaminated and depleted aquatic ecosystems are from the various groups and subgroups (communities of color, low-income communities, tribes, and other indigenous peoples). In short, the report addresses environmental injustice issues stemming from compromised aquatic ecosystems.

E. S. Cullen (2002).Colorado Rivers Water Quality Report.Colorado Watershed Network.Golden, CO. Introduction: The State of the Rivers Report is a project of the Colorado Watershed Network (CWN). The goal of the project is to summarize ten years of water quality data collected by one of CWN's programs, Rivers of Colorado Water Watch Network or, River Watch. The majority of the report focuses on the dissolved metals portion of River Watch data, namely Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Lead (Pb), and Zinc (Zn). The report is supplemented and enhanced by other agencies findings, such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE). The purpose of the project is to provide Coloradoans interested in surface water quality with a brief summary of what is affecting water quality in Colorado.

E. Cullen and J. Zaffos (2002). Guilford Lakes Fishway. Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. Guilford, Connecticut. In 1995, the Guilford Lakes Improvement Association (GLIA) elected to dredge Lower Guildford Lake and reconstruct the lower dam. Under the regulations of the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), fish passage was required for the improved impoundment. This project and report represent the realization of the need of fish passage into Lower Guilford Lake.

M. Cutler (2002). Wetland Evaluation for the Nonnewaug Falls Open Space and Agricultural Preservation Area in Bethlehem, Watertown, and Woodbury, Connecticut. Yale University. New Haven, CT. This thesis gives a very complete wetland assessment of the Nonnewaug Falls Open Space and Agricultural Preservation Area (NFOSAPA). It includes the topics ecological integrity, wildlife habitat, finfish habitat, educational potential, visual/aesthetic quality, water based recreation, flood control, groundwater, nutrient and sediment issues, shoreline anchoring, erosion, forestry potential, archaeological potential, urban wetland quality, and agricultural potential.

D. Eisenberg, R. Done and L. Ishida (2002).Breaking Down the Barriers: Challenges and Solutions to Code Approval of Green Building.Development Center for Appropriate Technology.Tucson, AZ. Building codes are perceived by many as a challenge to building innovation, including sustainable approaches to building and development ("green building"). Others argue that building codes are not a challenge to green building because existing code provisions allow for the use of alternatives that meet the intent of the building code. The Development Center for Appropriate Technology led an effort to research issues related to building regulatory challenges for green building through an internet-based survey, administered from July 1 to August 31, 2001. The "code user" version of the survey, addressing the experience of people seeking to gain code approval for green building projects, was completed by 198 respondents. The "code official" version examined the perspectives of those who approve or deny building plans and received 56 responses. The results revealed that building codes frequently present barriers to the approval of green building alternatives. Those barriers are both technical and non-technical in nature. Both groups of respondents overwhelmingly indicate that supporting information for alternatives accompany plans was the most significant factor in gaining code approval. Non-technical factors were about as likely to affect approval as is a conflict with the intent of the code. A set of recommended strategies for gaining approval and recommendations for training of both code users and code officials is offered.

S. N. Gadwa (2002).Use of Sediment Testing in the Analysis of Impairment of Streams in the Quinnipiac River Watershed.Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. In March and November 2000, the Quinnipiac River Watershed Association (QRWA) collected eight stream sediment samples. The goal of the project was to gather information to use to further interpret data gathered between 1999 and 2000 from the upper Quinnipiac Watershed by the intensive QRWA "Stream Team" program.

S. Gadwa (2002).Residential Pesticides Table.Rema Ecological Services, LLC of Manchester, Connecticut. The table in the Habitat folder of the www.QRWP.intranets.com website (documents section) lists properties of most pesticides used in a residential setting. It was compiled from a variety of sources, including USDA and university extension web sites, and list products readily available to homeowners as well as restricted use products, applied only licensed landscapers. Insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides differ greatly in their level of environmental risk, for different settings.

A. Gallagher (2002). "The Pomperaug River Watershed: Assessment of the current biological status and minimum stream flow requirements". The Pomperaug River watershed is a rural,90 square mile area in west central Connecticut. The river system runs over the Pomperaug Aquifer, a highly productive aquifer that supplies water to surrounding towns both in and out of the basin. As populations in these towns grow, so will demands on the aquifer, leading to less and less water in the river. The question of water availability is the main problem facing the Pomperaug today. The communities within the Pomperaug basin need to manage the existing water supply and plan for future demand. One important step towards accomplishing this is to identify a minimum stream flow that would allow for multiple uses, including the protection of native aquatic biota. This report covers a study designed to establish the current biological status of the aquatic biota in the Pomperaug and its tributaries and develop relationships between their status and flow levels in the streams.

