History

240 Hall of Graduate Studies, 432.1366
M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D.

Chair
Jon Butler

Director of Graduate Studies
Valerie Hansen (236 HGS, 432.1361)

Professors
Jean-Christophe Agnew (American Studies), Abbas Amanat, Ivo Banac, Beatrice Bartlett, Paul Bushkovitch, Jon Butler, Marcia Colish (Visiting), John Demos, Carlos Eire, Laura Engelstein, John Mack Faragher, Enrique Florescano (Visiting), Paul Freedman, John Gaddis, Glenda Gilmore, Robert Gordon (Law), Timothy Guinnane (Economics), Valerie Hansen, Robert Harms, John Heilbron (Visiting), Frederic Holmes (History of Medicine & Science), Paula Hyman, Matthew Jacobson, Gilbert Joseph, Donald Kagan, Paul Kennedy, Daniel Kevles, Benedict Kiernan, Bentley Layton (Religious Studies), Ivan Marcus, John Matthews (Classics), John Merriman, Edward Peters (Visiting), Cynthia Russett, Lamin Sanneh (Divinity School), Stuart Schwartz, Frank Snowden, Jonathan Spence, Harry Stout, Frank Turner, John Harley Warner (History of Medicine & Science), Robin Winks, Jay Winter, Keith Wrightson

Associate Professors
Mary Habeck, Robert Johnston, Kevin Repp, Steven Stoll

Assistant Professors
Michael Auslin, Jennifer Baszile, Alejandra Bronfman, Brian Cowan, Seth Fein, Joanne Freeman, Andrew Gregory (Classics), Jonathan Holloway, Susan Lederer, Mary Lui, Michael Mahoney, Carolyn Moehling, Carlos Noreña (Classics), Stephen Pitti, Mridu Rai, Ronald Rittgers (Divinity School), Naomi Rogers (History of Medicine & Science), Celia Schultz (Classics), Timothy Snyder, Anders Winroth, Keriann Yokota

Fields of Study
Fields include ancient, medieval, early modern, and modern Europe (including Britain, Russia, and Eastern Europe), United States, Latin America, Asia, Middle East, Africa, Jewish history; and diplomatic, environmental, ethnic, intellectual, labor, military, political, religious, social, and women's history.

Special Admissions Requirements
The department requires a short book review to accompany the application. It should cover the book that has most shaped the applicant's understanding of the kind of work he or she would like to do as a historian.

Special Requirements for the Ph.D. Degree
All students must pass examinations in at least two foreign languages, one by the end of the first year. Students are urged to do everything in their power to acquire adequate linguistic training before they enter Yale and should at a minimum be prepared to be examined in at least one language upon arrival. Typical language requirements for major subfields are as follows:

African: Either (1) French and German or Portuguese or Dutch-Afrikaans; or (2) French or German or Portuguese and Arabic; or (3) French or German or Portuguese or Dutch-Afrikaans and an African language approved by the department.

American: Two languages relevant to the student's research interests, or a high level of proficiency in one language; competence in statistics may substitute for a natural language under appropriate circumstances.

Ancient: French, German, Greek, and Latin.

Chinese: Chinese and French; additional languages like Japanese, Russian, or German may be necessary for certain dissertation topics.

East European: The language of the student's concentration plus two of the following: French, German, Russian, or an approved substitution.

Japanese: Japanese and French or German; Chinese may be necessary for some fields of study.

Latin American: Spanish, Portuguese, and French.

Medieval: French, German, and Latin.

Modern Western European (including British): French and German; substitutions are permitted as appropriate.

Russian: Russian plus French or German with other languages as required.

