International Relations

International Affairs Council
Yale Center for International and Area Studies
210 Luce Hall, 34 Hillhouse, 432.3418
M.A.

Chair
John Gaddis (History)

Associate Chair and Director of Graduate Studies
Cheryl Doss (Economics) (223 Luce Hall, 432.9395, cheryl.doss@yale.edu)

Professors
Abbas Amanat (History), Ivo Banac (History), Michele Barry (Medicine), Beatrice Bartlett (History), Seyla Benhabib (Political Science), Frank Bia (Medicine), Paul Bracken (Management), William Burch, Jr. (Forestry & Environmental Studies), Paul Bushkovitch (History), David Cameron (Political Science), James Crowley (History), Deborah Davis (Sociology), Michael Dove (Forestry & Environmental Studies), Eduardo Engel (Economics), J. Joseph Errington (Anthropology), Daniel Esty (Forestry & Environmental Studies; Law), Robert Evenson (Economics), William Foltz (Political Science), Paul Freedman (History), John Gaddis (History), Penelope Goldberg (Economics), Roger Gould (Sociology), Timothy Guinnane (Economics), Koichi Hamada (Economics), Valerie Hansen (History), Robert Harms (History), Paula Hyman (History), Gilbert Joseph (History), Donald Kagan (History), Stephen Kellert (Forestry & Environmental Studies), William Kelly (Anthropology), Paul Kennedy (History), Ilona Kickbusch (Epidemiology & Public Health), Benedict Kiernan (History), Harold Koh (Law), Anthony Kronman (Law), Theodore Marmor (Management), Enrique Mayer (Anthropology), Robert Mendelsohn (Forestry & Environmental Studies), John Merriman (History), Michael Merson (Epidemiology & Public Health), William Nordhaus (Economics), Curtis Patton (Epidemiology & Public Health), Merton Peck (Economics), Gustav Ranis (Economics), W. Michael Reisman (Law), John Roemer (Political Science), Susan Rose-Ackerman (Political Science, Law), Frances McCall Rosenbluth (Political Science), Bruce Russett (Political Science), Lamin Sanneh (Divinity; History), T. Paul Schultz (Economics), Stuart Schwartz (History), James Scott (Political Science), Martin Shubik (Management), Helen Siu (Anthropology), Frank Snowden (History), Jonathan Spence (History), T. N. Srinivasan (Economics), Ivan Szelenyi (Sociology), Frank Turner (History), Christopher Udry (Economics), John Wargo (Forestry & Environmental Studies), Ruth Wedgwood (Law), Robin Winks (History), Jay Winter (History)

Associate Professors
Nora Groce (Epidemiology & Public Health), Jean Lanjouw (Economics), Philip Levy (Economics), K. Geert Rouwenhorst (Management)

Assistant Professors
Arun Agrawal (Political Science), Michael Auslin (History), Jennifer Bair (Sociology), Lynne Bennett (Forestry & Environmental Studies), Kent Buse (Epidemiology & Public Health), Jose Cheibub (Political Science), Brian Cowan (History), Keith Darden (Political Science), Seth Fein (History), Anna Grzymala-Busse (Political Science), Mary Habeck (History), Anastassios Kalandrakis (Political Science), Lawrence King (Sociology), Sharon Kinsella (Sociology), Kavesh Koshnood (Epidemiology & Public Health), Pierre Landry (Political Science), Richard Lindsey (Management), Pauline Jones Luong (Political Science), Ellen Lust-Okar (Political Science), Michael Mahoney (History), M. Victoria Murillo (Political Science), Mridu Rai (History), Linda-Anne Rebhun (Anthropology), Nicholas Sambanis (Political Science), Kenneth Scheve (Political Science), Andrew Schrank (Sociology), Timothy Snyder (History), Steven Stoll (History), Christopher Timmins (Economics), James Vreeland (Political Science), Leonard Wantchekon (Political Science)