S. Gephard, T. Wildman, J. Ravita, B. Williams and D. Ellis (2002).Anadromous Fish Enhancement and Restoration 2002.State of Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. Summary
The purpose of this project is to restore and enhance anadromous fish runs to the streams of Connecticut through the construction and operation of fishways and the reintroduction of fish into selected watercourses

U. GS (2002).Streamflow in the Quinnipiac River Basin, Connecticut-Statistics and Trends, 1931-2000.US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey, in cooperation with CT DEP.East Hartford, CT Streamflow statistics were updated for two US Geological Survey continuous record streamflow-gauging stations on the Quinnipiac River (01196500-Wallingford and 01195490-Southington). The streamflow record from the Wallingford station was analyzed to determine trends in streamflow quantity from October 1930 to September 2000. Trends were analyzed using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and magnitudes estimated for selected percentiles of streamflow, ranging from the 0th (annual minimum) to 100th (annual maximum) percentile. Trend tests were performed on various time periods (30-, 40-, 50-, 55-, 60-, 65-, to 70-year periods), all ending in 2000, except for two periods (1931-1960 and 1941-1971) that were studied as 30-year reference periods. The two most prevalent trends were increases in the annual minimum and annual maximum streamflow during the period 1931-00. The annual minimum streamflow increased by an average of 0.44 cubic feet per second per year (ft3/s/yr), and the annual maximum streamflow increased by an average of 17 ft/s/yr. Increasing streamflows were detected predominantly in the lower half of the flow distribution (0th to 50th percentile) and in the annual maximum (100th percentile) streamflow for periods 1931-00, 1941-00, and 1951-00. During 1961-00, the pattern changed-increasing streamflows were detected in the middle to upper half of the flow distribution (30th to 100th percentile). No trends were detecting during 1971-00.

C. o. N. Haven (2002).Comprehensive Plan of Development New Haven, Connecticut, Data Book.City of New Haven.New Haven, Connecticut. The City Plan Commission and the City Plan Department are preparing a new Plan of Conservation and Development, consistent with Connecticut General Laws (GCL) Section 8.23. The plan further serves as the City's Comprehensive Plan, in accordance with the CGL, Section 295-302, An Act Creating a City Plan Commission in the City of New Haven. As stated in Section 296, it is the duty of the City Plan Commission to "prepare a comprehensive plan for the systematic and harmonious development of the city." This duty is codified in the Charter of the City of New Haven, Section 179 (c).

A. Kawaguchi, R. Jensen and J. Wilson (2002).Protecting the Quinnipiac River Watershed: An Exploration of Present and Future Local Land Use Regulations.Yale F&ES. New Haven

V. S. Kennedy, R. R. Twilley, J. A. Kleypas, J. H. Cowan Jr. and S. R. Hare (2002).Coastal and marine ecosystems & global climate change: potential effects on U.S. resources.Pew Center on Global Climate Change.Arlington, VA. This report considers possible influences of climate change on estuarine and coastal marine ecosystems of the United States. It also considers open ocean regions beyond U.S. jurisdiction in which the United States has commercial interests, or in which climate changes may indirectly affect life in this country.

J. Linn (2002).Wetland Loss in the Quinnipiac River Estuary: Baseline Assessment.Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies.New Haven. Officials of the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (CTDEP) Office of Long Island Sound Programs recently noted changes of concern in the Quinnipiac River tidal marsh system. Based on a series of CTDEP false color infrared aerial photographs of the marsh taken between 1974 and 2000, it is apparent that once vegetated areas of marsh have been covered into bare mudflats. The mechanism behind the loss of marsh vegetation is unknown. In response to CTDEP concern, a Quinnipiac River tidal marsh research project was funded by the Quinnipiac River Fund of the Community Foundation of Greater New Haven. The goals of this project are to gather baseline data on current marsh conditions as well as to review historic changes in the marsh through analysis of aerial photographs. The achievement of these goals will serve as a valuable step towards determining the cause(s) behind the loss of marsh vegetation. This paper presents information on the context of the Quinnipiac River tidal marshes as well as details of the research methods and results.

T. Luben (2002).A review of NPDES permits and data compilations for facilities discharging into the Quinnipiac River, CT.Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Center for Coastal and Watershed Systems. Summary: Currently, there are eighteen facilities that hold National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits to discharge wastewaters into the Quinnipiac River, only sixteen of which are presently discharging into the river. Each of theses facilities must submit a monthly Discharge Monitoring Report (DMR) to the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (CTDEP). The Drs from each of these facilities were entered into a database and analyzed for permit violations for the months spanning January 2000 through April 2001.

A. F. Imo (2002).Fresh Water Crustaceans of Connecticut: A guide to the different orders of fresh water crustaceans living in Connecticut. This book hopes to help you appreciate the fresh water crustaceans. It provides you with all kinds of information to help you discover, on your own, the work of these important organisms. Information is also included regarding Connecticut drainage basins and fresh water habitats.

K. Mountford (2002). "Growing population fed desire to improve soils with fertilizers". Bay Journal.12:8. 8-9. First part of two-part article about history of nitrogen use as a fertilizer. This article describes the use of agricultural fertilizers in United States from pre-colonial times to late 19th century.