During the first two years of study, students normally take twelve term courses, at least eight of which shall be chosen from those offered by the department, and must achieve Honors in at least one course in the first year. Three of the twelve courses must be research seminars in which the student produces an original research paper from primary sources. One of the second-year courses will be a tutorial resulting in a prospectus for the dissertation. When this has been discussed in a dissertation colloquium and approved by the student's committee, and after any further language requirements have been met, the student takes an oral examination, normally in the third year. The examination will cover three chosen fields of concentration: a major field and two minor fields, one of which is comparative or theoretical, or on a continent different from the student's ordinary field of specialization. U.S. historians must offer a minor field that addresses historiography outside the United States. If these do not include one field dealing with premodern history, then a year's work in that earlier period must have been included among the twelve required courses. Completion of these requirements will qualify a student for admission to candidacy for the Ph.D., which must take place by the end of the third year of study.

Teaching is an important part of the professional preparation of graduate students in History. Students will teach, usually in the third and fourth years of study. Students are also encouraged to participate in the teaching programs offered by the Graduate School.

Combined Ph.D. Programs

History and African American Studies
The Department of History also offers, in conjunction with African American Studies, a combined Ph.D. in History and African American Studies. For further details, see African American Studies.

History and Renaissance Studies
The Department of History also offers, in conjunction with the Renaissance Studies program, a combined Ph.D. in History and Renaissance Studies. For further details, see Renaissance Studies.

Master's Degrees
M.Phil. Students who have completed all requirements for admission to candidacy for the Ph.D. may receive the M.Phil. degree. Alternatively, the Department of History offers, in conjunction with the Medieval Studies program, a joint M.Phil. degree. For further details, see Medieval Studies.

M.A. (en route to the Ph.D.). Students enrolled in the Ph.D. program may qualify for the M.A. degree upon completion of a minimum of six graduate term courses at Yale, of which one must be an Honors grade and the other five courses must average High Pass. Students must also pass an examination in one foreign language. A student in the American Studies program who wishes to obtain an M.A. in History, rather than an M.A. in American Studies, must include in the courses completed at least two research seminars in the History department.

Master's Degree Program. For this terminal master's degree students must pass six term courses, four of which must be in History; substantial written work must be submitted in conjunction with at least two of these courses, and Honors grades are expected in two courses, with a High Pass average overall. All students in this program must pass an examination in one foreign language.

Program materials are available upon request from the Director of Graduate Studies, Department of History, Yale University, PO Box 208324, New Haven CT 06520-8324.

Courses
HIST 512b, Aristotle's Athenaion Politeia. Donald Kagan. Th 1.30–3.20
A study of the historical portion of Aristotle's Athenian Constitution. Research seminar. Ancient Greek required. Also CLSS 885b.

HIST 514a^u, The Athenian Imperial Democracy. Donald Kagan. T 2.30–4.20
A history of Greece in the years between the Persian invasion and the Peloponnesian War, with emphasis on Athens.

HIST 516b^u, Thucydides and the Peloponnesian War. Donald Kagan. T 1.30–3.20
A study both of the great war between Athens and Sparta that transformed the world of the Greek city-states and the brilliant historian and political thinker who described it.

HIST 525b, Topics in Roman History and Culture. Carlos Noreña, Celia Schultz. F 4–6
A weekly program of research papers on various topics, given by faculty members, graduate students, and visitors to Yale, followed by formal and informal discussion. Graduate students may acquire a course credit by presenting a paper to the seminar or by writing a term paper on one of the topics chosen, together with regular participation and contributions to discussion. Suggestions for and offers of papers are welcome. Also CLSS 850b.

HIST 528a, The Italy of Theoderic (489–526) and Its Neighbors. Walter Goffart. T 1.30–3.20
Reading and discussion of the main sources documenting the "barbarian" kingdoms in the former West Roman Empire until the conquests of Justinian (534–555). The focal point is the Ostrogoth Theoderic, who sought harmony with the Vandals, Burgundians, Visigoths, Franks, Alamans, and others. East Rome and especially the Papacy are not overlooked. Special attention is reserved for cultural pinnacles of the age, such as the Latin poets of the Vandal kingdom, the laws of the "barbarian" kingdoms, Cassiodorus, Boethius, and Dionysius Exiguus.

