Study Areas and Course Descriptions*

*In course titles, a designates fall term, b designates spring term, and c designates summer term. The School reserves the right to change the prescribed course of study as necessary.

Design Studios

Steven Harris, Study Area Coordinator

The architectural design studios are a critical part of the School's program for the Master of Architecture degree. The required design studios proceed through a structured series of design problems of varying complexity. The elective studios are taught by the School's design faculty and the chaired visiting professors.

501a, Architectural Design. 6 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I first term.) First-term students bring to the School a wide range of experience and background. Exercises introduce the complexity of architectural design by engaging problems that are limited in scale but not in the issues they provoke. Experiential, social, and material concerns are introduced together with formal and conceptual issues. Problems focus upon the fundamentals of human activity. Keller Easterling, coordinator; Martin Finio, Gavin Hogben, John McMorrough, Eeva-Liisa Pelkonen.

502b, Architectural Design. 6 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I second term.) The second-term studio is divided into two parts. Before spring recess, a specific building type and one or two brief design problems are the vehicles for developing basic skills in formal composition, program organization, and building construction. Considerations of typology, precedent, and their transformation inform the creative process. After spring recess, the class concentrates on the Building Project, the design of a structure for a nonprofit organization. Alan Organschi, coordinator; Turner Brooks, Brian Healy, Keith Krumwiede, Amy Lelyveld.

503a, Architectural Design.6 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I third term.) The studio concentrates on a medium-scale institutional building, focusing on the integration of program, site, composition, form, structure, and other issues relevant to this size building. Interior spaces are studied as well as methods of construction. Large-scale models and drawings are developed to explore design issues. Alexander Purves, coordinator; Peter de Bretteville, Keith Krumwiede, M.J. Long, Alan Organschi.

504b, Architectural Design. 6 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I fourth term.) The studio, an introduction to the planning and architecture of cities, concerns two distinct scales of operation: that of dwelling and that of the neighborhood. The dwelling necessarily addresses issues of domesticity and individual accommodation. The neighborhood addresses issues of community, group form, and the public realm, as well as the formation of public space, blocks, streets, and squares. The studio is organized to follow a distinct design methodology, which begins with the study of context and precedents. It postulates that new architecture can be made as a continuation and extension of normative urban structure and building typologies. Edward Mitchell, coordinator; Michael Haverland, Andrea Kahn, Leslie Lu.

506b, Building Project. 3 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I second term.) Weekly sessions develop the building and management skills needed for the Building Project. The experience focuses on the means of understanding the process, practice, and scope of the profession. The course involves client contact, programming, design, budgeting, working documentation, and actual construction. It integrates work with a nonprofit client, design of neighborhood infrastructure, and public service practice. The project extends beyond the normal end of spring term; all first-year students are required to work on the project from April 29 through June 21. For more information, see the section on the Building Project on the Web: www.architecture.yale.edu. Herbert Newman, Building Project coordinator; Paul Brouard, director; Adam Hopfner and faculty.

Elective Advanced Architectural Design Studios (Fall)

Elective studios are limited in enrollment. Selection for studios is determined by lottery.

510a, Advanced Design Studio. 9 credits. Program to be announced. Michael Hopkins, Davenport Visiting Professor.

511a, Advanced Design Studio. 9 credits. Program to be announced. Greg Lynn, Davenport Visiting Professor.

513a, Advanced Design Studio. 9 credits. Program to be announced. Demetri Porphyrios, Bishop Visiting Professor.

515a, Advanced Design Studio. 9 credits. Program to be announced. Rafael Viñoly, Saarinen Visiting Professor.

517a, Advanced Design Studio. 9 credits. Program to be announced. Peter Eisenman, Kahn Visiting Professor.

519a, Advanced Design Studio. 9 credits. Program to be announced. Alan Plattus.

521a, Advanced Design Studio. 9 credits. Program to be announced. Peggy Deamer.

523a, Post-Professional Architectural Design Studio.9 credits. (Required in and limited to M.Arch. II first term.) This studio is specially designed for incoming post-professional students to introduce them to the School's educational program and faculty. Each student is given the opportunity to examine in depth a sequence of design problems. Fred Koetter, Edward Mitchell.

Elective Advanced Architectural Design Studios (Spring)

Elective studios are limited in enrollment. Selection for studios is determined by lottery.

512b, Advanced Design Studio. 9 credits. Program to be announced. Leon Krier, Davenport Visiting Professor.

514b, Advanced Design Studio. 9 credits. Program to be announced. Julie Eizenberg, Bishop Visiting Professor.

516b, Advanced Design Studio. 9 credits. Program to be announced. Zaha Hadid, Saarinen Visiting Professor.

518b, Advanced Design Studio. 9 credits. Program to be announced. Frank O. Gehry, Kahn Visiting Professor.

520b, Advanced Design Studio. 9 credits. Program to be announced. Gregg Pasquarelli.

522b, Advanced Design Studio. 9 credits. Program to be announced. Steven Harris.

524b, Advanced Design Studio. 9 credits. Program to be announced. Joel Sanders.

526b, Advanced Design Studio. 9 credits. Program to be announced. Keller Easterling.

599b, Thesis. 9 credits. Proposals for the Thesis option must be submitted by the beginning of the preceding fall term for review by the Design and Rules Committee. Students with approved proposals can enroll in 714a Case Studies in Architecture and Urbanism or take an Independent Study with an instructor of choice in the fall term as thesis preparation. Successful completion of 714a, including the submission of a complete program, documentation, and project statement for review and approval by the Design Committee, is the prerequisite for enrollment in this studio. Keller Easterling, coordinator.

Building Technology and Practice

James Axley, Study Area Coordinator

Fundamental theory and methods of building technologies and the relationship between these technologies, architectural design, and the larger natural environment are explored in courses relating to materials, construction, and structural systems and the environmental technologies that provide healthy, productive, and comfortable environments while sustaining the natural resources of the planet. The courses listed under this study area attempt to relate academic education to architectural practice. Courses required for the M.Arch. I degree introduce students to fundamental analytic theory and its practical application, survey common technical systems used in buildings currently and in the past, and integrate the consideration of these technical systems into architectural design through a series of projects of increasing complexity. Advanced courses investigate specific technical systems in greater detail, survey emerging methods and technologies, and explore the relationship between building technologies and architectural design in current practice and writings.

601a, Structures I. 3 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I first term.) An introduction to the analysis and design of building structural systems and the evolution and impact of these systems on architectural form. Lectures and homework assignments cover structural classifications, fundamental principles of mechanics, computational methods, and the behavior and case studies of truss, cable, arch, and simple framework systems. Discussion sections explore the applications of structural theory to the design of wood and steel systems for gravity loads through laboratory and computational exercises and design projects. Homework, design projects, and midterm and final examinations are required. James Axley.

602b, Structures II. 3 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I second term.) A continuation of an introduction to the analysis and design of building structural systems and the evolution and impact of these systems on architectural form. Lectures and homework assignments cover more advanced principles of mechanics, reinforced concrete beams and columns, and the behavior and case studies of continuous framework, plate and grid, membrane, and shell structural systems. Discussion sections explore the application of structural theory to the design of more ambitious systems for gravity and lateral loads through computational exercises and design projects. Homework, design projects, and midterm and final examinations are required. Prerequisite: 601a. Anne Gilbert.

633a, Environmental Systems in Buildings. 3 credits. (Required in M.Arch I third term.) Introduction to fundamental principles of thermodynamics; heat transfer; fluid dynamics; environmental chemistry; toxicology; and thermal, aural, and visual comfort. These principles are applied to build an understanding of global, regional, community, site, and building-scale environmental problems that impact architectural design. Formulation of methods for the analysis and design of environmental technologies is used to resolve these problems. Topics include: the global, regional, and local environmental context; thermodynamics and heat transfer in global, community, and building systems; psychrometrics; bioclimatic design of building systems; airflow in and around buildings; ventilation and indoor air quality; passive and active heating, cooling, and ventilating systems; energy and material resource conservation for buildings and communities; lighting; and acoustics. The course is presented in a lecture, discussion section format. Homework, computational labs, design projects, short quizzes, and a final exam are required. Thomas Auer, Patrick Bellew, Paul Stoller.

635b, Exploring Glass. 3 credits. In examining the basic principles underlying the use of structural glass in buildings, this course covers the simple design of basic elements such as window walls, floor plates, beams, and columns. Seminars are arranged to encourage simple design proposals that are analyzed and discussed. This is balanced by formal presentations outlining design and construction methods. The very latest constructs in the field are explored and a glimpse into the future is offered. Limited enrollment. Ingalill Wahlroos-Ritter with Tim Macfarlane.

636a, Sustainable Design: Larger Issues and Detailed Methods. 3 credits. This seminar looks broadly at sustainable architectural design, reviewing environmental issues, key documents, and larger-scale strategies and, then narrowly, at the current and emerging detailed methods used to support design development of sustainable buildings, communities, and cities. Devised to complement 633a, Environmental Systems in Buildings, this seminar reviews the evolution of the notion and need for sustainability; considers case studies of innovative community, urban, and regional-scale strategies of sustainable design; surveys recent sustainable design assessment methods, design guidelines, and standards; considers case studies of innovative buildings shaped by these methods; and provides a broad overview of advanced simulation methods used in the design development of these innovative buildings and communities. Limited enrollment. James Axley.