K. Mountford (2002). "Ability to 'fix' nitrogen led to explosive growth of fertilizer use". Bay Journal.12:9. 8-10. Second part of two-part article about history of nitrogen use as a fertilizer. This article describes the development, growth and use of nitrogen in manufactured agricultural fertilizers in the United States during the 20th century.

J. R. Mullaney, G. E. Schwarz and E. C. T. Trench (2002).Estimation of nitrogen yields and loads from basins draining to Long Island Sound, 1988-98.U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey.East Hartford, CT. Monitoring data on total nitrogen concentrations and streamflow were used to estimate annual nonpoint nitrogen loads for 1988-98 at 28 monitoring sites and 26 unmonitored basins that drain to Long Island Sound. The estimated total nitrogen yields at monitoring sites were used with basin characteristics and ancillary data to develop a multiple-linear regression equation to estimate nonpoint nitrogen yields from monitored and unmonitored basins. The estimated nonpoint nitrogen load to Long Island Sound from the basins studied ranged from 21 million pounds in water year 1995 to 50 million pounds in water year 1990.

L. Munno, M. Roessing, S. Taeger and W. Jason (2002).Audubon Center at Bent of the River: Forest Management Plan.Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies/ Audubon Center at Bent of River. The goal of this project was to develop specific recommendations for the long-term management of the forested uplands of Audubon Society's Bent of the River Sanctuary in Southbury, Connecticut. This management plan focuses exclusively on the 375-acre upland forest and the associated wetland areas, excluding old fields, old field-cedar stands, sycamore floodplain, and the buildings and adjacent property.

C. Robbins and T. Luben (2002).The Mill River Watershed:GIS Atlas and Bibliography.Yale University, Center for Coastal & Watershed Systems, School of Forestry & Environmental Studies.New Haven County, Connecticut. The purpose of this report is to compile a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) atlas characterizing many of the natural, physical and social aspects of the Mill River watershed.

A. S. Saar, J. Ferguson and N. Aronhalt (2002). Preserving Our Natural Resources: Soil Erosion and Sediment Control in the Town of Hamden, Quinnipiac Watershed, Connecticut. Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. Town of Hamden, Connecticut. Soil erosion is very local, each event affecting a small part of the landscape. Yet the environmental damage that results can have ramifications for a much larger area - a neighborhood, a town, an ecosystem or a watershed. In Hamden, which is replete with wetlands and watercourses, sediment will likely find its way into drinking water resources. Since the erosion site may be at a distance from the damage, it is often difficult to establish exactly where the sediment originated. In Hamden, as well as in many other towns in New England, soil erosion and sedimentation most often result from land development and construction projects. Major land development activities, in land subdivision or office park development, get most of the focus in environmental protection. But smaller development and home improvement projects can also in total result in significant damage. The justification for protecting the Town of Hamden from erosion and institution sediment control can be summarized into three areas of concern: water quality, ecosystem protection, and aesthetics.

H. D. School (2002).Promoting Smart Growth in Connecticut.Harvard University.Cambridge, Massachusetts. This report assesses the state-of-the-art in state smart growth planning in order to help Connecticut become more effective in managing growth in cities, suburbs and rural areas. In the past 30 years, sprawling patterns of growth in Connecticut have more than tripled the amount of urbanized land in the state's western counties-a trend that can be expected to accelerate in the state's less heavily developed areas. The related problem of traffic congestion has reduced the quality of life for everyone in Connecticut. Furthermore, continued disinvestment in urban areas threatens the economic competitiveness of the state.

E. Sprowls (2002).The Youth Riverkeepers Intern Program: An Environmental Education Project in Fair Haven Schools.Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Sciences.Fair Haven. In Fall of 2001, Emily started working with Our Neighborhood Waters program in Fair Haven. This report focuses on the Youth Riverkeeper intern program. Over the course of the semester, she worked with a group of environmental science students at Wilbur Cross High School to design and implement lesson plans on rivers in Fair Haven elementary schools. This report provides a background of Our Neighborhood Waters program and the Youth Riverkeepers, and then describes the Youth Riverkeeper intern program. Emily analyzed the activities of the program in detail, and evaluated it with respect to the goals of environmental education. Finally, she made some suggestions for future Youth Riverkeeper programs.

R. S. Warren, P. E. Fell, R. Rozsa, A. H. Brawley, A. C. Orsted, E. T. Olson, V. Swamy and W. A. Niering (2002). "Salt Marsh Restoration in Connecticut: 20 Years of Science and Management". Restoration Ecology.497-513. In 1980 the State of Connecticut began a tidal marsh restoration program targeting systems degraded by tidal restrictions and impoundments. Such marshes become dominated by common reed grass (Phragmites australis) and cattail (Typha angustifolia and T. latifolia), with little ecological connection to Long Island Sound. The management and scientific hypothesis was that returning tidal action, reconnecting marshes to LIS, would set these systems on a recovery trajectory. Specific restoration targets (i.e., predisturbance conditions or particular reference marshes) were considered unrealistic. However, it was expected that with time restored tides would return ecological functions and attributes characteristic of fully functioning tidal salt marshes. Here we report results of this program at nine separate sites within six marsh systems along 110 km of Long Island Sound shoreline, with restoration times of 5 to 21 years. Biotic parameters assessed include vegetation, macroinvertebrates, and use by fish and birds. Abiotic factors studied were soil salinity, elevation and tidal flooding, and soil water table depth.