HIST 532b^u, Jews in Muslim Lands: Seventh to Sixteenth Century. Ivan Marcus. TTh 11.30–12.45
Introduction to Jewish culture and society in Muslim lands from the Prophet Muhammad to Suleiman the Magnificent. Topics to be discussed include Islam and Judaism; Jerusalem as a holy site; rabbinic leadership and literature in Baghdad; Jewish courtiers, poets, and philosophers in Muslim spain; the Jews in the Ottoman Empire.

HIST 533b^u, The History and Literature of Beauty. Ivan Marcus, Giuseppe Mazzotta. T 1.30–3.20
Examination of how Jews and Christians wrote about the beautiful and the ugly, the ethical and the vicious, cultural truth and error. Consideration of literary, polemical, and exegetical texts as well as visual sources from both cultures in medieval and early modern European times. Authors include St. Augustine, Maimonides, Dante, and Chaucer.

HIST 535a^u, History of Jewish Culture to the Reformation. Ivan Marcus. TTh 11.30–12.45
Undergraduate lecture course open to graduate students by permission of instructor.

HIST 540a, Reading and Research in the European Middle Ages. Anders Winroth. Th 1.30–3.20
An introduction to research and recent work in medieval European history.

HIST 542b, Law in Medieval Europe. Anders Winroth. Th 1.30–3.20
This seminar explores the creation, in the thirteenth century, of a sophisticated system of law, the European Common Law (ius commune). All late medieval and much modern legislation is based on this legal system. The course focuses on the roots in the Roman law of Emperor Justinian and in ecclesiastical legislation. We also study its influence on local medieval law. The emphasis is on learning the technical skills necessary to use medieval law in historical research.

HIST 559b, The Life and Thought of Martin Luther. Ronald Rittgers, Miroslav Volf. W 1.30–3.20
This course examines the intellectual biography of Martin Luther from a theological as well as a historical perspective. Its goal is to understand both the man and his ideas. The course stresses close reading of select theological treatises and critical engagement of recent trends in Luther scholarship. Enrollment is limited to fifteen graduate students. Permission of instructors required. Also REL 762b, RLST 912b.

HIST 561b^u, Critical Issues in the Renaissance and Reformation. Marcia Colish. T 1.30–3.20
This course considers debates of historians on major controversial issues in Renaissance and Reformation history, treating church history, political history, and social history. Topics include continuities and discontinuities between late medieval religion and the Reformation; Florentine civic humanism and its causes; and women, children, and theology as political ideology in the period. Some prior background preferred. Also RLST 679b^u.

HIST 566b^u, History of Jewish Culture, 1500 to the Present. Paula Hyman. TTh 10.30–11.20
A brief introduction to the history of Jewish culture from the late Middle Ages until the present. Emphasis on the changing interaction of Jews with the larger society as well as the transformation of Judaism in its encounter with modernity. Also RLST 774b^u.

HIST 602a, Microhistories. Keith Wrightson. Th 10.30–12.20
Research seminar. The first weeks are devoted to reading and discussing a number of outstanding microhistorical studies of individuals, families, communities, incidents, and processes, principally drawn from the literature on early modern England. Particular attention is paid to questions of sources and their use. Thereafter, members of the class undertake research exercises on edited primary sources. Particular use can be made of the records of Earls Colne, Essex (available in their entirety in microfiche and online).

HIST 604b, Revolutionary Britain, 169o–1776. Brian Cowan. W 9.30–11.30
Readings in British history from the civil wars of the seventeenth century to those of the eighteenth. Emphasis is on the political and intellectual history of religious, dynastic, and constitutional conflicts in England, Scotland, Ireland, and the extended British empire.

HIST 609b, Mutualities and Obligations: Social Relationships in Early Modern England. Keith Wrightson. Th 10.30–12.20
Relationships of mutual obligation were the most fundamental of all bonds in medieval society. In their various forms, they provided both the template of social relations and the coordinates of individual identity. In the course of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, many such bonds are deemed to have undergone transformation. The seminar reexamines this theme by discussing recent approaches to a variety of relationships of mutuality and obligation; relationships within the household; between kinsfolk, "friends," and neighbors; in female networks and trade brotherhoods; in the institutional settings of manor and estate, the parish, voluntary associations, and the marketplace. The aim is to encourage fresh thinking about continuity and change in a range of vital social relationships; their conduct, their idioms, their defining contexts, and their meanings.