638a, Simulation and High-Performance Green Design. 3 credits. In the past two decades, thermal airflow and air quality performance simulations have played an increasingly important role in the design of high-performance green buildings and, most recently, in green campuses and communities. In the best of circumstances, these simulations tools have fostered innovation by enabling consideration of unprecedented capabilities. This seminar reviews the scope, development, applications, and limitations of these simulation tools; considers case studies of larger projects that have relied on these tools; introduces students to the underlying theory of these tools through the guided development of their own simulations tools; and engages students in the application of these tools to their own design projects. Limited enrollment. (Not offered in 2003-2004.) James Axley.

639b, Philosophy of Technology. 3 credits. How are boundaries set for the technological decisions in the practice of architecture? Architects wield enormous power but have little to guide them. By exploring the work of classical and modern philosophers (e.g., Aristotle, Kant, Heidegger, Marcuse) as well as architectural and social essayists, this seminar explores diverse ethical attitudes toward the employment of technology in the built environment. By the conclusion of the term, each student will develop a personal philosophy of technology statement. To quote one of the course readings, "Technology is a branch of moral philosophy, not of science." Limited enrollment. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History/Theory elective requirement.) Robert Silman.

640b, Architecture as Building. 3 credits. This course analyzes the major buildings of this century through detailed dissection of their methods of construction. Graphic display of the major systems that make up a contemporary work of architecture allows for a reconstruction of the design process and re-establishes the thought patterns that formed the design priorities. Emphasis is on the relation of systems of structure and enclosure with the required technical systems. Limited enrollment. (Not offered in 2003-2004.) Thomas Beeby.

648b, Systems Integration and Development in Design. 3 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I fourth term.) An integrated seminar and design studio in which students develop the technical systems that will transform preliminary design proposals from earlier studio work to built form. The development of structural form and detail, articulation of construction and construction methods, integration of mechanical systems, selection and detailing of materials, and the manipulation of surface, light, and air are approached systematically as elements of design-- elements used not only to achieve technical goals in a sustainable manner but also to reinforce and re-inform the formal origins of the work in a more poetic sense. The studio work is complemented by a seminar that surveys mechanical systems used in larger buildings, using both case studies and visits to buildings in use and under construction. Design project work, case study presentations, short quizzes, and homework are required. Martin Finio, coordinator; James Axley, Peter Chow, Glenn Gregg, Robert Haughney, John Jacobson, Craig Razza, Edward Stanley, Byron Stigge, Paul Stoller, Barry Svigals, and faculty.

650a, Critical Architectural Systems. 3 credits. This course explores the most important characteristics of critical architectural systems regarding their relationship with the human and nonhuman environment, including required performance criteria, what materials are available to fulfill those criteria, and how they are incorporated into buildings. Course includes slide lectures, construction site visits, visits to buildings with severe problems, and critical evaluation of student projects and completed buildings. Limited enrollment. Donald Baerman, Laura Boyer.

655a, Architectural Practice and Management. 3 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I fifth term.) The process by which an architectural design becomes a building requires the designer to control many variables beyond those purely aesthetic. This course provides an understanding of the fundamentals of organizing and managing architectural projects and examines accompanying issues of practice and the profession. Using the project process as an armature, lectures explore the role and function of the architect, the legal environment, evolving types of practice, fees and compensation, building project teams, and planning and executing a project. Phillip Bernstein.

657b, Issues in Contemporary Practice. 3 credits. This course, in weekly seminars with practitioners from architecture and related fields, addresses the broad view of practice beyond core design and the practicalities of running architectural projects. Topics discussed answer such questions as what firms look for when they hire recent graduates; how clients select architects; how architects find commissions; how projects get publicized and published; what are the keys to selecting and working with good collaborators like engineers, consultants, and contractors; how to start your own practice; and how to work with owners and developers. Enrollment limited to graduating M.Arch. I and M.Arch. II students. Phillip Bernstein.

659a or b, Independent Course Work. 3 or 6 credits. Program to be determined with a faculty adviser of the student's choice and submitted, with the endorsement of the study area coordinator, to the Rules Committee for confirmation of the student's eligibility under the rules. (See Rules and Regulations of the School of Architecture.)

The following courses offered elsewhere in the University may be taken for credit with permission of the instructor.

Drama 102a and b (full-year course), Scene Design.3 credits each term. An introduction for all nondesign students to the aesthetics and the process of scenic design through critique and discussion of weekly projects. Emphasis is given to the examination of the text and the action of the play, the formulation of design ideas, the visual expression of the ideas, and especially the collaboration with directors and all other designers. Three hours a week. Ming Cho Lee and Michael Yeargan.

F&ES 262a/EVST 262a, Ecology and Environmental Problem Solving. A study of ecological principles and their potential application to problems in conserving biodiversity. Topics of study include: the biosphere; organizational hierarchies and time scales; individual behavior in an evolutionary contest; ecology of species interactions; ecological complexity; and linkages among species and ecosystem functions. The lecture course is accompanied by laboratory and field exercises. Students learn to use basic ecological sampling methods and to apply these techniques to understanding of ecological patterns. Students conduct experiments to understand relations between biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Oswald J. Schmitz.

F&ES 500a, Greening the Industrial Facility. 3 credits. Industrial environmental managers need to be familiar with the technological processes by which modern society accomplishes its purposes, their potential to cause environmental damage, prospects for improvement, and anticipated change, and to do so in local, regional, and global perspectives. This course intersperses lectures and field trips to provide an introduction to the environmental aspects of the production of materials, the manufacture of products, the construction of buildings and roadways, and the recycling of objects, components, and materials. Thomas E. Graedel.

F&ES 767b, Monitoring and Evaluation Techniques, Theory, and Methods Applied to Ecosystem Rehabilitation/Community Revitalization Interventions. 4-6 credits. This course is an introduction, exploration, and application of performance-based tracking of interventions to repair ecosystems and to revitalize their associated human communities. The underlying assumption is that one cannot occur without the other. Our task is to test that notion with qualitative and quantitative measures of real-life cases. Seminar members are grouped into three interdisciplinary, peer learning, service-oriented professional teams according to different organizational scales and different ecological approaches. Readings from the literature and case studies such as Chicago Wild and diffusion of innovation literature guide our effort. Studies and cases from Web sites are analyzed; data sets are collected for study locales. These studies and data sets are one source of theory, methods, and data for application to an actual, client-driven field analysis and diagnostic report that each team carries out. Field trips are made to the study sites. A binding thread in this effort is an interest in the use of generic "outdoor/environmental education" approaches as critical means for developing local knowledge and practices for rehabilitation/revitalization design and to monitor and sustain the system. William R. Burch, Jr., Colleen Murphy-Dunning.

Materials and Production

Kent Bloomer, Study Area Coordinator

The Materials and Production study area emphasizes those aspects of architectural education that deal directly with properties of materials. Courses emphasize actual production, as opposed to design through representation, by examining the relationships between material, detail, joinery, and mass vs. crafted production. Particular emphasis is put on the relationship between tactility and visuality and, as digital construction becomes increasingly prominent, the new relationship between the computer and the physical world.

661a/861a, 3-D Form and Materials. 3 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I first term.) This course examines the ways in which the understanding and perception of objects and the spaces they define is conditioned by the materials from which they are fabricated. It is assumed that specific materials privilege specific forms and that the visual and material properties of objects are intimately connected. Technical notebooks, exercises, and a final project are required. Each student is required to study one material in the depth allowed by a term's work. Kent Bloomer, coordinator; Paul Brouard, Susan Farricielli, Christopher Mahoney, Edward Parker, Dean Sakamoto.

670b, Materials and Information: Advanced Metal Casting. 3 credits. This seminar seeks the integration of old and new methods of material fabrication through the production of metal castings made from digitally generated EPS foam masters. The course explores the potential of computer-aided design and fabrication techniques through the creation of small fittings, architectural details, ornamental patterns, and building hardware, which are judged according to the rigor of their underlying geometry and visual form. The class has direct access to a large-scale digital foam cutting machine and to a metal casting foundry. Knowledge of AutoCAD is a prerequisite. Limited enrollment. Michael Silver.

674a, Architectural Product Design. 3 credits. This studio course attempts to broaden the design experience by concentrating on the design and innovation of three-dimensional architectural objects not usually found within architectural commissions. Students are required to design and fabricate full-size, working prototypes of five small objects such as weather vanes, andirons, step stools, mailboxes, bird houses, bicycle racks, etc. Emphasis is on wood and metal, but all materials are considered. Issues of detail, scale, proportion, aesthetics, manufacturing, and commercial viability are explored. Limited enrollment. John Jacobson, Lindsay Suter.

676b, Elaboration: A Re-Materialization of Architecture. 3 credits. This seminar focuses on the critical relation between intention and detail in architecture. It is structured in the spirit of a studio course, though the focus rests on the isolated architectural "moment" as a means of investigating the potential for a larger resonant meaning of the whole. How a building meets the earth, what the nature of a wall is, and how a roof meets the sky all profoundly share in the way we experience architecture and the space it enfolds. Through the thoughtful consideration of these conditions, architecture becomes clarified. As the title suggests, it is only through labor-- an incremental, methodical search and process-- that this resonant clarity is achieved. Reading assignments, presentations, and discussion expand the debate. Limited enrollment. (Not offered in 2003-2004.) Martin Finio.