J. C. White and T. Triplett (2002). "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Sediments and Fish of the Mill River, New Haven, Connecticut, USA". Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology.68:104-110. The purpose of this study was to characterize the distribution of individual PAH constituents in the sediments and fish of the lower Mill River. In addition, eight commonly used chlorinated pesticides were monitored. No studies have focused on the section of the river from Lake Whitney to the tidegates, the area of most intense fishing and recreation. PAHs are ubiquitous contaminants in soils and sediments and are classified as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). As with other POPs such as DDT and dioxin, certain PAHs have been shown to be mutagenic and carcinogenic. Concerns over POP toxicity and longevity in the natural environment are exacerbated by their hydrophobicity, which leads to bioaccumulation in the fatty tissues of living organisms and biomagnification through food chains.

J. Woodworth, James W., G. A. Clarke, W. Huang and N. Stoner (2002).Out of the Gutter: Reducing Polluted Runoff in the District of Columbia.Natural Resources Defense Council.Washington, D.C. Low-Impact Development (LID)-a new way of thinking about stormwater management-is a highly effective strategy for controlling contaminated urban runoff. In contrast to traditional stormwater management practices, which carry runoff away to be dealt with (or not dealt with) elsewhere, LID seeks to mitigate runoff on-site to the greatest extent possible. LID employs lot-level techniques that reduce the impacts of development through the use of multiple systems that retain, detain, filter, treat, use, and reduce stormwater runoff. Ultra-urban environments afflicted with stormwater ailments-such as District of Columbia-are ideal settings in which to put LID methods to work to benefit the environment, water quality, and public health.

T. R. Biebighauser (2002?).A Guide to Creating Vernal Ponds: All the information you need to build and maintain an ephemeral wetland.USDA Forest Service. "The techniques described in this publication have been used successfully in Kentucky, Ohio, and Minnesota. They draw from basic pond building principles and are coupled with the concepts of vernal pond ecology. The full geographic application of this guide is undetermined, however it is anticipated that the techniques offered are suitable for vernal pond construction in the eastern, southern, and mid-western United States. This guide is designed to help the reader through site selection and the construction process in creating a vernal pond that looks like a natural wetland." p.1

S. Aiyar (2003). "Thirsty India: Why water has become problem No.1 in cities and villages". India Today. Water is the biggest crisis facing India in terms of spread and severity, affecting one in three people. Even in Chennai, Bangalore and Delhi water is being rationed and India's food security is under threat. With the lives and livelihoods of millions at risk, the nightmare has only just begun.

L. W. M. Botsford, Fiorenza; and Alan Hastings (2003). "Principles for the Design of Marine Reserves". Ecological Applications.13:1. S25-S31. The theory underlying the design of marine reserves, whether the goal is to preserve biodiversity or to manage fisheries, is still in its infancy. For both of these goals, there is a need for general principles on which to base marine reserve design, and because of the paucity of empirical experience, these principles must be based on models. However, most of the theoretical studies to date have been specific to a single situation, with few attempts to deduce general principles. Here we attempt to distill existing results into general principles useful to designers of marine reserves.

L. P. R. a. I. Committee (2003).Stream Flow.Connecticut General Assembly.Hartford. "The legislature established the statewide Water Planning Council as a permanent body to examine key issues regarding overall water resource management." This report examines state stream flow policy in light of the broader context of watershed management, it particularly focused on the "balance between protecting present and anticipated water supply needs and maintaining a viable stream and riverbed ecosystem as a natural resources largely dependant on the same water sources." (from intro and digest)

P. Doherty (2003).Ocean Zoning: Perspectives on a New Vision for the Scotian Shelf and Gulf of Maine.Ecology Action Centre.Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. "Stakeholders from the US and Canada Northwest Atlantic were interviewed to gain their perspectives on zoning the Scotian Shelf and Gulf of Maine. Valuable information about how stakeholders view ocean zoning, its benefits and disadvantages, and whether it should be used as a management tool in these large offshore areas was collected. The information collected in this study can be used for integrated management of the Scotian Shelf and Gulf of Maine." Ex Summary pg. iv.

