International Relations

International Affairs Council
Yale Center for International and Area Studies
210 Luce Hall, 34 Hillhouse, 432.3418

M.A.

Chair
John Gaddis (History)

Associate Chair and Director of Graduate Studies
Cheryl Doss (Economics) (223 Luce Hall, 432.9395, cheryl.doss@yale.edu)

Professors
Abbas Amanat (History), Jack Balkin (Law), Ivo Banac (History), Michele Barry (Medicine), Beatrice Bartlett (History), Seyla Benhabib (Political Science), Frank Bia (Medicine), Paul Bracken (Management), William Burch, Jr. (Forestry & Environmental Studies), Paul Bushkovitch (History), David Cameron (Political Science), Amy Chua (Law), Deborah Davis (Sociology), Michael Dove (Forestry & Environmental Studies), Eduardo Engel (Economics), Laura Engelstein (History), J. Joseph Errington (Anthropology), Daniel Esty (Forestry & Environmental Studies; Law), Robert Evenson (Economics), Owen Fiss (Law), William Foltz (Political Science), Paul Freedman (History), Ute Frevert (History), John Gaddis (History), Penelope Goldberg (Economics), Roger Gould (Sociology), Timothy Guinnane (Economics), Koichi Hamada (Economics), Valerie Hansen (History), Robert Harms (History), Oona Hathaway (Law), Paula Hyman (History), Gilbert Joseph (History), Donald Kagan (History), Efstathis Kalyvas (Political Science), Stephen Kellert (Forestry & Environmental Studies), William Kelly (Anthropology), Paul Kennedy (History), Daniel Kevles (History), Ilona Kickbusch (Epidemiology & Public Health), Benedict Kiernan (History), Harold Koh (Law), Anthony Kronman (Law), Theodore Marmor (Management), Enrique Mayer (Anthropology), Robert Mendelsohn (Forestry & Environmental Studies), John Merriman (History), Michael Merson (Epidemiology & Public Health), William Nordhaus (Economics), Sharon Oster (Management), Curtis Patton (Epidemiology & Public Health), Merton Peck (Economics), Gustav Ranis (Economics), W. Michael Reisman (Law), John Roemer (Political Science), Susan Rose-Ackerman (Political Science, Law), Frances McCall Rosenbluth (Political Science), Bruce Russett (Political Science), Lamin Sanneh (Divinity; History), Peter Schuck (Law), T. Paul Schultz (Economics), Stuart Schwartz (History), James Scott (Political Science), Martin Shubik (Management), Helen Siu (Anthropology), Stephen Skowronek (Political Science), Frank Snowden (History), Jonathan Spence (History), T. N. Srinivasan (Economics), Peter Swenson (Political Science), Ivan Szelenyi (Sociology), Frank Turner (History), Christopher Udry (Economics), Michael Wallerstein (Political Science), John Wargo (Forestry & Environmental Studies), Jay Winter (History)

Associate Professors
Campbell Craig (Visiting, History), Nora Groce (Epidemiology & Public Health), Lawrence King (Sociology), K. Geert Rouwenhorst (Management)

Assistant Professors
Michael Auslin (History), Jennifer Bair (Sociology), Kent Buse (Epidemiology & Public Health), Jose Cheibub (Political Science), Brian Cowan (History), Keith Darden (Political Science), Seth Fein (History), Anna Grzymala-Busse (Political Science), Mary Habeck (History), Galina Hale (Economics), Anastassios Kalandrakis (Political Science), Nathaniel Keohane (Management), Sharon Kinsella (Sociology), Kavesh Koshnood (Epidemiology & Public Health), Pierre Landry (Political Science), Richard Lindsey (Management), Pauline Jones Luong (Political Science), Ellen Lust-Okar (Political Science), Michael Mahoney (History), Rahini Pande (Economics), Mridu Rai (History), Rose Razaghian (Political Science), Linda-Anne Rebhun (Anthropology), Nicholas Sambanis (Political Science), Kenneth Scheve (Political Science), Andrew Schrank (Sociology), Timothy Snyder (History), Steven Stoll (History), Christopher Timmins (Economics), James Vreeland (Political Science)

Lecturers
Joerge Baten (Economics), Michael Boozer (Economics), Marian Chertow (Forestry & Environmental Studies), Giancarlo Corsetti (Economics), Cheryl Doss (Economics), Stuart Gottlieb (Political Science), Debbie Humphries (Epidemiology & Public Health), Jean Krasno (Political Science), Eric Mood (Epidemiology & Public Health), Beth Daponte Osborne (Management), Nancy Ruther (Political Science), James Sutterlin (Political Science)

Adjunct & Visiting Professors
Albert Fishlow (Adjunct, Management), William Odom (Adjunct, Political Science), Barry O'Neal (Economics), Patricia Pessar (Adjunct, Anthropology/American Studies)

Fields of Study
The two-year program is designed to combine breadth of knowledge of the basic disciplines of international relations with depth of specialization in a particular academic discipline, geographic area, specialized functional issue, and/or professional field. It is designed primarily for students seeking an M.A. degree before beginning a career in international affairs but also supports students interested in going on for a Ph.D. degree in economics, history, or political science. Joint degrees, as well as concentrations within the M.A. program, are offered with the School of Management, the Law School, the School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health.