677b, Scale and Material. 3 credits. This seminar focuses on the pivotal role of scale and material selection in the development of an architectural idea. The class is conducted in a studio format that includes conceptual analysis of precedents, individual design assignments, and extensive use of drawings and models to both explore and represent the aesthetic potential of architectural detailing. In the process, the course addresses how circumstance affects the evolution of a design of a detail, building, landscape, neighborhood, or city. Limited enrollment. Brian Healy.

678b, Materials and Meaning. 3 credits. This seminar focuses on the potential for meaning in the use of materials through specifications, context, detailing, juxtaposition, and history. Special attention is paid to readily available manufactured products. Weekly readings, one class presentation, and two built projects are required. Limited enrollment. (Not offered in 2003-2004.) Deborah Berke.

679b, Digital Construction. 3 credits. Applying some of the most advanced computer-aided design and fabrication techniques available at Yale, this course explores the construction of one-half scale to full scale building details such as corners, windows, wall joints, and panels-- using both a large format CNC mill and a six-axis digital foam cutting machine. Students investigate new ways of shaping material using molds, templates, and formwork generated by these new techniques. Plaster, concrete, and wood are the primary medium of investigation. Knowledge in the use of AutoCAD, Maya, or FormZ is a prerequisite. Limited enrollment. Michael Silver.

681b, Furniture Design and Fabrication. 3 credits. The final product of this design class, a finished, working, full-scale piece of furniture, is understood as a part of the set of courses addressing the role that the direct consideration of materials contributes to architectural design. The required materials, sequences, and programs emerge from an effort to relate the work of this class to questions of process and materiality in architecture more generally. So the attitude toward materials and their assembly should be prejudiced toward those that to some extent mimic architecture. The emphasis is on common materials joined and formed by standard procedures to serve unique purposes in unusual contexts and adapted to new programs. Limited enrollment. Peter de Bretteville.

682b, Aluminum Design and Production. 3 credits. The course follows the critical path of designing and producing a piece of furniture by combining aluminum castings and industrial stock. Input from a local foundry included. A completed work is an absolute requirement. Limited enrollment. Edward Parker.

683a, Computer-Aided Furniture Design. 3 credits. Applying some of the most advanced computer-aided design and fabrication techniques available at Yale, this seminar explores the construction of full-scale furniture designs built with open cell and EPS foam. Students focus specifically on the use of the digital foam cutting machine and CNC mill. The designs produced in this seminar are judged according to their efficiency, economy of means, and formal rigor. The exploration of different material combinations and conventional fabrication techniques is encouraged. Knowledge of AutoCAD, Maya, or 3D Studio Max is a prerequisite. Limited enrollment. Michael Silver.

684b, Fabrication. 3 credits. This seminar focuses on new materials and new fabrication techniques. Some of the best architects in this century have been naturally attracted to various means of spatial and material production that do not necessarily originate within architectural convention. Mies, Kiesler, Loos, Aalto, Prouvé, Wachsmann, and the Eameses are among these architects, and the seminar considers not only their experiments but the design of their practice. In addition to historical study, the evening lectures feature architects reporting from the field about their fabrication research. These speakers visit the seminar on the morning after their talk. Final projects in the course take advantage of new rapid prototyping equipment available to the School. Limited enrollment. (Not offered in 2003-2004.) Keller Easterling.

699a or b, Independent Course Work. 3 or 6 credits. Program to be determined with a faculty adviser of the student's choice and submitted, with the endorsement of the study area coordinator, to the Rules Committee for confirmation of the student's eligibility under the rules. (See Rules and Regulations of the School of Architecture.)

History and Theory

Eeva-Liisa Pelkonen, Study Area Coordinator

The relation among design, history, and theory is explored in a broad range of courses in which the analysis of buildings, cities, landscapes, and texts supports the articulation and criticism of fundamental concepts, methods, and issues. Historical and contemporary projects and writings are studied in context and as part of the theoretical discourse of architecture.

The introductory history and theory course (701a) provides an introduction to the history of modern architecture and its contemporary critique. This course is followed by 704a, Case Studies in Architectural Theory, 1680-1980, normally to be taken in the third term. All students must also take 703b, Contemporary Architectural Theory. In addition, M.Arch. I students must complete two elective courses in this study area, one of which should be in a non-Western subject.

Advanced courses may be taken at any time after the completion of 701a, or with permission of the study area coordinator to waive the introductory course. The required electives are not a prerequisite for other advanced courses, and those courses may not be substituted for it. All exceptions, waivers, and substitutions must be approved by the study area coordinator and the Rules Committee.

The elective requirement may be fulfilled by selecting from among the following courses: 639b, 749b, 751b, 753b, 755a, 757a, 759a, 760b, 762a, 764b, 765a, 766b, 767b, 770a, 775a, 777b, 789a, or 790a. Any other course must be approved by the study area coordinator.

701a, Modern Architecture. 3 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I first term.) Architecture and urbanism from about 1876 to the present, with emphasis on the work of the great modern architects and on the contemporary revival of vernacular and classical architecture and American planning traditions. Vincent Scully.

703b/M.E.D. 101b, Contemporary Architectural Theory. 3 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I fourth term; and in M.Arch. II and M.E.D. second term.) A survey of theoretical and critical literature on contemporary architecture. The course explores the texts of Marxism and the Frankfurt School, post-structuralism, psychoanalysis, feminism, and urban geography with regard to architectural discourse. Peggy Deamer.

704a, Case Studies in Architectural Theory, 1680-1980. 3 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I third term.) History of Western architectural theory, 1680-1980, through the close reading of primary texts. Lectures place the readings in the context of architectural history; the texts are discussed in seminar sections. Topics include architecture of the Enlightenment, the picturesque, debates regarding style, historicism, and eclecticism, Gothic Revival, questions of ornament, architectural modernism, functionalism, new monumentality, critiques of modernism, and various currents of postmodernism. Lauren Kogod.

714a/M.E.D. 102a, Case Studies in Architecture and Urbanism. 3 credits. This colloquium/workshop provides the opportunity to develop structures and strategies for the writing of a thesis through an exploration of methods and intentions in various genres of architectural writings. The emphasis is on texts from the twentieth century, including aphoristic, biographical, historical, theoretical, critical, journalistic, technical, and analytical works. Requirements include attentive readings of representative texts and weekly writings for shared in-class critiques, as well as prepared questions for invited critics, theorists, and historians. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) Karla Britton.

717a, Issues in Architecture and Urbanism. 3 credits. (Required in, and limited to, M.Arch. II third term.) Current issues in architecture and urbanism, explored through seminars and case studies introducing methods and theories of architectural research. Fred Koetter.

741a, Advanced Studies in Modern Architecture. 3 credits. A research seminar on selected topics in the history and theory of modern architecture. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. (Not offered in 2003-2004.) Vincent Scully.

749b, Architecture in Berlin: 1890-1920. 3 credits. This seminar studies German architecture and its discourse in the crucial years 1890-1920. Primary topics of concern are the status of the metropolis, the struggle with commercial and consumer culture, the search for a modern architectural style, and the reform of the house. Also studied is the association of the Deutscher Werkbund as a forceful vehicle through which these problems were addressed and debated. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory requirement.) Limited enrollment. Lauren Kogod.

751b, Ornament Theory and Design. 3 credits. This course reviews the major theories governing ornament in Western architecture, with special emphasis on nineteenth- and twentieth-century arguments. The ultimate focus is on the language of ornament in the framework of building and urban space today. Readings, exercises, and individual final projects are required. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) The colloquium theme for spring 2004 is an examination of the city from interdisciplinary and global perspectives. Limited enrollment. Kent Bloomer and visitors.

752b, Contemporary Architectural Discourse Colloquium. 3 credits. Organized by second-year M.E.D. students in collaboration with the program coordinator, this colloquium brings in guest speakers from other departments of the University and elsewhere to discuss their work around a selected topic in order to open architectural discourse to other disciplines and visa versa. The colloquium for spring 2004 is organized around the rubric of "The City: Permutations of Imagination, Representation, and Power" and will address the crisis of the city through a multidisciplinary and thematic approach. Limited enrollment. Eeva-Liisa Pelkonen.

753b, Performance Criticism: Reynar Banham. 3 credits. The writings of Reynar Banham (1922-1988) challenge canonized histories of the modern movement (Pevsner, Hitchcock, and Johnson) as well as interrogate architecture vis-a-vis its performance as a technological, cultural, and economic product. This seminar examines the performance-based critical method of Banham, a central figure in the construction of post-war architectural discourse and founding member of the Independent Group, from his early reflections on the foundation myths of modern architecture through to his wide-ranging examination of architecture's erratic engagement with the changing material, cultural, and technological landscape of the twentieth century. The course includes lectures by the instructor but focuses on weekly readings and discussions of primary texts by Banham and other Independent Group players including Richard Hamilton, Alison and Peter Smithson, and Lawrence Alloway. Students are responsible for a written and oral presentation that assesses the performance of a contemporary project. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory requirement.) Limited enrollment. Keith Krumwiede.

755a, Eero Saarinen. 3 credits. This seminar focuses on the career of one of the most prolific and controversial architects of his generation, Eero Saarinen (1910-1961), whose buildings have been praised for their structural inventiveness and sculptural expressiveness yet criticized for their stylistic plurality and lack of concern for the urban fabric. The seminar consists of thematic sessions (technology, monumentalism, style, and media), guest lectures, field trips, and archival research taking advantage of the recent donation of the Saarinen archives to Yale. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. Eeva-Liisa Pelkonen.