M. Dyson, B. Ger and J. Scanlon (2003).Flow: The Essentials of Environmental Flows.IUCN.Gland Switzerland. "This guide offers practical advice for the implementation of environmental flows in the river basins of the world. It explains how to assess flow requirements, change the legal and financial framework, and involve stakeholders in negotiations. 'Flow' sets out a path from conflict over limited water resources and environmental degradation to a water management system that reduces poverty, ensures healthy rivers and shares water equitable." back cover."'Environmental Flows' is an easy concept. It means enough water is left in our rivers, which is managed to ensure downstream environmental, social and economic benefits. Yet, pioneering efforts in South Africa, Australia, and the United States have shown that the process to establish them, especially when part of an integrated management approach, poses great challenges. ...Environmental flows...is a key component of any effort to deal with the destruction of our rivers and thereby the loss of their biodiversity and societal benefits. I hope this guide will be a source of support for policy makers and practitioners in the long and sometimes difficult process to establish environmental flows." PREFACE pg. xi

S. Gephard, T. Wildman, J. Ravita, B. Williams and D. Ellis (2003).Anadromous Fish Enhancement and Restoration 2003.Bureau of Natural Resource, Inland Fisheries Division. "The purpose of this project is to restore and enhance diadromous fish runs to the streams of Connecticut through the provision of effective fish passage and the reintroduction of fish into selected watercourses. The scope of this project was expanded in 2003 to include jobs for American eel and sea-run trout. "

K. Hopper and E. Pepper (2003).A Toolkit for Communities: Protecting Land to Safeguard Connecticut's Drinking Water.The Trust for Public Land. As forest and other natural areas in CT continue to be cleared and developed on a large scale, drinking water sources must be buffered from an ever-growing stream of polluted runoff from nonpoint sources. CT uses a multibarrier approach for source water protection, a critical part of which is land conservation. Discussion of state and local government role as well as water utilities. The report includes a toolkit for communities that is a four part process.

M. Orfield, T. Luce and Ameregis (2003).Connecticut Metropatterns: A Regional Agenda for Community and Prosperity in Connecticut.Ameregis: Metropolitan Area Research Corporation. Connecticut is a wealthy state. In 1999, per capita income in the state was the nation's highest, 10 percent greater than in the next-highest states, Massachusetts and New Jersey, and 37 percent higher than in the U.S. as a whole. Despite its overall wealth, the beauty of its landscape, the strength of its institutions and the rich history of its cities and towns, Connecticut is not immune from patterns of inequality and sprawl that are straining states across the nation. Connecticut Metropatterns finds that the way the state is growing is hurting all communities - from the most impoverished to the most affluent.

L. E. c. Panetta (2003). "America's Living Oceans: Charting a course for sea change". Summary Report:1-35, plus CD. In June 2000, the 18 members of the independent Pew Oceans Commission embarked on the first national review of ocean policies in more than 30 years. They brought together their collective experiences from the worlds of fishing, science, conservation, education, government, philanthropy, and business to develop recommendations for a new national policy to restore and protect ocean and coastal ecosystems and to maintain the many benefits the oceans provide. Each member of the Pew Oceans Commission brings a lifetime of personal and professional connections to the oceans. ... The story that unfolded is one of a growing crisis in America's oceans and along our coasts. Although the issues and circumstances vary from community to community, the Commission found a shared sense of urgency and commitment to reverse the decline in the health of the oceans.

A. Rivers (2003).River Budget: National Priorities for Local River Conservation.American Rivers. American Rivers and more than 600 local and regional conservation groups and community leaders have come together to develop River Budget: National Priorities for Local River Conservation in Fiscal Year 2003. The organizations endorsing this report have joined in the effort for one reason: federal spending has tremendous influence on the health of rivers and thus on the quality of life for all Americans. The recommendations of this report urge that, within new budget constraints, federal dollars be spent where they will do the most good for out rivers and our communities. The FY 2003 River Budget recommends a total expenditure of $8,489,955,000 for dozens of federal programs that will benefit riverfront communities by improving water quality, restoring habitat and promoting river health.

C. Safina (2003). "Launching a sea ethic". Wild Earth.12:4. 2-5. Aldo Leopold's brilliantly articulated Land Ethic seems entitled to stop at the high-tide line. True, his essay "The Green Lagoons" shows clearly that water worked its magic on Leopold as lastingly as on many of us. But from Leopold's Wisconsin farm, oceans lay distant, out of sight and generally out of mind. Were he living now, though, he would probably have extended the vision of his great idea into the grand swirl and suck of the many-fingered tides and beyond. Leopold understood connections, and connectivity is perhaps the main single characteristic of Earth's singularly life-giving ocean.

A. S. Shah (2003). Value of improvements in Water Suppy Reliability in Zanzibar Town. Yale University. New Haven, CT. Both rapid growth and worsening economic situation over the past two decades are putting significant strain on all social services and infrastructure of Zanzibar Town. This includes the provision of water services to the town's inhabitants. Both quality and quantity of the water has deteriorated. This study is an attempt to establish the value of water supply services to the people of Zanzibar Town by measuring their Willingness to Pay (WTP) for reliable water supply services, so as to provide basis for change of the financing policy for water supply services management.