HIST 615b, Introduction to English Paleography and Archival Sources for Research in English History. Maija Jansson. T 1.30–3.20
Various types of ecclesiastical, parliamentary, and governmental records of the fifteenth to seventeenth century are studied, as well as private correspondence, medicinal and culinary receipts, Guildhall accounts, etc.

HIST 616a, The European Enlightenment. Darrin McMahon. W 4–6
This course examines European thought and culture from roughly the late seventeenth century to the time of the French Revolution. An emphasis is placed on the examination of recent critical and historiographical perspectives.

HIST 617a, Science, Society, and Politics in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Frank Turner. T 1.30–3.20
This seminar examines a number of major texts in European thought dealing with the emergence of the new science in the seventeenth century and its impact on social and political thought. There is an emphasis on the study of works that students will in all likelihood later find themselves having to teach and on works in European thought that had major impact on colonial American political thinking. The major writers to be considered include Montaigne, Bacon, Hobbes, Newton, Descartes, Locke, Swift, Hume, and Rousseau. (Students should read Herbert Butterfield, The Origins of Modern Science, at their earliest opportunity.)

HIST 618b^u, The Scientific Revolution. John Heilbron. TTh 1.30–2.45
A survey of the natural science that developed between the Age of Discovery and the French Revolution. The course covers the background in Aristotelian philosophy; the shift from geocentric to heliocentric astronomy; the replacement of scholastic natural philosophy by the ideas of Galileo, Descartes, and Newton; the roles of the Catholic and Protestant churches, universities, and learned academies; the invention and improvement of scientific instruments; and the science of the Enlightenment. Also HSHM 679b^u.

HIST 619b^u, Before and after Darwin. Frank Turner. T 1.30–3.20
The emergence of evolutionary thinking in early Victorian England. Critical reading of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species and The Descent of Man. Attention to the impact of Darwin on religion, social ethics, and philosophy and the debate over Darwin in twentieth-century America.

HIST 635a, Readings in Modern French History. John Merriman. T 10–12
Readings and discussion of recent work on the social, political, economic, and cultural history of modern France.

HIST 646b, Socialism in Europe from Babeuf to Gramsci. Frank Snowden. W 10.30–12.20
Main currents of European socialism in their historical context. Attention is paid to utopian socialist thinkers, Marx and Engels, anarchist and libertarian thought, Russian populism, Fabian socialism, revisionism, anarcho-syndicalism, Lenin, and Gramsci.

HIST 655b, Relations of the Great Powers since 1890. Paul Kennedy.
Reading and discussion. Among the topics covered are the "New Imperialism," the military and naval arms race prior to 1914, the relationship between domestic politics and foreign affairs, the First World War and the alteration of the Great Power order, the "new diplomacy," appeasement, and the rise of the dictator-states. There is a heavy emphasis on historiography, and an encouragement to relate economic and strategical trends to diplomatic. Meets on Wednesday evenings.

HIST 670a, Imperial Russia and the Challenge of Modernity. Laura Engelstein. M 1.30–3.20
This seminar explores selected themes in the late imperial period relating to the problem of modernity as a social and cultural concept, focusing on issues of ideology, representation, and political culture. Subjects include the invention of tradition, the emergence of personality, myths of national identity, and the ethos of rule. Readings in primary sources, as well as from the recent scholarly literature (most in English, some in Russian).

HIST 675b, Nationalism in the Balkans. Ivo Banac. W 1.30–3.20
Assessment of various trends in the national ideologies of the Balkan peoples from sixteenth-century protonational ideas to post-Communist conflicts. Reading and discussion.