756a, Furness and Richardson. 3 credits. This seminar offers a detailed study of the work of these two key figures in the development of American architecture in the late nineteenth century, including analysis of individual buildings focusing on issues of character, expression, ornament, and materials. Visiting lecturers and field trips. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. (Not offered in 2003-2004.) Turner Brooks.

757a, The Construction of Exactitude: Modern Architecture and the Classical Tradition. 3 credits. This seminar aims to sharpen the understanding of classicism as a critical discourse within the evolution of Modern architecture during the twentieth century. Through close attention to certain key architectural works, literary and architectural figures, and texts, the course seeks to illuminate both the theoretical roots and the practical exercise of classical thought in an architecture culture conscious of its own modernity. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory requirement.) Limited enrollment. Karla Britton

759a, Architectonics of Formalism. 3 credits. This seminar investigates the theoretical underpinnings of the diverse strands of formalism in the architectural discussion of the 1970s and early 1980s. Passing from the analysis of structural theories of form, to its semantic configurations, and to its post-structuralist displacements, the seminar sheds light on the intellectual trajectory of a specific historical period after Modern architecture and within modernism. Special emphasis is given to the discussions around the Oppositions group and to the influence of French philosophy on formalist architecture. The seminar analyzes how formalist transformations build relationships to modernist precedent from which to "swerve." Rossi's Teatro del Mondo, the Park de la Villette competition projects, Isozaki's Electric Labyrinths, Koolhaas's Exodus, Stirling's Staatsgalerie, and Hejduk's Masks are some of the architectural objects the seminar studies. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. Emmanuel Petit.

760b, Postwar Architecture. 3 credits. The course discusses the changing attitudes in architectural culture after World War II, informed by the critique and reevaluation of the modern movement. Particular attention is given to the main paradigms of the period: regionalism, new building technologies, and urbanism. Geographically the seminar addresses European and American debates as well as the new emerging architecture "scenes" in Japan and South America. Key issues that dominate these global debates are discussed as they range from the main problems of housing shortage, reconstruction, and rapid urban growth to the quest for meaning through the use of symbolic form and popular iconography. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. (Not offered in 2003-2004.) Eeva-Liisa Pelkonen.

762a, Issues in Modern American Architecture: How Historicism Happened-- American Modernism, 1945-1965. 3 credits. This seminar examines the development of modern architecture as a new, largely American-trained generation of architects rose to prominence, including the architectural work of Philip Johnson, Louis Kahn, Eero Saarinen, Paul Rudolph, I.M. Pei, Edward Durell Stone, Marcel Breuer, Minoru Yamasaki, and Morris Lapidus as well as the post-war work built in the United States by the pioneers of modernism, including Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius, and Alvar Aalto. The course includes lectures by the instructor and outside guests as well as verbal and written presentations by the students. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. Robert A.M. Stern.

763b, Comparative Analysis of Architectural Form. 3 credits. This seminar examines the evolving geometric, technical, and philosophic structures that constitute architectural form from the Renaissance to the present. Computers, models, and drawing techniques are used as tools for analysis, and readings address larger cultural issues relating to the historic period. Students are expected to present case studies of specific buildings in both written and visual formats. Limited enrollment. Edward Mitchell.

764b, Modern American Urbanism. 3 credits. The development of American urbanism in the twentieth century. (This course satisfies the M. Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. (Not offered in 2003-2004.) Robert A.M. Stern.

765a, History of Landscape Architecture: Antiquity to 1700 in Western Europe. 3 credits. This course presents an introductory survey of the history of gardens and the wider, cultivated landscape in Western Europe, focusing primarily on Italy. The course examines chronologically the evolution of several key elements in landscape design: architectural and garden typologies; issues of topography and geography; various uses of water; organization and availability of plant materials; and matters of garden decoration. Specific gardens or representations of landscape in each of the four periods under discussion-- Ancient Roman; medieval; early and late Renaissance; and Baroque-- are examined and situated within their own cultural context. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. Bryan Fuermann.

766b, History of British Landscape Architecture: 1600 to 1950. 3 credits. This seminar examines the history of landscape architecture and of the idea of nature in Britain from 1600 to 1950. Topics of discussion include Italian and French influences on the seventeenth-century British garden; the Palladian country house and garden; naturalism and the landscape park as national landscape style; garden theories of the picturesque and of the sublime; Romanticism and the psychology of nature; the creation of the public park system; arts and crafts landscape design, and modernist landscape idioms. Comparisons of historical material with contemporary landscape design are made throughout the term. The collection of the Yale Center for British Art is used for primary visual material. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. Bryan Fuermann.

767b, Alvar Aalto. 3 credits. This seminar explores Alvar Aalto's role within the Modern Movement by highlighting his friendship and intellectual exchange with its major figures (Gropius, Moholy-Nagy, Giedion, Barr); his involvement in various groups (Swedish acceptera-group, CIAM); and his contacts with other national cultures besides his native Finland (Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, and the United States). Particular attention is given to Aalto's contribution to the discussions around organicism, functionalism, and regionalism, and to his approach to the problems of housing, urban, and regional planning. Limited enrollment. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) Eeva-Liisa Pelkonen.

768a, Writing on Architecture. 3 credits. The goal of this course is to train students in the principles and techniques of nonfiction writing as it applies to architecture. The course includes readings from the work of prominent architects and critics, as well as writing exercises of various kinds and sizes, from business letters and brief reviews of books and exhibitions, to opinion pieces and formal presentations of buildings and projects. The main focus of the course is an extended article on a building selected from a variety of types and historical periods, such as skyscrapers, private houses, industrial plants, gated communities, malls, institutional buildings, and athletic facilities. Limited enrollment. Carter S. Wiseman.

770a, Architecture on Stage: Critiques of Meaning. 3 credits. This seminar investigates the critiques of the mechanisms of meaning in the architectural discussion of the 1970s. Special emphasis is given to the Italian, French, and German concerns with positive models of significance in architecture, mainly by authors peripheral to Manfredo Tafuri and Michel Foucault. The discussion sheds light on a mode of questioning, which is intimately linked to the notion of "Postmodernism" in architecture. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. (Not offered in 2003-2004.) Emmanuel Petit.

771b, Theories of Digital Technology: Architecture, Informatics, and the Post-Human. 3 credits. This seminar serves as a broad overview of developments in the history and theory of information technology by considering advances in art, science, mathematics, programming, and hardware design. Examining figures as diverse as Claude Shannon, Donald MacKay, Alan Turing, and John Von Neumann, the course explores how computers have opened up new ways of thinking about a variety of cultural practices and how these transformed practices feed back into the production of new tools. Artificial life, cellular automata, complexity theory, cyberspace, robotics, nanotechnology, and the post-human body serve as the underlying framework for discussion of the morphological and technical future of architecture in a post-critical context. Beginning with a series of lectures, programming exercises, readings, and guest speakers, students are asked to explore a chosen area of research and present their findings in a verbal presentation and a final paper. Limited enrollment. Michael Silver.

774b, Thematic Studies in Architecture: The Everyday, the Ordinary, and the Banal. 3 credits. This seminar considers the notion of the everyday as a critical political construct. Readings from Lefebre, Vico, and others are followed by analyses of domesticity, gender, and authority as manifested in the commonplace and contingent. Limited enrollment. Steven Harris.

775a, Modern Space and Domesticity, 1900-1940. 3 credits. The seminar is a simultaneous study of different concepts of space in the architecture of early modernism and of new concepts of domesticity through a case-study investigation of five or six canonic houses of the modern movement from roughly 1925 to 1940. This synthetic focus is approached through readings and through a series of model-making exercises that will investigate the literal making of parts of each of these houses with the aim of understanding the social and spatial implications of specific formal decisions. (This course satisfies the M. Arch I History and Theory elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. (Not offered in 2003-2004.) Lauren Kogod.

777b, Kahn in Context. 3 credits. This seminar closely examines the work of Louis I. Kahn, with emphasis on his relationship to such other "romantic resisters" of orthodox Modernism as Frank Lloyd Wright, Eero Saarinen, Paul Rudolph, and Philip Johnson. Limited enrollment. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) Carter S. Wiseman.

789a, Homebodies: Identity, Technology, and the Human Senses. 3 credits. This seminar explores the architectural implications of a wide range of overlapping cultural issues that are transforming the nature of contemporary domesticity. Analyzing dwellings built at different scales (freestanding houses, multiple dwellings, hotels and mobile homes) and located in a variety of geographic contexts (urban, suburban, and rural), the course considers some of the following questions. What role does architecture play in shaping human and, in particular, gender identities? How are changing notions of work and leisure coupled with the advent of new technologies impacting the domestic environment? How does residential design register prevailing social conceptions about the corporeal body and the human senses? By paying close attention to the complex relationship between space and human interaction, students evaluate the significant role domestic architecture plays in shaping how occupants relate with each other, with their neighbors, and with the outside world. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. Joel Sanders.

790b, Modern Architecture and Urbanism in Latin America, 1920s-1960s. 3 credits. This seminar examines modernity and modernization in Latin American beginning with the period after the Mexican Revolution that led to a massive building of schools and concluding with the founding of Brasilia. The seminar consists of weekly lectures followed by discussion and presentation of analysis projects. In addition to a written paper in response to a research question, students select a building or urban design complex and produce a 2-D and 3-D analysis. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. Susana Torre.