Special Admissions Requirements
Applicants must take the GRE General Test and should preferably do this by the October testing date; students whose native language is not English must pass the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) in October with a minimum score of 610 on the paper-based test or 253 on the computer-based test. Entering students must have taken introductory courses in microeconomics and macroeconomics prior to matriculation.

Special Requirements for the Master's Degree
The substantive core consists of six graduate-level courses: two history courses (one regional and one comparative international); two in political science (one in world or comparative politics and one in international relations); and two graduate-level courses in economics (one economic analysis and one international economics). In addition, all first-year students are required to take the workshop in international relations (see course description below for INRL 700a). Each term, a list of courses meeting these requirements is available from the IR registrar.

Beyond the core courses, each student must identify a coherent set of courses and demonstrate their academic integrity as a proposed concentration for approval by the director of graduate studies. The concentrations require a minimum of eight and a maximum of ten courses in the fields selected. Some of the courses are cross-listed in two or more departments. Students are able to develop concentrations based on a topical, regional, or disciplinary focus.

M.A. candidates are required to achieve an average grade of High Pass in graduate courses plus a minimum of two grades of Honors in term courses, one of which will normally be achieved during the first year. For each grade of Pass, there must be an additional grade of Honors. In addition, students must demonstrate their research skills. This may be done by successfully completing an approved research seminar or by demonstrating to the DGS that the student has completed a major research paper for another course.

Political Economy of Trade, Development, or Business
Within a broad field of political economy, students generally specialize in one of the professional arenas of trade, international business, or international development by taking eight courses beyond the core. They must take three to five additional courses in economics and politics directly related to their professional specialization and at least one of these courses must be in quantitative methods in the first term to prepare for advanced course work. Students specializing in trade or business must complete their concentration by taking an additional three to five relevant courses in law, management, finance, health resource administration, and/or environmental and natural resources policy. Students focused on development should complete their concentration with three to five relevant additional courses in anthropology, sociology, public health, management, and/or environmental and natural resources policy.

International Security
A specialization in international security is available in conjunction with International Security Studies (ISS). Concentrations in security studies are usually based on courses in history, political science, law, and management. Concentrations of security studies are often combined with a focus on a world region. Students may draw on resources available through United Nations Studies at Yale. Other courses can be selected in consultation with the director of graduate studies of the IR Program.

World Regions
It is also possible to undertake concentrations with emphasis on a single geographic region by electing additional courses relating to a specific area. YCIAS councils, including African Studies, East Asian Studies, European Studies, Latin American and Iberian Studies, Middle East Studies, and Southeast Asia Studies, provide a wealth of research, teaching, and enrichment activities. M.A. degrees in African Studies, East Asian Studies, and Russian and East European Studies are available through these YCIAS councils.

Natural Resource Management and Environmental Policy
A concentration in natural resource management and environmental studies requires a student to meet two basic objectives. First, to develop core knowledge in the natural sciences that are relevant to natural resource management and the environment. Second, to understand the social, economic, and political setting through which natural resources are utilized. To achieve the first objective, a student will normally complete, while at Yale, a minimum of four natural science courses concerning the problems of managing air, water, or land, or plant or animal resources. To achieve the second objective, a student will normally complete four courses at Yale that deal with the economic, political, or social aspects of natural resource management and the environment. In addition, a student concentrating in natural resources also may enroll in the summer technical training modules in plant identification, vegetation measurement, and land measurement. The School of Forestry & Environmental Studies teaches these immediately prior to the beginning of the fall term. Students in the IR Program who wish to concentrate in F&ES should design an individualized program with a faculty member in the school in conjunction with the DGS of the IR Program.

Law and HHuman Rights
For those concentrating in international law, four term courses are required in the Law School. In addition, a student must select four additional courses that may be outside the Law School to fulfill his or her professional qualifications in the field. With a human rights legal focus, four to six of these eight courses would concentrate on the topic.