HIST 682a^u, Jews in Eastern Europe, 1730–1939. Paula Hyman. TTh 2.30–3.45
An exploration of Eastern European Jewry, its traditional culture, and its political and ideological transformations. Topics include the social matrix of tradition, Hasidism, Haskalah (Enlightenment), changing political status, and the emergence of secular movements such as Zionism and socialism.

HIST 684b, Ukraine and Poland, 1569–1999. Timothy Snyder. T 1.30–3.20
A reading course on the western question in Ukraine and the eastern question in Poland. Topics include political union (1569), the Cossack rebellion (1648), imperial rule, national movements, communism, and contemporary relations.

HIST 700a, Introduction to the Historiography of the United States. John Mack Faragher. TTh 10.30–12.20
Readings and discussion of scholarly work on U.S. history from the settlement era to the present. Members of the department faculty visit the class on a rotating basis. Also AMST 700a.

HIST 703b, Research in Early National American History. Joanne Freeman. T 1.30–3.20
Students are expected to write an original research paper making extensive use of sources from the period. During the course of the semester they present a formal prospectus to the class. They also critique each other's papers at the end of the semester, each student serving as the primary reader for a paper of his or her choice during a final course meeting. Initial course sessions may include introductory readings to familiarize students with the historiography of the period.

HIST 704a, Readings on Early American History. John Demos. W 1.30–3.20
Reading and discussion of the scholarly literature. Also AMST 825a.

HIST 705b, Research on Early American History. John Demos. W 1.30–3.20
Projects to be chosen from the "colonial" period (1492–1763). Research seminar. Also AMST 824b.

HIST 712b, The American Civil War. Mary Habeck. M 1.30–3.20
An in-depth look at the causes, course, and consequences of the Civil War. We examine the social, cultural, and political background of the war; the military realities of war; the war and race, gender, and society; and the continuing consequences of the war. Reading and discussion.

HIST 721a, Research Seminar in U.S. and European History. Jon Butler. T 10.30–12.20
This research focuses on the craft/art of writing an article. Students may write on any subject in U.S. and European social, political, and religious history in the early modern to modern eras. Also AMST 721a, RLST 524a.

HIST 735b, Readings in Twentieth-Century American Political and Social History. Glenda Gilmore. W 10.30–12.20
Recent trends in American political history from the 1800s, with an emphasis on the social analysis of mass politics and reform. Also AFAM 706b, AMST 714b.

HIST 740a, Readings in African American History since 1865. Glenda Gilmore. W 10.30–12.20
An introduction to major primary and secondary scholarship in twentieth-century African American history. Critical analyses of social movements and gender, culture, and class politics. Methodological issues of particular importance to minority populations are also explored. Also AFAM 710a, AMST 742a.

HIST 751a, Race and Races in American Studies. Matthew Jacobson. T 1.30–3.20
This reading-intensive seminar examines influential scholarship across the disciplines on "race" and racialized relations in American culture and society. Major topics include the cultural construction of race; race as both an instrument of oppression and an idiom of resistance in American politics; the centrality of race in literary, anthropological, and legal discourse; the racialization of U.S. foreign policy; "race mixing"; vicissitudes of "whiteness" in American political culture; and "race" in the realm of popular cultural representation. A lengthy review essay due at the end of the semester gives students a chance to explore in depth the themes, periods, and methods which most interest them. Also AFAM 687a, AMST 701a.

HIST 757a, Culture in U.S. International and Transnational Histories. Seth Fein. W 1.30–3.20
Reading seminar that examines interdisciplinary approaches to the study of "culture" in relations between, within, and among the United States and other nations (mainly since 1900). Discussions and papers focus on comparing methodologies, using theory, doing research, writing history. Topics include globalization, Americanization, transnationalism, and hybridity; gender, national identity, international relations, and state formation; imperialism, postcolonialism, hegemony, and resistance; mass culture, political economy, foreign policy, and postmodernity. Also AMST 775a.

HIST 762a, Chicano Historiography. Stephen Pitti. Th 1.30–3.20
A review of the major texts relevant to the historical study of Mexican Americans in the United States. Themes include gender, labor, immigration, citizenship, community formation, transnationality, and the border. Assigned readings are in English. Also AMST 759a.