791c, Rome: Continuity and Change. 3 credits. (Open only to M.Arch. I second-year and M.Arch. II first-year students.) This intensive four-week summer workshop takes place in Rome and is designed to provide a broad overview of that city's major architectural sites, topography, and systems of urban organization. Examples from antiquity to the twentieth century are studied as part of the context of an ever-changing city with its sequence of layered accretions. The seminar examines historical continuity and change as well as the ways in which and the reasons why some elements and approaches were maintained over time and others abandoned. Drawing is used as a primary tool of discovery during explorations of buildings, landscapes, and gardens, both within and outside the city. Students devote the final week to an intensive independent analysis of a building or place. M.Arch. I students are eligible to enroll in this course after completing at least three terms. The course requires an additional tuition charge. Limited enrollment. Alexander Purves, Stephen Harby, and visitors.

799a or b, Independent Course Work. 3 or 6 credits. Program to be determined with a faculty adviser of the student's choice and submitted, with the endorsement of the study area coordinator, to the Rules Committee for confirmation of the student's eligibility under the rules. (See Rules and Regulations of the School of Architecture.)

Courses 639b, 912b, 914b, and 925a, offered by the School in the Building Technology and Practice and in the Urbanism and Landscape study areas, also may be taken for elective credit in the area of History and Theory.

The following courses offered elsewhere in the University may be taken with the permission of the instructor. Permission of the study area coordinator is required for credit toward the elective requirement.

History of Art

HSAR 121a, Building the Western World. 3 credits. An overview of Western architectural traditions with an emphasis on history, urbanism, technology and construction, theory, social context, civic identity, and, more generally, learning to look at buildings. Christy Anderson, Sandy Isenstadt.

HSAR 200a/ARCG 120a, Art and Architecture of Mesoamerica. 3 credits. Art and architecture in Mexico and Central America from the beginnings of urban settlement to the Spanish conquest. Examination of the Olmec, Maya, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Mixtec, and Aztec cultures. Mary Miller.

HSAR 213a, American Material Life: Domestic Architecture and Decorative Arts in the Seventeenth Century. A survey of American architecture and decorative arts through the 1670s. Examination of buildings, furniture, metals, ceramics, and glass in light of cultural and economic contexts. Emphasis on such issues as cultural transfer and creolization as they affect English, Dutch, French, and Spanish material culture in North America. Edward Cooke, Jr.

HSAR 214b, American Material Life: Domestic Architecture and Decorative Arts in the Eighteenth Century. A survey of American architecture and decorative arts from the 1670s until the American Revolution. Examination of buildings, furniture, metals, ceramics, and glass in the various cultures in North America: English, French, Dutch, Germanic, Spanish, and Native American. Topics include the effect of colonial systems on local production and importation, the rise of an American polite society, and regional contexts of production. Edward Cooke, Jr.

HSAR 238a/ARCG 238a/NELC 107a, Buried Cities: Thera, Pompeii, and Herculaneum. 3 credits. Study of three ancient cities buried by volcanic eruptions-- Thera in c. 1530 B.C. and Pompeii and Herculaneum in A.D. 79-- with emphasis on their architecture, wall paintings, and small finds in cultural and historical context. Karen Foster.

HSAR 299a/ARCH 321a, Modern Architecture. 3 credits. Architecture and urbanism from about 1876 to the present, with emphasis on the events of the past two decades. Vincent Scully.

HSAR 407b, Royal Maya Cities. 3 credits. An exploration of the art and architecture in selected Maya cities, with particular attention to the courtly production of works that bear Maya hieroglyphic writing. Examination of the archaeological record and the historiography that has shaped interpretation. Cities to be studied in 2004 include Palenque, Yaxchilan, Tonina, Piedras Negras, and Bonampak. Mary Miller.

HSAR 430a, Architecture and Desire. 3 credits. A study of the powerful emotion that connects architecture to religious devotion, physical love, and material luxury. Readings include historical and contemporary theory that addresses architecture and the emotional life. Close study of selected buildings from antiquity to the present. Christy Anderson.

HSAR 466b, Case Studies in Modern Architecture. 3 credits. An appraisal of architecture in the period from 1955 to 1970, when modern design was extended to its widest range of architectural applications, tested in relation to numerous contemporary issues, and in many cases found wanting. Special attention paid to the work of individual architects, taking advantage of recent acquisitions at the University Archives. Sandy Isenstadt.

HSAR 525b, The City of Rome. 3 credits. This seminar is structured around a trip to Rome during spring break. Class meetings address the history, topography, urban politics, architecture, and art of Rome from antiquity to the eighteenth century, with some attention to late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century urbanism and restoration policy as well. Topics include the myth of Rome's origins; urban planning; Roman sculpture and architecture; the city as spectacle; imperial spaces and monuments; temple and church construction; the relic cult and pilgrimages; civic icons; the survival of pagan artifacts in the Middle Ages; tombs and cemeteries; early travel guides; palaces and villas; the use of spolia and the construction of a monumental memory. Also CLSS 878b. Björn Ewald, Christopher Wood.

HSAR 634b, Architecture of the English Renaissance. 3 credits. A close study of the major monuments in Tudor and early Stuart England including Elizabethan, prodigy houses, religious and devotional architecture, garden design, building in London, and the changes in court architecture. Special attention is given to the relationship of architecture to the other arts (including literature and book design, theater, painting, textiles) as well as to the current political and cultural debates. Christy Anderson.

HSAR 655a, Garden and Garden Design 1550-1800. 3 credits. In the light of recent reassessments of the study of gardens in Italy, France, and Britain, this seminar considers some of the current debates in the field. Emphasis is placed on topics, such as politics and gardening, the Gothic and classical revivals, the garden as a setting for display and performance, for which there is primary material in the Yale collections (notably, the BAC, Beinecke, and the Lewis Walpole Library) and which are of special interest to the instructor and to the participants in the course. Gardening practices in countries other than those mentioned above can be included as well. Judith Colton.

HSAR 689a, Glass in Modern Architecture. 3 credits. The course reviews the changing uses of glass in a range of building types from the nineteenth to the twentieth century. Several introductory sessions review the historical development of glassmaking technology and survey the use of glass in architectural theory and building practice. These sessions cover also the development of the glass manufacturing industry, changes in the practice of window making, and key new uses of glass in the nineteenth century, including the Crystal Palace Exhibition of 1851 and the use of large sheets of glass for shop front displays. Twentieth-century changes in the use and understanding of glass are discussed in the context of the invention of the curtain wall in Chicago and in regard to the utopian visions of the German avant-garde and efforts on the part of figures like Bruno Taut and Mies van der Rohe to articulate the formal implications of an architecture of glass. With the rise of a modern architecture characterized by increased use of glass, more theoretical issues are discussed, such as transparency A session on resistance to a glass architecture is also included, with reference especially to the work of Louis Kahn, many of whose designs were difficult to glaze. Concluding sessions consider the uses of architectural glass in light of new technological developments as well as in terms of recent stylistic conventions. Sandy Isenstadt

HSAR 699a, The Architecture of Art Museums: Functions and Forms. 3 credits. This seminar examines museum buildings with particular attention to how they fulfill their functions. The main focus is museums built after World War II, especially for students' reports; but the background in architecture and ideas during the nineteenth and earlier twentieth centuries is covered in introductory lectures, extensive readings, and discussions. John Walsh.

HSAR 781a/b, Problem and Theory in Afro-Atlantic Architecture I and II.3 credits. The seminar addresses a new frontier-- rebuilding the inner cities. This refers to Latino and mainland black cities within the cities of America. Accordingly, the course focuses on major roots of Latino and black traditional architecture-- Ituri Forest and Namibian spatial solutions, Berber casbah architecture and its interactions with the Jews on Djerba isle and in Morocco, the concept of the Muslim assatayah creolized into the Iberia azotea and the spread of this terrace-roof style throughout Latin America. Topics include the architecture of Djenne, Berber art and architecture, Mauritanian sites, the monumental stone architecture of Zimbabwe, the sacred architecture of Ethiopia, and Muslim-influenced architecture from Rabat to Zanzibar. Then comes a case-by-case examination of some of the sites of African influence on the architecture of the Americas-- the Puerto Rican casita; the southern verandah; the round-houses of New York, Virginia, North Carolina, Mexico, Panama, and Colombia; Ganvie, the Venice of West Africa, and its mirror image among the tidal stilt architectures of blacks of the Choco area in Pacific Colombia. The seminar ends with the shrine architecture of New World adherents of the classical religions of Dahomey. Also AFAM 749a. Robert Thompson.

PHIL 330b/HUMS 350b/LITR 314b, Art, Love, and Beauty. 3 credits. A critical examination of the divorce of beauty and love that is a presupposition of the establishment of aesthetics and of a distinctly modern approach to art. Writers include Plato, Alberti, Baumgarten, Kant, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Freud, and Marcuse. Karsten Harries.