Lecturers
George Andreapolis (Epidemiology & Public Health), Marian Chertow (Forestry & Environmental Studies), Giancarlo Corsetti (Economics), Cheryl Doss (Economics), Debbie Humphries (Epidemiology & Public Health), Jean Krasno (Political Science), Eric Mood (Epidemiology & Public Health), Nancy L. Ruther (Political Science), James Sutterlin (Political Science)

Adjunct & Visiting Professors
Albert Fishlow (Adjunct, Management), Henry Huttenbach (History), William Odom (Adjunct, Political Science), Patricia Pessar (Adjunct, Anthropology/American Studies)

Fields of Study
The two-year program is designed to combine breadth of knowledge of the basic disciplines of international relations with depth of specialization in a particular academic discipline, geographic area, specialized functional issue, and/or professional field. It is designed primarily for students seeking an M.A. degree before beginning a career in international affairs but also supports students interested in going on for a Ph.D. degree in economics, history, or political science. Joint degrees, as well as concentrations within the M.A. program, are offered with the School of Management, the Law School, the School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health.

Special Admissions Requirements
Applicants must take the GRE General Test and should preferably do this by the October testing date; students whose native language is not English must pass the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) in October with a minimum score of 610 on the paper-based test or 253 on the computer-based test. Entering students must have taken introductory courses in microeconomics and macroeconomics prior to matriculation.

Special Requirements for the Master's Degree
The substantive core consists of six graduate-level courses: two history courses (one regional and one great power); two in political science (one in world or comparative politics and one in international relations); and two graduate-level courses in economics (one economic analysis and one international economics). In addition, all first-year students are required to take the workshop in international relations (see course description below for INRL 700a).

Beyond the core courses, each student must identify a coherent set of courses and demonstrate their academic integrity as a proposed concentration for approval by the director of graduate studies. The concentrations require a minimum of eight and a maximum of ten courses in the fields selected. Some of the courses are cross-listed in two or more departments. Students are able to develop concentrations based on a topical, regional, or disciplinary focus.

M.A. candidates are required to achieve an average grade of High Pass in graduate courses plus a minimum of two grades of Honors in term courses, one of which will normally be achieved during the first year. For each grade of Pass, there must be an additional grade of Honors.

Political Economy of Trade, Development, or Business
Within a broad field of political economy, students generally specialize in one of the professional arenas of trade, international business, or international development by taking eight courses beyond the core. They must take three to five additional courses in economics and politics directly related to their professional specialization and at least one of these courses must be in quantitative methods in the first term to prepare for advanced course work. Students specializing in trade or business must complete their concentration by taking an additional three to five relevant courses in law, management, finance, health resource administration, and/or environmental and natural resources policy. Students focused on development should complete their concentration with three to five relevant additional courses in anthropology, management, epidemiology, health resource administration, and/or environmental and natural resources policy.

International Security
A specialization in international security is available in conjunction with International Security Studies (ISS). Concentrations in security studies are usually based on courses in history, political science, law, and management. Concentrations of security studies are often combined with a focus on a world region. Students may draw on resources available through United Nations Studies at Yale. Other courses can be selected in consultation with the director of graduate studies of the IR Program.

World Regions
It is also possible to undertake concentrations with emphasis on a single geographic region by electing additional courses relating to a specific area. YCIAS councils, including African Studies, East Asian Studies, European Studies, Latin American and Iberian Studies, and Southeast Asia Studies, provide a wealth of research, teaching, and enrichment activities. M.A. degrees in African Studies, East Asian Studies, and Russian and East European Studies are available through these YCIAS councils.