HIST 768b, Asian American History and Historiography. Mary Lui. W 3.30–5.20
This reading and discussion seminar examines new trends in Asian American history through a selection of recently published texts and older "classics" from the field. Major topics include the racial formation of Asian Americans in U.S. culture, politics, and law; U.S. imperialism; U.S. capitalist development and Asian labor migration; and transnational and local ethnic community formations. Consideration of both the political and academic roots of the field and its evolving relationship to "mainstream" American history. Also AMST 768b.

HIST 790b, Narrative, and Other, Histories. John Demos. W 3.30–5.20
An exploration, through readings and discussion, of the recent "literary turn" in historical scholarship. Readings include history, fiction, and some theory. In addition, a month-long "practicum" focuses on writings by course participants. Also AMST 790b.

HIST 799b, The American Century: 1941–1961. Jean-Christophe Agnew. W 10.30–12.20
This seminar looks at recent work in the intellectual and cultural history of WWII and Cold War America—the years between the New Deal and the New Frontier. Secondary readings highlight current directions in historiography as well as the range of research opportunities available, while class assignments and discussions focus for the most part on the different ways one can teach the period and its documentary sources, including literature, film, music, and painting. The seminar aims to suggest the richness and coherence of this period as a subject for intellectual and cultural historians—especially for those wishing to pursue a research topic in this area—and as an occasion to explore the possibilities for interdisciplinary teaching. Also AMST 799b.

HIST 805a, Approaches to the Social History of Colonial Latin America. Stuart Schwartz. M 1.30–3.20
An introduction to the historiography and methodologies such as ethnohistory, cultural studies, and historical demography, emphasizing the major themes and authors. Readings and discussion prepare students for the writing of a historiographical essay.

HIST 807b, Resistance, Rebellion, and Survival Strategies in Rural Latin America. Gilbert Joseph, Patricia Pessar. W 3.30–5.20
An interdisciplinary examination of new conceptual and methodological approaches to such phenomena as peasants in revolution, millenarianism, "banditry," refugee movements, and transnational migration. Also ANTH 510b.

HIST 815b, Problems in History and Historiography of the Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Caribbean. Alejandra Bronfman. Th 10.30–12.20
This course examines prominent debates in Caribbean historiography, drawing from the literatures of the anglophone, francophone, and Hispanic Caribbean. It works within a comparative framework in the exploration of issues including race and nationalism, state formation, gender, migration, and globalization.

HIST 820a, Problems in Modern Mexican History. Enrique Florescano. Th 1.30–3.20
This course is a new interpretation of the formation of Mexican historical conscience. Instead of studying the thought of different individual historians, this course analyzes the historical canon or model that was used in the assessment, study, and transmission of the knowledge of the past during a long period. From pre-Hispanic times to the twentieth century, this course emphasizes the processes of national identity and integration through historical discourse. Most dissertations present numerous illustrations, in order to ascertain the use of iconography in the formation of historical conscience.

HIST 829a^u, The History of the Islamic Near East from Mohammad to the Mongol Invasion. Adel Allouche. MW 9–10.15
An examination of the shaping of society and polity from the rise of Islam to the Mongol conquest of Baghdad in 1258. The origins of Islamic society; conquests, and social and political assimilation under the Ummayyads and Abbasids; the changing nature of political legitimacy and sovereignty under the caliphate; provincial decentralization; and new sources of social and religious power. Also NELC 802a^u.

HIST 832a, Modern Middle Eastern Historiography and Research. Abbas Amanat. W 3.30–5.20
This course examines the state of scholarship, research methods, and analysis with special reference to the modern Middle East. It covers historiographical debates, impact of social sciences, cultural studies, and Orientalism as well as archives and manuscript sources, research projects, and historical styles.