L. E. Tam (2003).Water quality in the Quinnipiac Watershed: a preliminary assessment of bacterial contamination in Misery, Sodom, and Harbor Brooks.Yale University.New Haven, CT. The purpose of this investigation was to examine three subwatersheds of the Quinnipiac River, namely Sodom Brook, Misery Brook and Harbor Brook, and obtain higher-resolution data on fecal coliform and E. coil contamination. The goal was to identify the key reaches of these tributaries that contribute the highest numbers of bacteria to the watershed, in order to focus remedial investments. A secondary purpose of this investigation was to contribute to an ongoing study evaluating EPA's choice of E. coli as an indicator bacteria against the old fecal coliform standard, and examining the implications for state water quality standards.

Connecticut River Estuary Regional Planning Agency CRERPA) (2004).Protecting the Character of the Lower Connecticut River: The Gateway Commission's Mission.Connecticut River Estuary Regional Planning Agency (CRERPA) for the Gateway Commission. "Despite the attentions of multiple federal, state, and local agencies, non-profits and private citizens, the lover River is not free from significant threats. Recreational overuse, watershed development, invasive non-native plant and animal species, water pollution, and even climate change and impending sea-level rise all play a role in eroding the scenic and biologic resources of the river." (p.3) Report stresses the need for planned and managed cities.

T. Alam, P. Gerety and R. Harris (2004).Norwalk water quality committee report; Norwalk River, Silvermine River, Cooper Brook, Bennett's Brook, Indian River; Summer of 2004.Norwalk, CT. The goal of the 2004 summer monitoring was to carefully research stretches of different rivers in and around Norwalk where elevated levels of water from E. coli bacteria had appeared over the last several summers. The northern end of the Norwalk Estuary was also selected to update the water quality of storm drain inputs.

S. Anisfeld (2004). "Quinnipiac Watershed Bacterial Contamination Report, Final Report". 1-17. "In response to concerns over possible microbiological water quality problems in three tributaries of the Quinnipiac River (Sodom, Misery, and Harbor Brooks), we attempted to assess the magnitude of the problem and identify significant source areas. Samples were collected and analyzed for bacterial indicators (Escherichia coli, fecal coliform, total coliform). We found that lower Harbor Brook had very high levels of E.coli (up to >24,000 MPN/100mL), even under baseflow conditions. The source of this contamination appeared to be the underground portion of the river, where it travels under downtown Meriden. We suspect that there are illegal connections or cross-contamination which allow untreated sewage to flow into the river in this reach. We recommend that the city of Meriden investigate and remediate these sources. Misery and Sodom Brooks had much lower levels of bacterial indicators, though they too often exceeded state water quality standards. We found a good correlation between E.coli and fecal coliform values for our samples." (Abstract)

S. a. R. Z. Anisfeld (2004).Quinnipiac Watershed Data Integration Report: A Study of the Quinnipiac River Watershed's Nine Sub-Basins.Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Center for Coastal and Watershed Systems.New Haven, Connecticut. Report of four year inter-disciplinary study quantifying data on the health of the Quinnipiac River and its tributaries. The study encompasses aspects of river health including landuse mapping, water quality, hydrology, and biology.

R. Auch, J. Taylor and W. Acevedo (2004). "Urban Growth in American Cities: Glimpses of U.S. Urbanization". Circular 1252: "Within this booklet are pairs of images selected from urbanizing regions form across the Nation. These image pairs illustrate the transformation that these areas have undergone over two decades. Specifically, they depict changes in the extent of urban land. Each change pair is composed of one image from the 1970's and one from the 1990's. Accompanying each picture is a brief historical geography of factors that helped facilitate major changes that have occurred since the founding of the main city and the consequences and challenges of regional urban growth." (purpose and intro).

L. Baker, R. Barr, S. Bendit and T. Eichenseher (2004).Six Lakes Park: A Vision and Management Plan for the Olin Powder Farm, Hamden, CT.Yale University, Hamden Land Conservation Trust.New Haven, CT. "This document was commissioned by the Hamden Land Conservation Trust and is the result of a six-month study on the potential and future uses of the Olin Powder Farm conducted by four graduate students of the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies." The outcome is a management plan "for passive recreation and watershed protection on a 102.5-acre parcel of undeveloped land in southern Hamden, CT owned by the Olin Corporation. [It is based on] information on the biophysical characteristics of the property, and its social and geographical context." (intro and project overview).

D. a. V. C. Cherney, Heather Dempsey, Yuko Kurauchi, Alex McIntosh, Cesar Moran Cahusac, Kim Mortimer, Elizabeth Petruska, Daniela Vizcaino (2004). "Large-scale Conservation in the Connecticut River Watershed". An analysis of the policy problem associated with conservation groups and natural resource management agencies having not developed effective strategies for navigating the complex political and social dimensions in the Connecticut River Watershed.

H.-N. Chou (2004).Water In, Water Out? An Analysis of Water and Nitrogen Use in the City of New Haven.Yale Univeristy, Connecticut Sea Grant.New Haven. "The project is a study on the flow of water and nitrogen through the urban ecosystem of New Haven. The study focuses on the period from January 1997 to December 2002 depending on data availability. The principle investigators are Shimon Anisfeld, Sheila Olmstead and Xuemei Bai." (p1) The study reviews the water and nitrogen cycles within the urban ecosystem of the City of New Haven, CT.