Natural Resource Management and Environmental Policy
A concentration in natural resource management and environmental studies requires a student to meet two basic objectives. First, to develop core knowledge in the natural sciences that are relevant to natural resource management and the environment. Second, to understand the social, economic, and political setting through which natural resources are utilized. To achieve the first objective, a student will normally complete, while at Yale, a minimum of four natural science courses concerning the problems of managing air, water, or land, or plant or animal resources. To achieve the second objective, a student will normally complete four courses at Yale that deal with the economic, political, or social aspects of natural resource management and the enviroýment. In addition, a student concentrating in natural resources also may enroll in the summer technical training modules in plant identification, vegetation measurement, and land measurement. The School of Forestry & Environmental Studies teaches these immediately prior to the beginning of the fall term. Students in the IR Program who wish to concentrate in F&ES should design an individualized program with a faculty member in the school in conjunction with the DGS of the IR Program.

Law and Human Rights
For those concentrating in international law, a minimum of four term courses is required in the Law School. In addition, a student must select four additional courses that may be outside the Law School to fulfill his or her professional qualifications in the field. With a human rights legal focus, four to six of these eight courses would concentrate on the topic.

Public Health
Students wishing to concentrate in public health should take between four and six courses in the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health. These should include basic courses in health services administration and epidemiology as well as specialized courses in international health and environmental health. Students in the International Relations Program who wish to concentrate in public health should design an individualized program with a faculty member in that department in conjunction with the DGS of the IR Program.

Academic Disciplines
For those who wish to concentrate in a single discipline like history, economics, or political science, an additional six courses in the chosen field beyond the core requirement are required. In economics and political science, at least one of these courses must be in quantitative methods, taken in the first semester to set the stage for more advanced course work. In history, courses must include at least one research seminar, two in modern history, including diplomacy and international relations, and two in modern history of an area or country outside North America and Europe. In political science, courses must include one additional course beyond the core in international relations, in comparative politics or a region or country, and in political economy. In economics, the concentration must include at least one term course in the economics of a world region, in development economics, and in international economics.

Other
Other individually developed concentrations are possible provided they are well conceived, intellectually coherent, and relevant to the student's career direction. In all instances, approval must be obtained from the director of graduate studies.

Language Requirements
Three years of college-level language study or its equivalent in language mastery is required to graduate. This competence must be demonstrated through successful completion of course work or by passing a proficiency examination. For international students whose native language is not English, the language requirement may be fulfilled by demonstrated competence in English. Students pursuing joint degree programs must fulfill all language requirements before beginning the program because of the compressed schedule for other course work. Students may study language as part of their Yale program; a maximum of two of the sixteen course credits for the two-year program may be in languages.

Special Requirements for the Joint-Degree Programs
Joint-degree candidates must fulfill all of the requirements of both programs in which they are enrolled. Joint-degree students must fulfill the requirements of both programs before receiving either degree. Joint-degree candidates are required to fulfill the core and concentration requirements of the International Relations Program. An overlap of two courses is allowed between core and concentration, and a maximum of an additional two courses may be credited toward both degrees. Joint-degree students must take at least twelve graduate-level courses in Arts and Sciences departments or in professional schools other than the one granting the joint degree. Under no circumstances will students be allowed an IR concentration in the functional area in which they will be receiving a joint degree.

Applicants to the joint-degree programs must apply separately, by the appropriate deadline, to the Graduate School for the International Relations Program and to the professional school involved. Decisions on admissions and fellowship support are made independently by each school. Students are encouraged to apply to both programs simultaneously. They may also apply during their first year at Yale to the second program for a joint degree. If accepted into the new program, they must receive approval for credit allocation upon registration from both degree programs.

Program materials are available upon request to International Relations, Yale University, PO Box 208206, New Haven CT 06520-8206.

Courses
INRL 510, Ethnic Violence in Global Perspective. Arjun Appadurai. Th 2.30–4.20
This course looks at several major cases of large-scale ethnocidal conflict since the 1980s, and seeks to examine what links large-scale bodily violence to crises of identity, memory, and sovereignty in the contemporary world.