REL 837a, Latin American Art, Architecture, and Religion: 1492-1800. 3 credits. The course demonstrates that Christianity has been the most important factor in shaping Latin American reality and cosmovision. It also demonstrates the utopian-eschatological hopes of the early missionaries to the New World, and shows how their missiological techniques used art, music, and worship to inculcate the new religion. The Baroque opulence of the Counter-Reformation manifests Popular Religion, also known as Popular Religiosity, and explains how the Christian images were understood and how they acted as part of the conversion process. The final part of the course concerns California, Texas, New Mexican missions, and contemporary theological reflection on popular religion. The course is of interest to Divinity School students, students of religious art, and historians of Latin America. Jaime Lara.

Visual Representation

John C. Eberhart, Study Area Coordinator

The visual representation study area is concerned with such courses as drawing, digital media, graphics, color, photography, and actual three-dimensional modeling that, as analytical and communicative tools, are useful to the architectural design process. Visual representation courses also may include an amount of research into the particular design potentials and inclinations of each type of medium and tool, as well as the economics and revelations resulting from complex interrelations between, and simultaneous use of, all the tools taken together. M.Arch. I students are required to enroll in (and may not waive out of) 801a (Introduction to Visual Studies) in the first term. During the subsequent two terms they enroll in a series of introductory courses in drawing (802b) and digital representation (851b). With appropriate documentation of previous work and the approval of the area coordinator, one or both of these courses may be waived. These courses, or their waivers, serve as prerequisites for advanced visual representation courses. Students who have waived out of any or all of the visual representation introductory courses are still required to take 801a and at least two introductory or advanced courses selected from the visual representation curriculum listed below.

Please note: All incoming students are required to pass a preparatory course in the use of computer environments before a network account can be assigned. This course in basic computing techniques covers e-mailing, Web browsing and publishing, basic network-based computing, digital image processing, and file/folder management. The goal of the class is to familiarize students with basic digital media design and to facilitate their use of the School's Digital Media facilities.

801a, Introduction to Visual Studies: Formal Analysis. 3 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I first term.) This course studies the object of architecture-- canonical buildings in the history of architecture-- not through the lens of reaction and nostalgia but through a filter of contemporary thought. The emphasis is on learning how to see and to think architecture by a method that can be loosely called "formal analysis." Beginning with the Renaissance, the analyses move through history and conclude with examples of high modernism and postmoderism. Reading assignments and one formal analysis are assigned each week. Peter Eisenman.

802b, Freehand Drawing. 3 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I second term.) This freehand drawing course emphasizes linear description of volumes. Perceptual analysis of interior and exterior spaces and three-dimensional visualization of architectural form are stressed. Philip Grausman, coordinator; William Butler, Catherine Teale.

803a, Drawing and Architectural Form. 3 credits. This course examines the highly rigorous constructed architectural drawing through the tools of descriptive geometry, cast perspective, and sciagraphy. These tools have evolved within an historical and theoretical context of architectural representation, and can inform strategies toward the conception of architectural form. The drawing process of the constructed drawing reveals the building through the tactile materials of its own construction. Thus, mediums such as pencil, ink washes, and watercolor are an integral part of the articulation of these drawings. The appropriateness and meaning of drawn construction and its articulation are examined through a series of drawn investigations, which use the Yale campus as a point of departure. Limited enrollment. Sophia Gruzdys.

804b, Drawing Projects. 3 credits. Each student admitted to the course comes prepared with a particular subject which is investigated through the media of drawing for the entire term. There is a weekly evening pin-up with group discussion of the work in progress. Enrollment limited to nine students. (Not offered in 2003-2004.) Turner Brooks.

813a and b, Photography for Architects. 3 credits. This is a study of photography as an investigative and interpretive medium. Through lectures and assignments exploring technical and expressive concerns, this course emphasizes the development of basic photographic skills and their professional application. Limited enrollment. Victoria Sambunaris.

814b, Advanced Photography for Architects. 3 credits. This course concentrates on photographic theory and application. An individual project is required. Prerequisite: 813a. Limited enrollment. Victoria Sambunaris.

827b, Representation and Optics: Visualizing Architectural Form. 3 credits. This course tracks developments in the relationship between representation, optics, and the visualization of architectural form from antiquity to the present. Moving from descriptive writings of Vitruvius to current experiments in hypertextual representation, this course examines the architectural effects made possible by innovations of such representational techniques as optical correction, perspective projection, descriptive geometry, stereotomy, and recent work in the field of digital imaging. Students explore the formal potential of these techniques using various physical and visual formats. The work of Euclid, Ptolemy, Brunelleschi, Borromini, Guarini, Semper, and Le Corbusier as well as current practitioners serve as the basis for investigation and discussion. Limited enrollment. Mark Gage.

851b, Introduction to Digital Media. 3 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I third term.) Digital media as a design and communication tool have changed the way space is conceived, perceived, and visualized in the design process. This course introduces fundamentals of 2-D imagery and 3-D space visualization techniques using computer applications. Static and dynamic presentations, proportional and measured modeling, and representative narratives are examined. This course is taught from May 10 until June 25. John Eberhart.

860a, Web Design for Architects. 3 credits. This course investigates the use of the Web in architecture with an emphasis on design and communicating information effectively. The first half of the course is an investigation into the use of the Web as a tool for architects for Web-based portfolios, presentations, and online archiving and project collaboration technologies. Students create a series of short projects focusing on these uses. The course concludes with a final Web project. The course covers standard HTML, Dreamweaver, Flash,ÔDigital Video, Sound, VRML, QTVR, and Java Script. Dreamweaver and Flash are used as the primary design tools with Photoshop, Premiere, and 3-D Modeling as support applications. Prerequisite: 851a or b. Limited enrollment. John Eberhart.

861a/661a, 3-D Form and Materials. 3 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I first term.) This course examines the ways in which the understanding and perception of objects and the spaces they define is conditioned by the materials from which they are fabricated. It is assumed that specific materials privilege specific forms and that the visual and material properties of objects are intimately connected. Technical notebooks, exercises, and a final project are required. Each student is required to study one material in the depth allowed by a term's work. Kent Bloomer, coordinator; Paul Brouard, Susan Farricielli, Christopher Mahoney, Edward Parker, Dean Sakamoto.

862b, Digital Video Synthesis. 3 credits. This course is an introduction to desktop video with an emphasis on design for both small-format QuickTime movies for the Web and full-frame output to tape. Students create short projects, edited nonlinearly, using a drag-and-drop timeline to compose multilayered imagery with motion, keying, and transitional effects. The course covers preproduction planning, storyboarding, production shooting, and lighting in preparation for compression and manipulation methods of digital editing. Prerequisite: 851a or b. Limited enrollment. Carol Scully.

863a, Digital Space: Text and Technique. 3 credits. This course focuses on recent developments in digital modeling techniques that allow complex dynamic interactions to expand the formal discourse of architecture. Students are given intensive instruction in the software package Maya and produce work that fulfills various technical and conceptual requirements. An historical inquiry, running parallel to the instruction of digital modeling techniques, tracks developments in Euclidean, affine, and projective geometries as well as topology through the work of mathematicians and architects, including Leibniz, Reimann, De L'Orme, Semper, as well as current practitioners such as Greg Lynn, Bernard Cache, and Zaha Hadid. Limited enrollment. Mark Gage.

866b, Modeling, Animation, and Assembly. 3 credits. Recent advances in modeling, animation, and rapid prototyping allow a design to be investigated, tested, and assembled in the computer before it is actually realized. This course investigates this process through the design, animation, and fabrication of an architectural assembly. The first half of the course focuses on advanced modeling technologies. Rhino, FormZ, 3D Studio Viz, as well as the 3-D digitizer and object scanner are used to create a complex assembly. The assembly connections and sequencing are tested through object and kinetic animation techniques using 3D Studio Viz. The final assembly is fabricated and assembled using rapid prototyping technologies. Prerequisite: 851a or b. Limited enrollment. John Eberhart.

872a, Model-Based Design. 3 credits. Model-based design proposes that form (building or otherwise) can be derived from a behavioral specification of requirements. This seminar explores the role of data and formal process in generative design and covers both imperative processes (scripting and traditional programming) and declarative processes (parametrics, data-flow, and constraints), grounding the discussion in design problems and culminating in a final project. There is significant technical content and training in the use of software that promotes model-based design. Limited enrollment. Simon Greenwold.

873b, Design Computation. 3 credits. Drawing has always played both a descriptive and a generative role. Legally binding construction documents are supposed to be descriptive beyond ambiguity, while Michael Graves has called sketching "tangible speculation." Computational machines, formerly valued only as descriptive tools, are increasingly capable of producing speculative design. This seminar examines computation as a medium to pull a design all the way from exploration to rationalization. In order to engage the medium as more than electric paper, this seminar covers fundamentals of programming, data analysis, and computational geometry. Limited enrollment. Simon Greenwold.

887b, Computer-Aided Mapping. 3 credits. Management and analysis of complex data generated by 3-D scanning machines, computer simulations, and the Internet allow the designer to work in an atmosphere of unprecedented specificity. Spatial data replace flat paper-based abstractions in a shift away from conventional drawings, site surveys, and photography. The ability to robotically materialize information in real space establishes a vital link between digital cartography and architecture. Students in this seminar consider imaging systems like R.A.P.S. and L.I.D.A.R. in a semester-long project that probes the relationship between new modes of space mapping, design, and construction. The course also includes a series of lectures designed to place these new technologies in the context of contemporary architectural practice. Knowledge of AutoCAD, Maya, or 3D Studio Max is a prerequisite. Limited enrollment. Michael Silver.