C. S. Colgan (2004).The contribution of working waterfronts to the Maine economy.Maine's Working Waterfront Coalition. Maine's 3,500 mile coastline is one of the most important resources in our economy, but a number of trends have come together recently to renew concerns about the future of Maine's working waterfronts. One key trend is the increasing pressure for conversion to other uses, primarily seasonal or year-round residences. Maine's Working Waterfront Coalition, with support from Farm Credit of Maine, ASA, the Island Foundation, and CEI, contracted with economist Charlie Colgan to clarify the economic impact of Maine's working waterfront activities.

R. Harris and P. Fraboni (2004).Water quality summary report for the Aspetuck River Watershed May 2004-September 2004.Earthplace, Harbor Watch/River Watch Program.Westport, CT. Beginning May 1st, 2003, Harbor Watch/River Watch, a program of Earthplace, was funded by the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (CTDEP) to conduct a two-year water quality monitoring study on the Aspetuck River. The area that was monitored during the summer of 2003 and 2004 runs from the Aspetuck Reservoir to the river's confluence with the Saugatuck River, a distance of five miles. HW/RW collected and analyzed water samples for fecal coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. Coli) bacteria, dissolved oxygen, conductivity and turbidity at seven sites along the main stem of the Aspetuck River.

R. Harris and P. Fraboni (2004).Water quality data report for the Norwalk River Watershed.Earthplace, Harbor Watch/River Watch Program.Westport, CT. The Earthplace Harbor Watch/River Watch Program has been funded by the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection to conduct a sixth year water quality monitoring study on the Norwalk River for the period of June 2004 through July 2005. HW/RW will collect and analyze water samples for both fecal coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria at ten sites along the main stem of the Norwalk River and the Sivermine River (one site.)

R. Harris and P. Fraboni (2004).Water quality data 4th report for the Sasco Brook Watershed May 2004-August 2004.Earthplace, Harbor Watch/River Watch Program.Westport, CT. Beginning June 1st 2003, Harbor Watch/River Watch, a program of Earthplace, has been funded by the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection to conduct a two-year water quality monitoring study of designated total Daily Maximum Load testing sites on Sasco Brook.

M. K. Leahy (2004).Making way for terns: restoration at Great Gull Island.Yale University.New Haven, CT. The largest roseate tern colony in the northern hemisphere is no pristine haven. Great Gull Island is an ecological anomaly, a weed-ridden 17 acres of scrubby grass, tall bird-watching blinds, and crumbling military infrastructure. Invasive and other weedy plants have threatened nesting habitat throughout the past decades, and admirable attempts at rehabilitating the island ecosystem have not been effective in the long term. Today, however, a new restoration project is integrating historical lessons with expanded resources, promising the best chance yet for successful island restoration.

Maine Law Institute, University of Maine School of Law, Maine Sea Grant College Program and University of Maine Cooperative Extension (2004). Public shoreline access in Maine: A citizen's guide to ocean and coastal law.Maine Law Institute, University of Maine School of Law, Maine Sea Grant College Program, University of Maine Cooperative Extension. Most of Maine's coastal property is privately owned. Yet the public does have longstanding "public trust" rights to support traditional coastal uses. Additionally, other legal rights to reach certain stretches of Maine's ocean edge augment those important, but limited, public trust rights of fishing, fowling, and navigating. In an era of increasing desire to reach and use the state's coastal resources, it is important to understand the range of access rights that accommodate the public's interest. At the same time, it is helpful to understand the legal balance that protects private property.

T. a. S. S. Manning (2004).Washington State Sport Catch Report 2000.State of Washington, Department of Fish and Wildlife. This report lists the number of sport fish caught over a given time period (4/1/00-3/31/04 generally) for salmon, sturgeon, halibut, steelhead, marine fish and shellfish.

M. Murdock (2004).The birds of the Quinnipiac River tidal marsh: avian health and management.Yale University.New Haven, CT. At the nexus of the Quinnipiac River and Long Island Sound lies the Quinnipiac River tidal marsh. Historically one of Connecticut's largest marshes, both the species composition and size of the Quinnipiac tidal marsh have been greatly altered due to centuries of anthropogenic influences. Today the tidal marshes remain under state protection and management yet the wetlands continue to be influenced by exterior forces, both biotic and abiotic. In recent years urban pollution from neighboring metropolitan areas as well as invading exotic species have dramatically affected and changed the natural landscape in the marsh. Nevertheless, the tidal marsh remains a very important habitat for numerous native and neo-tropical migrant bird species. This paper provides an overview of how bird species utilizing the marsh respond to the forces changing the environment in the marsh, and assesses the current status of knowledge (of land managers and conservation agencies) on bird diversity and species responses to habitat change in the marsh.