Public Health
Students wishing to concentrate in public health should take between four and six courses in the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health. These should include basic courses in health services administration and epidemiology as well as specialized courses in international health and environmental health. Students in the International Relations Program who wish to concentrate in public health should design an individualized program with a faculty member in that department in conjunction with the DGS of the IR Program.

Academic Disciplines
For those who wish to concentrate in a single discipline like history, economics, or political science, an additional six courses in the chosen field beyond the core requirement are required. In economics and political science, at least one of these courses must be in quantitative methods, taken in the first semester to set the stage for more advanced course work. In history, courses must include at least one research seminar, two in modern history, including diplomacy and international relations, and two in modern history of an area or country outside North America and Europe. In political science, courses must include one additional course beyond the core in international relations, in comparative politics or a region or country, and in political economy. In economics, the concentration must include at least one term course in the economics of a world region, in development economics, and in international economics.

Other
Other individually developed concentrations are possible provided they are well conceived, intellectually coherent, and relevant to the student's career direction. In all instances, approval must be obtained from the director of graduate studies.

Language Requirements
Three years of college-level language study or its equivalent in language mastery is required to graduate. This competence must be demonstrated through successful completion of course work or by passing a proficiency examination. For international students whose native language is not English, the language requirement may be fulfilled by demonstrated competence in English. Students pursuing joint degree programs must fulfill all language requirements before beginning the program because of the compressed schedule for other course work. Students may study language as part of their Yale program; a maximum of two of the sixteen course credits for the two-year program may be in languages.

Special Requirements for the Joint-Degree Programs
Joint-degree candidates must fulfill all of the requirements of both programs in which they are enrolled. Joint-degree students must fulfill the requirements of both programs before receiving either degree. Joint-degree candidates are required to fulfill the core and concentration requirements of the International Relations Program. An overlap of two courses is allowed between core and concentration, and a maximum of an additional two courses may be credited toward both degrees. Joint-degree students must take at least twelve graduate-level courses in Arts and Sciences departments or in professional schools other than the one granting the joint degree. Under no circumstances will students be allowed an IR concentration in the functional area in which they will be receiving a joint degree.

Applicants to the joint-degree programs must apply separately, by the appropriate deadline, to the Graduate School for the International Relations Program and to the professional school involved. Decisions on admissions and fellowship support are made independently by each school. Students are encouraged to apply to both programs simultaneously. They may also apply during their first year at Yale to the second program for a joint degree. If accepted into the new program, they must receive approval for credit allocation upon registration from both degree programs.

Program materials are available upon request to International Relations, Yale University, PO Box 208206, New Haven CT 06520-8206.

Courses

INRL 531b, International Negotiation.  Barry O'Neill.
M 3.30–6.20
Skillful negotiation is important among nations and within a government. The goal of this course is to develop a more articulated understanding of negotiation and a greater feel for it. It uses short role-playing exercises which are later discussed in class, writings from the literature of negotiation research, and to more limited extent, the record of past international negotiations.

INRL 542b, State Building in Comparative Perspective.  Natalia Sobrevilla Perea.
W 3.30–5.20
This course examines the process of state formation in comparative perspective, by focusing on the experience of Latin American states from independence to the end of the 19th century. Using a comparative perspective, particular emphasis is given to the cases of Peru, Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela, Chile, Argentina, and Brazil. Topics include the recurrence of internal and external wars, tensions between the center and regions, the development of export markets and its links to the creation of stability, caudillismo, and the importance of ideology in state building. Special attention is given to political thought and how ideas from abroad were read and adapted, especially in the case of constitutionalism.

INRL 543a, Nation Building in Comparative Perspective.  H. Zeynep Bulutgil.
Th 3.30–5.20
The course focuses on how the interaction between states and various minority groups produced different social outcomes. Some states granted cultural and political autonomy to minorities, some engaged in policies of forceful assimilation, and finally some chose to resort to mass deportations and genocide. We explore the conditions under which states selected these different paths. Special attention is given to methodological issues: how do we approach such questions? Although the focus will be on European cases, we will also examine non-European ones as well.

INRL 544a, U.S. Cold War.  Campbell Craig.
Th 1.30–3.20
This course examines U.S. Cold War foreign policy during the period 1943–1989 as a discrete and concluded phenomenon. It focuses particularly upon some newer areas of inquiry, such as espionage, nuclear peacekeeping, the impact of domestic politics and ideas, and the question of American empire.

INRL 545b, The Dynamics of Russian Politics.  William Odom.
T 1.30–3.20
Consideration of the question “Whither Russia?” with emphasis on comparative analytic concepts. Issues of political stability, constitutionalism, and institutions for political participation and governing examined in light of contemporary events and of the Soviet legacy. Also PLSC 744bu.