899a or b, Independent Course Work. 3 or 6 credits. Program to be determined with a faculty adviser of the student's choice and submitted, with the endorsement of the study area coordinator, to the Rules Committee for confirmation of the student's eligibility under the rules. (See Rules and Regulations of the School of Architecture.)

The following School of Art courses may be taken for credit with permission of the instructor.

Art 111a or b, Visual Fundamentals. An introduction to the principles and processes of visual expression, using studio exercises and experiments to explore fundamental concepts. Students achieve a basic level of visual literacy, applicable to the study of popular culture as well as art. No prior drawing experience is necessary. This course is required for all art majors. Materials fee: $75. Sarah Oppenheimer and faculty.

Art 114a or b, Basic Drawing. An introduction to drawing, emphasizing ideas and techniques, especially pictorial syntax and the articulation of space. Class work is based on observational drawing. Assigned projects explore fundamental technical and conceptual problems suggested by both historical and recent art. This course is required for all art majors. Barbara Grossman, Clint Jukkala, Kurt Kauper, Sarah Oppenheimer, Robert J. Reed, Jr., George Rush, and faculty.

Art 116a, Color. Study of the interaction of color, ranging from fundamental problem solving to individually initiated expression. Students use the collage process for most class assignments. Richard Lytle.

Art 120a or b, Introductory Sculpture. This course explores the range of what sculpture might be and familiarizes students with current genres and issues in contemporary sculpture. Assignments are designed to help students develop a personal way of working alongside, and in response to, the history of contemporary art. Attention is paid throughout to understanding and articulating formal structure, both physical and conceptual. Group discussion complements the studio work. The shops and the studio will be available during class time and during days and evenings throughout the week. Enrollment limited to twelve. Materials fee: $75. Bonnie Collura, Ulrik Heltoft, and Joe Scanlan.

Art 132a or b, Introductory Graphic Design. A studio introduction to visual communication with an emphasis on the principles of the visual organization of design elements in order to communicate a message to a particular audience. The course includes shape, color, and communication; visual hierarchy; word/image relationships and integration; typography; symbol design; and persuasion. The aim of the course is to develop a general understanding and a verbal and visual vocabulary to describe, generate, and evaluate basic graphic design objects from a conceptual, visual, and technological point of view. Materials fee: $150. Pamela Hovland and Henk van Assen.

Art 210a or b, Sculpture as Object. This course is designed to give students the skills needed to think with materials. The course also introduces concepts of design and form in sculpture. A wide range of techniques and materials are introduced, including wood, metal, plaster, clay, paper, plastics, and fabric. Students are instructed in the use of wood and metal tools. Assignments are connected to specific materials, and the course stresses and explores the process of making work, the myriad ways in which material can take up space, and how this speaks to the history of sculpture. Group discussion complements the studio work. The shops and the studio will be available during class time and during days and evenings throughout the week. Enrollment limited to twelve. Materials fee: $75. Daphne Fitzpatrick.

Art 221b, Intermediate Drawing. Continued study of drawing as a visual language, emphasizing deeper mastery of formal and conceptual issues. Assignments and individual projects explore conceptual, historical, and technical issues in drawing. Class sessions offer a wide range of approaches to objective and nonobjective drawing and allow exploration of students' historical affinities and personal interests through independent projects. Prerequisites: Art 114a or b and 115b. Pamela Marks.

Art 345a and 346b, Intermediate Sculpture. In this course students continue to work in response to assignments. The assignments are designed to provide further investigation into the history of making and thinking in sculpture and to raise questions pertinent to contemporary art. The opportunity exists to explore new techniques and materials while honing familiar skills. This course is designed to help students become self-directed in their work. Individual and group discussion, and visits to museums and galleries, play a significant role in this course. Enrollment limited to twelve. Materials fee: $75. Prerequisite: one term of introductory-level sculpture or equivalent, or permission of instructor. Joe Scanlan.

Art 356a and 357b, Printmaking. Instruction in various printmaking mediums. Relief and reduction techniques, collographs, monotypes, and drypoint are taught in the fall term. The spring term begins with drypoint and continues with etching and intaglio techniques, including projects in color. Group and individual projects stress the specificity of the mediums. May be taken more than once. Materials fee: $150. Prerequisites: Art 114a or b and one term of Art 111a or b, 115b, 116a, or 130b. Rochelle Feinstein and faculty.

Art 359a, Lithography. Basic techniques of stone and photo lithography. Students complete five individual projects investigating the potential of lithographic techniques. The course includes a brief introduction to lithography as an historical medium. Materials fee: $150. Prerequisites: Art 114a or b and one term of Art 111a or b, 115b, 116a, or 130b. Faculty.

Art 445a and 446b, Advanced Sculpture. This course provides the opportunity for a program of self-directed work in sculpture. Group discussion of student projects, and readings, slides, and video that address current art practice, are core to this class. Regular individual and group critiques monitor the progress of each independent project. Enrollment limited to twelve. Materials fee: $75. Prerequisite: one term of intermediate-level sculpture or equivalent, or permission of instructor. Jessica Stockholder.

Urbanism and Landscape

Alan J. Plattus, Study Area Coordinator

The urbanism and landscape study area involves the study of aesthetic, economic, social, and political influences on the spatial form of urban places. M.Arch. I students are required to take 902b, 903a, and one additional course from the following list: 905b, 912b, 914b, 917a or b, 922a, 925b, 935a, or 938b.

902b, Introduction to Urban Design. 3 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I second term.) An introduction to the history, analysis, and design of the urban landscape. Emphasis is placed on understanding the principles, processes, and contemporary theories of urban design, and the relations between individual buildings, groups of buildings, and the larger physical and cultural contexts in which they are created and with which they interact. Case studies are drawn from New Haven and other cities. Karla Britton.

903a, Introduction to Planning and Development. 3 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I third term.) This course demonstrates the ways in which financial and political feasibility determine the design of buildings and the character of the built environment. Students propose projects and then adjust them to the conflicting interests of financial institutions, real estate developers, civic organizations, community groups, public officials, and the widest variety of participants in the planning process. Subjects covered include housing, commercial development, zoning, historic preservation, parks and public open space, suburban subdivisions, planned communities, and comprehensive plans. Alexander Garvin.

905b, Intermediate Planning and Development. 3 credits. This seminar examines the interaction of the market, location, finance, political context, and building design. Topics include housing, retail, and office development; zoning; historic preservation; business improvement districts; and building re-use and rehabilitation. Each subject is examined by technical fundamentals, national trends, and its local manifestation in a specific Manhattan neighborhood. Students adjust proposed subjects to the conflicting interests of financial institutions, real estate developers, civic organizations, community groups, public officials, and a wide variety of participants in the planning and development process. Prerequisite: 903a or equivalent course work. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I Urbanism and Landscape elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. Alexander Garvin.

912a, American Cultural Landscapes: An Introduction to the History of the Built Environment in the United States. 3 credits. This course is an introduction to the history of the cultural landscape from 1800 to the present, surveying the economic, political, social, and aesthetic choices behind the creation of built environments in the United States. This cultural landscape has evolved through decisions about the use of land and natural resources, the planning of towns, the development of transportation and infrastructure, and the promotion of various building types and architectural styles. After a brief review of Native American and colonial settlement patterns, the first section of the course (1800-1920) deals with traditional towns and large cities. The second section (1920-2000) deals with the peripheral growth that has transformed downtowns and shaped diffuse metropolitan regions. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I Urbanism and Landscape elective requirement.) Dolores Hayden.

914b, Built Environments and the Politics of Place. 3 credits. Call it the built environment, the vernacular, everyday architecture, or the cultural landscape, the material world of built and natural places is intricately bound up with social and political life. This seminar on American built environments of the twentieth century emphasizes readings on urban history as well as on narrative strategies for interpreting spaces and places. They include J. B. Jackson, Landscape in Sight: Looking at America, Dolores Hayden, The Power of Place: Urban Landscapes as Public History, Anne Spirn, The Language of Landscape, Greg Hise, Magnetic Los Angeles, Michael Sorkin, ed., Variations on a Theme Park, Karal Ann Marling, As Seen on TV, William Leach, Country of Exiles: The Destruction of Place in American Life, Robert Fogelson, Downtown: Its Rise and Fall, and Lisabeth Cohen, A Consumers' Republic. The importance of place-based scholarship for public history, preservation, and design is discussed. Participants present papers or other projects. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I Urbanism and Landscape elective requirement.) (Not offered in 2003-2004.) Dolores Hayden.

917a or b, Joint Community Development Clinic. 3 credits. A multidisciplinary, collaborative, clinical course focused on issues of neighborhood revitalization, urban policy, and community design. This course is based on ongoing efforts in the Dwight neighborhood in New Haven. Faculty and students are drawn from the following professional schools: Architecture, Epidemiology and Public Health, Forestry & Environmental Studies, Law, Management, Medicine, and Nursing. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I Urbanism and Landscape elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. Michael Haverland, Alan Plattus, and faculty.

921a, Preservation. 3 credits. A seminar on the history and theories of architectural preservation, their roles in shaping urban form, and emerging questions about the effectiveness of preservation practice within the larger landscape. Problems presented by the rapidly aging legacy of Modernist buildings are considered. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I Urbanism and Landscape elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. (Not offered in 2003-2004.) Catherine Lynn and visitors.