B. Owen (2004).Heavy metal concentrations and transport dynamics of polluted Quinnipiac River sediments, New Haven, CT.Yale University.New Haven, CT. Trace metal contamination has long been a priority concern for public health and environmental agencies in New Haven and in the greater Long Island Sound region, because of the toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulative qualities of trace metal pollutants. However, sources, transport mechanisms, and fate of metals in the environment, have only recently begun to be measured in the Quinnipiac River estuary and other urban estuaries.

Y. Qiu (2004).An Analysis of Residential Water Use in the City of New Haven.Sea Grant. "As one key issue of sustainable urban development, water resource is crucial for the survival of any city. Currently, many cities are threatened by the shortage of fresh water resource. Water conservation policies and strategies are urgently needed in any city. In New Haven, water use in the Regional Water Authority (RWA) supply [an] area [that] has more then doubled over the last century. Recently, it has been necessary to resume water withdrawls from Lake Whitney which has a new treatment plant under construction. Understanding water use in the city of New Haven is crucial for moving forward with water conservation measures." (pg1) This report analyses water use data from the RWA and income data using econometric models.

D. o. E. P. State of Connecticut (2004).DRAFT: A total maximum daily load analysis for the Mill River, Rooster River, and Sasco Brook.CT DEP.Hartford, CT. A Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) analysis was completed for indicator bacteria in the Mill River, Rooster River, and Sasco Brook.

L. Wildman (2004).Hydraulics of Nature-Like Fishways: Velocity Cross-Section Analyses of Sennebec and Guilford Lakes Nature-Like Fishways.Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies.New Haven. Fish passage structures that simulate natural stream characteristics, or nature-like fishways, have begun to be recognized as economically and ecologically viable alternatives to traditional technical fish ladders on lakes and rivers with barriers to anadromous fish migration. However, little research has been done on the specific hydraulics and passability of these unique structures. The design approach is still in its infancy, and has not been readily accepted as a proven fish passage approach in the United States. This project is an effort to fill in some of the gaps in hydrologic research on nature-like fishways. Detailed field measurements were taken at two recently constructed nature-like fishways on Guilford Lakes, in Guilford, Connecticut, and on the Sennebec River, in Union, Maine. The project produced maps of the diverse velocity cross-sections of these two fishways. These results were then compared with the acceptable velocity ranges of a variety of riverine resident and migratory fish species, in an attempt to demonstrate the versatility of these fishways as compared with traditional fish ladders.

D. Fillis (2005).Assessment of wetland condition: a new approach for New England salt marshes.Yale University.New Haven, CT. This paper summarizes the legal context of wetland assessment, and reviews a selection of previous coastal wetland assessment procedures. Finally, a novel and practical wetland assessment methodology is presented. This method has been designed specifically for use in New England coastal wetlands and the data from the preliminary assessment of 12 marshes in coastal Connecticut are presented.

B. Hayward (2005).From the Mountain to the Tap: How Land Use and Water Management Can Work for the Rural Poor.DFID. An exploration of water regulation and policy in several developing nations, with an emphasis on poor, rural communities.

R. Sanborn (2005). Against the Current. Schools throughout New England raise and release Atlantic salmon as part of a regional effort to help the species recover, but they are fighting against an ocean of problems. Can students really make a difference in a struggle against dams, pollution, and an ecosystem gone awry?

R. Tannenwald and N. Turner (2005).Water, water everywhere: dare I drink a drop? New England Public Policy Center.Boston, MA. Given New England's ample rainfall, green forests, and extensive wetlands, many of the region's inhabitants might question the notion that it faces potentially severe water shortages. Yet, parts of the region already confront such shortages. These shortages are likely to spread, absent corrective action. This paper describes the characteristics of New England responsible for its looming water problems, and analyzes alternative strategies for alleviating them. Small, shallow, porous aquifers are the region's primary geological impediment to trapping and tapping adequate water supplies. Urbanization and a spatial mismatch between economic growth and water availability are contributing factors. Areas within the region most vulnerable to water shortages include, but are not limited to, southern Maine, southern New Hampshire, northern Vermont, and Massachusetts' North Shore and Route 495 corridor. While no single solution to potential water shortages is clearly superior, the authors conclude that conservation is a promising, effective tactic that should be an important component of any water strategy.

E. Traister (2005).Surface water bacterial fluctuation in the Upper Hoosic River Watershed.Yale University.New Haven, CT. The Hoosic River in northwestern Massachusetts drains into the Hudson River across from the Town of Stillwater, New York. Bacterial pollution is a continuing health concern in this region. While various efforts aim to monitor the levels of indicator bacteria (such as Escherichia coli and fecal coliform) in freshwater systems such as this, there has been relatively little research focused on determining how bacterial concentration fluctuates over different time scales throughout a watershed. Understanding regular spatial and temporal variation exhibited by populations of indicator organisms is necessary before robust water quality sampling programs can be put in place. This study examined the variation in E. coli at different time scales, including seasonal, diurnal, and weather-related in the upper Hoosic River Watershed. Based on research findings, several recommendations for improving water quality monitoring methods are offered.

 

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