INRL 552a, Globalization and Violence: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Arjun Appadurai. W 3.30–5.20
This seminar uses the intensive reading of eight or nine monographs as the basis for intensive discussion of ethnic violence in the era of globalization. The course raises questions about the relationship between the crises of national states in the era of globalization, and addresses related forms such as censuses, constitutions, and citizenship policies in the formation of the conditions of identification. In analyzing how routine identities can become mobilized in ethnocidal forms of identification, the course seeks to define the ways in which large-scale forms and technologies for producing ethnicized forms of attachment, set the conditions for experiences of uncertainty and anger that accompany the bodily excesses of much large-scale contemporary ethnic violence. The course is concerned with the general methodological problem of relating scales to forms in social life, and in the related problem of the historical breaks implied by the idea of "globalization." The readings and class discussions deliberately focus on problems that cut across the social sciences, such as those of state cultures, crowd dynamics, genocidal stereotyping, and the making of modern minorities. A cultural perspective—one focusing on various dimensions of contextual meaning—serves to probe the limits of various disciplinary languages and images in regard to the politics of violence.

INRL 555b, Theories of International Relations. Bruce Russett. T 1.30–3.20
We analyze a variety of theories of international relations to evaluate their logical structure, empirical support, and relation to policy concerns and to other theories. Topics include theories under such categories as realism, liberal-institutionalism, and feminism. Open only to IR students.

INRL 560a, Economic Analysis. Cheryl Doss. MW 9–10.15
Introduces IR students to more advanced concepts in economics. Course emphasizes reading and evaluating the economic content of articles on a wide range of topics including consumer behavior, firm behavior, comparisons of welfare, labor markets, capital markets, and cost-benefit analysis. These articles represent research from both developed and developing economies. Also ECON 544a.

INRL 561b, International Economic Analysis. Cheryl Doss. M 1–3.20
A continuation of 560a. Extends the use of economic analysis to international economic issues including international trade, growth and development, and international finance. In addition, emphasis is placed on quantitative tools and analysis of data to address international economic issues and evaluate policies. Also ECON 708b.

INRL 578b, Crony Capitalism, Development, and Reform in Asia. David Kang. T 1.30–3.20
Why did Asia's economies grow so quickly? Why did the financial crisis of 1997 occur? Why and to what extent have these countries reformed their government-business relationship? This master's level course provides an overview of the Asian economies and focuses on South Korea, the Philippines, and Taiwan, although we may cover other countries as well. The course concentrates on understanding competing theories for development and reform, emphasizing a neoclassical economic model and an institutional model and their critiques. Although detailed knowledge of each individual country is not required, those students with less comprehensive training should expect to spend some time catching up. Topics covered include the basic analytic models, the historical context, the relative importance of the international system versus domestic politics, bureaucratic politics, government-business relations, corruption, and reform.

INRL 700a, International Affairs: Core Issues and Approaches. Nancy Ruther. Th 1–3.50
Current and traditional issues facing international-affairs professionals explored through case study analysis, simulation, readings, and discussion with faculty from related disciplines and professions as well as current practitioners. Focus on negotiation and strategic management tools for understanding and analyzing the complex interactions of different aspects of international affairs. Course emphasizes refining problem solving, presentation, and organizational skills needed by professionals entering the field. International Affairs Fellow Minh Luong will participate in the course. For first-year IR students.

INRL 730a^u, The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Security. James Sutterlin. M 1.30–3.20
Consideration of the role of the U.N. in preventing diplomacy, using force for peacekeeping, peace enforcement, and peace building, with consideration of the evolution of the U.N. and its role in a post-Cold War international system. For IR students and undergraduates only.

INRL 750b, Challenges in International Relations: Policy and Practice. Staff.
The Yale Stimson Seminar is taught by a series of practitioners who address three major international policy themes in three modules from the perspective of government, NGOs, and business. Recent themes have included: information technology and diplomacy, investment and international development, government of the global environment, rethinking national and international security, and avoiding disaster in global public health. Open to all graduate and professional students. Admission is by application only.

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