922a, Gender, Territory, and Space. The seminar explores gender and territory as they affect women's and men's everyday experiences of built environments and the city. We consider how gender (along with race, class, age, and sexual orientation) affects the design and use of a range of spaces from the most private to the most public. The main focus is on the United States from the late nineteenth century to the present, but we look at other countries for examples of built projects fostering full citizenship and integration into urban life, or for practices of spatial segregation that deny basic civil rights. Readings are drawn from architecture, history, gender studies, and geography and include Ryan, Women in Public, Hayden, Redesigning the American Dream, Forsyth on Noho (lesbian and gay gentrification), Rothschild, ed., Design and Feminism: Re-Visioning Spaces, Places, and Everyday Things, and Rendell, ed., Gender, Space, Architecture. Participants develop papers. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I Urbanism and Landscape elective requirement.) (Not offered in 2003-2004.) Dolores Hayden.

925a, Cities, Suburbs, and the Problem of Sprawl. 3 credits. In 2000, more Americans lived in suburbs than in rural areas and central cities combined. This seminar explores the changing meanings of "city" and "suburb" in the American metropolitan landscape and considers definitions of "sprawl." The process of building and marketing suburbia has been influenced by political coalitions promoting urban growth and by federal subsidies for real estate development. Examining architecture and land use, this seminar surveys seven suburban configurations: the "borderlands" of the 1820s; the picturesque enclaves of the 1840s; the dense streetcar suburbs of the late nineteenth century; the mail-order house boom of the 1920s; the mass-produced bedroom communities of the 1950s; the mall-centered "edge cities" along highways; and the rural fringes of the 1980s and 1990s. A research paper of approximately twenty pages is required. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I Urbanism and Landscape elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. Dolores Hayden.

926b, Globalization Space: Twelve Urban Landscapes. 3 credits. Global business organizations develop millions of square feet of "U.S.-style" spaces serving, for instance, retail, entertainment, tourism, and production. This seminar explores twelve global sites where these spaces emerge to generate unusual politics (e.g., tourist centers in North Korea, a software campus near Hyderabad). While location and orientation define the conventional site, these so-called "real estate products" are often defined and propagated without information about location. They exist as abstracted organizations and their boundaries are measured in temporal, legal, and organizational calibrations. Discovering territory in these commercial logistics informs an improvisational practice of architecture that potentially assumes a more ingenious political position with greater spatial consequence. Limited enrollment. Keller Easterling.

935a, Case Studies in Urban Development. 3 credits. Participants in this seminar study and visit projects that have affected the course of urban development in America. The seminar's objective is to evaluate the political, financial, design, and philosophical bases of these projects and then examine the results on the landscape. At the end of the term each participant presents an alternative for one of the projects that have been analyzed. Limited enrollment. (Not offered in 2003-2004.) Alexander Garvin.

938b, High-Density Urbanism: Hong Kong, a Cultural Case Study. 3 credits. By 2011, 50 percent of the earth's population will be living in major urban centers. Of these centers, fifty-eight will be categorized as "mega-cities" of which forty-eight will be located outside the developed world and will have some form of multiple intensive land use (MILU) as their primary mode of urban zoning. The urban configurations of these "new" centers, like the post-colonial city of Hong Kong, are distinctly different from their first-world counterparts, due in degrees to forms of cultural hybridity as a result of their colonial experience. Using Hong Kong as a case study, this seminar introduces historical and cultural background leading to the configuration of its unique urban form. The seminar examines the unique characteristics of hyper-density and explores conceptual frameworks leading toward possible applications in architecture and urban design by using examples from contemporary Hong Kong architecture, cinema, and writings. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I Urbanism and Landscape elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. Leslie Lu.

953b, Architecture, Landscape, and Ecology. 3 credits. This seminar deals with the ecological base for integrating landscape with architecture. The seminar is organized around public lectures by seven practitioners whose work represents different approaches to the new role of landscape as it relates to architecture and ecology. Course work consists of biweekly public lectures with assigned readings, seminar discussion with visitors, and one small design assignment developed over the length of the term. Limited enrollment. (Not offered in 2003-2004.) Diana Balmori.

999a or b, Independent Course Work. 3 or 6 credits. Program to be determined with a faculty adviser of the student's choice and submitted, with the endorsement of the study area coordinator, to the Rules Committee for confirmation of the student's eligibility under the rules. (See Rules and Regulations of the School of Architecture. Available for credit to fulfill the M.Arch. I Urbanism and Landscape elective requirement with the approval of the study area coordinator.)

Course 764b, offered by the School in the History and Theory study area, also may be taken for elective credit in the Urbanism and Landscape study area.

The following courses offered elsewhere in the University may be taken for credit with the permission of the instructor.

Yale College

AMST 270a/HIST 170a, Women in America: From the Colonial Period to 1900. 3 credits. Survey of the history of women and gender roles from the English settlement of the North American coast to 1900. Emphasis on work and family roles, social and political movements, and regional, racial, and cultural variation. Rebecca Tannenbaum.

AMST 421a, Seminar on the City: New York. 3 credits. An exploration of the place and meaning of New York City in American literature, photography, painting, and film in the twentieth century. Examination of figurative representations of New York; the city as a symbol. Authors include Carl Van Vechten, Mary McCarthy, Piri Thomas, and Paul Auster. Visual texts include works by James VanDerZee, Helen Levitt, Weegee, Ralph Fasanella, and Diane Arbus, among others. Karene Grad.

AMST 424a/HIST 435a, An Introduction to the Cultural History of Things. 3 credits. An introduction to the use of goods and objects-- from eighteenth-century tea sets to twentieth-century television sets-- as primary sources in cultural history. Examination of the various ways material culture has been understood by historians, theorists, archaeologists, marketers, collectors, museums, and consumers. Kariann Yokota.

AMST 429b/ANTH 404b, American Communities. 3 credits. Consideration of the concept of community and an examination of various kinds of communities-- ranging from those defined by social proximity to those defined by a common experience or ideology-- that are part of the American experience, in order to understand the value Americans place on community itself, and the ways in which the pull of individualism exacts a toll on that commitment. (Formerly amst 301a). Kathryn Dudley.

ANTH 421a, Archaeological Approaches to Architecture. 3 credits. An archaeological study of architectural remains, from a historical and theoretical perspective. Particular attention to the ways in which contrasting theoretical orientations have shaped excavation and analytical strategies. The geographical focus is comparative, including both Old World and New World cases. Richard Burger.

ANTH 604b, American Communities. 3 credits. Consideration of the concept of community and an examination of various kinds of communities-- ranging from those defined by social proximity to those defined by a common experience or ideology-- that are part of the American experience, in order to understand the value Americans place on community itself and the ways in which the pull of individualism exacts a toll on that commitment. Kathryn Dudley.

ANTH 721a, Archaeological Approaches to Architecture. 3 credits. The archaeological study of architectural remains is considered from a historic and theoretical perspective. Particular attention is given to the way in which contrasting theoretical orientations have shaped excavation and analytical strategies. The geographical focus of this seminar is comparative and includes both Old World and New World cases. Also ARCG 721a. Richard Burger.

EP&E 385a, New Haven and the Problem of Change in the American City. 3 credits. Examination of the rapid transformation of New Haven and other American cities over the past century as a case study of urban change and urban policy. One New Haven neighborhood's history and prospects considered in detail through studies of amelioration, gateways, gentrification, and common gain. Themes include the planning and policy implications of the flow of higher-income populations away from the inner city. Discussion of the creation of communities of common gain in depopulated urban cores. Douglas Rae, Cynthia Farrar, Stephen Lassonde, Alan Plattus.

ITAL 320b, Italy's Cities. 3 credits. An interdisciplinary course examining the history, literature, painting, and architecture of Italy's cities. Topics rotate from year to year. The topic for 2004 is Florence. Kristin Phillips-Court.

SOCY 109a, Globalization: A Critical Introduction. 3 credits. Interdisciplinary debates about the impact of increased global trade, migration, and communications on international and national governance, creation and distribution of wealth, cultural heterogeneity, and the environment. Deborah Davis.

SOCY 131a, Sociology of the Arts and Popular Culture. 3 credits. An introduction to sociological perspectives on the arts and popular culture. Topics include the relationship between culture and society; the role and meaning of the arts from a sociological perspective; mass culture and the culture industry; culture and commerce, art, and politics. Analysis of art works, classical and popular music, film, and literature. Ron Eyerman.

Law School

LAW 20023 and 21016 (full-year course), Housing and Community Development. 3 credits. A two-term, multidisciplinary clinic involving students from the Schools of Law, Management, Divinity, Forestry & Environmental Studies, Public Health, and Architecture. Under the supervision of faculty and members of the local bar, participants will work on behalf of nonprofit organizations and small businesses to promote job creation, neighborhood revitalization, low-income housing, access to capital and credit, and social service delivery in the New Haven area. The clinic will emphasize a nonadversarial, transactional approach to problem solving. As legal, financial, architectural, and social policy advisers, participants will research legal issues, facilitate negotiations, draft contracts, incorporate organizations, complete loan and grant applications, develop financial analyses, and draft architectural plans, among other tasks. Class topics will include professional responsibility, real estate finance, low-income housing policy, community development corporations and financial institutions, neighborhood planning, public school reform, and urban economic policy. This clinic will be taught on a two-term basis; students are encouraged but not required to enroll for two terms. Enrollment limited to twenty. Also MGT 694a. R.A. Solomon.

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