INRL 546b, Conflicts in International Relations.  Vitaly Kozyrev.
M 1.30–3.20
Introduction to theoretical and practical approaches to conflicts and their resolutions. The course consists of two sections, focused on (1) the phenomenon of conflict in international relations in the late twentieth century and its theoretical interpretations (political, economic, ideological, religious, ethnic, national, territorial), and (2) the problem of conflict resolution through the peacemaking process. Special attention is paid to international humanitarian law and the concept of “military crime.” Also E&RS 646b.

INRL 555b, Theories of International Relations.  Bruce Russett.
W1.30–3.20
We analyze a variety of theories of international relations to evaluate their logical structure, empirical support, and relation to policy concerns and to other theories. Topics include theories under such categories as realism, liberal-institutionalism, and feminism. Open only to IR students.

INRL 559b, International Organization.  Jean Krasno.
W 3.30–5.20
International organizations (IOs) have gradually increased in number since the end of World War II. Today, all states participate in international organizations at the regional and global level. IOs can be classified into intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Organizations like the United Nations with its nearly universal membership are diffuse bodies focusing on a wide range of issues from security, health and economic development. Others, such as NATO, are issue-specific and regionally bound (at least in terms of membership if not territorial deployment). Issue-based regimes, such as those on the environment, may involve both NGOs and IGOs. They often have to cope with overlapping norms, rules of procedure, and standard operating behaviors emerging at times from very diverse constituencies, for example, North/South points of view. This course examines international organization in general and also looks at the history and development of specific organizations and how they network through regimes to leverage their goals.

INRL 560a, Economic Analysis.  Cheryl Doss.
MW 9–10.15
Introduces IR students to more advanced concepts in economics. Course emphasizes reading and evaluating the economic content of articles on a wide range of topics including consumer behavior, firm behavior, comparisons of welfare, labor markets, capital markets, and cost-benefit analysis. These articles represent research from both developed and developing economies. Also ECON 544a.

INRL 561b, International Economic Analysis.  Cheryl Doss.
MW 9–10.15
A continuation of 560a. Extends the use of economic analysis to international economic issues including international trade, growth and development, and international finance. In addition, emphasis is placed on quantitative tools and analysis of data to address international economic issues and evaluate policies. Also ECON 708b.

INRL 563b, Central Issues in American Foreign Policy.  Stuart Gottlieb.
T 1.30–3.20
Examination of the historical and conceptual foundations of American foreign policy, with a special focus on the international challenges facing America since the end of the Cold War. Topics include America's two wars with Iraq; America's domestic and international responses to the threat of global terrorism; and what role the United States should play in the world economy and global institutions. Additional focus on how foreign policy issues play into presidential election campaigns.

INRL 567a, AIDS, Poverty, and Development in India.  Siddharth Dube.
HTBA
India's failures on AIDS reflect larger shortcomings evident in its post-Independence development record. Despite its vibrant democracy, free press, administrative capacities and growing economy, it may soon have many more people with HIV/AIDS than any other country. This wide-ranging course studies India's response to HIV/AIDS within the framework of its record on chronic deprivation, drawing on political economy, public health, the media, sexuality, and human rights readings. Also GHD 567a.

INRL 700a, International Affairs: Core Issues and Approaches.  Nancy Ruther, Theodore Bromund.
W 1–3.50
Current and traditional issues facing international-affairs professionals explored through case study analysis, simulation, readings, and discussion with faculty from related disciplines and professions as well as current practitioners. Focus on negotiation and strategic management tools for understanding and analyzing the complex interactions of different aspects of international affairs. Course emphasizes refining problem solving, presentation, and organizational skills needed by professionals entering the field. For first-year IR students.

INRL 730au, The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Security. James Sutterlin.
T 1.30–3.20
Consideration of the role of the U.N. in preventing diplomacy, using force for peacekeeping, peace enforcement, and peace building, with consideration of the evolution of the U.N. and its role in a post-Cold War international system. For IR students and IS undergraduates only.

INRL 750b, Challenges in International Relations: Policy and Practice.  Theodore Bromund.
Th 2–5
The Yale Stimson Seminar is taught by a series of practitioners who address three major international policy themes in three modules from the perspective of government, NGOs, and business. Recent themes have included: information technology and diplomacy, investment and international development, government of the global environment, rethinking national and international security, and avoiding disaster in global public health. Open to all graduate and professional students. Admission is by application only.

INRL 900a or b, Directed Reading.
By arrangement with faculty.

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