HIST 841b, The Culture of Colonialism in African History. Michael Mahoney. T 1.30–3.20
This course examines the intersection of political economy and culture during the colonial era in African history, from 1885 to 1960. The central question for the course is, How did the colonial state manage to stay in power? Through its use of symbolic power and representation? Through the cultivation of legitimacy or hegemony? Or simply by coercion and domination alone? Topics include education, medicine, religion, the civilizing mission, indirect rule, and the psychology of colonialism. We consider the work of such Africanists as Ranger, Cooper, Glassman, the Comaroffs, and Fanon, as well as such non-Africanists as Foucault, Stoler, Scott, Mitchell, and Said. Also AFST 841b.

HIST 862a, Historical Documents in Pre-Modern China. Valerie Hansen. T 1.30–3.20
A survey of the historical genres of pre-modern China: the dynastic histories, other chronicles, gazetteers, literati notes, and Buddhist and Daoist canons. How to determine what different information these sources contain for research topics in different fields? Prerequisite: at least one semester of classical Chinese.

HIST 862b, Research Seminar in Pre-Modern China. Valerie Hansen. T 1.30–3.20
Writing seminar emphasizing the use of primary sources. Prerequisite: HIST 862a.

HIST 863a, Traditional Chinese Historiography. Annping Chin. M 3.30–5.20
The course examines the ways Chinese historians worked from the time before Confucius to the eighteenth century. The topics include the writing of chronicles and narrative history, the relationship of commentaries to early classics, the development of an exegetical tradition, and the art and theories of several great Chinese historians. Readings are in both English and classical Chinese.

HIST 865a, China, State, and Society, 1600–1949. Jonathan Spence. W 3.30–5.20
An exploration of some of the main themes in the history of modern China. Topics include Qing political and social history, foreign imperialism, dynastic decline, intellectual explorations, the rise of the communist party, and the impact of Japan. Reading and discussion. Chinese not required.

HIST 866b, China and the Wider World, 1830–1979. Jonathan Spence. Th 1.30–3.20
This course gives a broad view of Chinese relations with the world at large, from the period of the first opium war to the collapse of the Guomindang on the mainland. Some of the focus is on the wars with Britain, France, and Japan, but attention is also given to the impact of foreign missionaries, the translation of texts, the development of press and other media, the role of foreign ideologies, the growth of international business, the varying patterns of Chinese travel abroad (both in diplomacy and for study), the Korean war, and the idolization of the Cultural Revolution. Reading and discussion. Chinese not required.

HIST 868b, Ch'ing and Early Republican Research Resources. Beatrice Bartlett. F 1.30–3.20
Introduction to the research bibliography and primary sources for late imperial and early modern Chinese history (1600–1927). Oral reports and bibliographical essay. Advanced Chinese required. Research seminar.

HIST 870a^u, Historians on Modern China. Beatrice Bartlett. W 1.30–3.20
Some of the problems historians have faced in writing about modern China. Questions of historical truth, types and uses of sources, objectivity and bias, conflicting evidence. Works read include translations of writers of various nationalities (Chinese, Russian, Japanese).

HIST 872b^u, Taiwan History, 1600 to the Present. Beatrice Bartlett. T 1.30–3.20
Taiwan history from the first immigrations to the present. Topics include Koxinga and the Dutch, Qing pioneers and rebels, Taiwan as a Qing province, the Japanese colonial experience (1895–1945), Nationalist rule, the modern economic miracle, foreign relations, and democratization since the 1960s. Problems of conflicting historical interpretations. Reading and discussion.

HIST 892a, Readings in South Asian History. Mridu Rai. M 3.30–5.20
This seminar explores recent debates in south Asian history. Focused on the period of British colonial rule and Indian resistance, it explores a variety of historiographical perspectives on select themes. Topics include colonialism and culture; colonial vs. Indian modernity; dominance and resistance; the historiography of elites and "subalterns"; gender, religion, caste, and nation. No prior knowledge of south Asian history is either assumed or required.

HIST 930a, Introduction to the History of Medicine and Public Health. John Warner, Susan Lederer. M 1.30–3.20
An examination of the variety of approaches to the social and cultural history of medicine and public health. Readings are drawn from recent literature in the field, sampling writings on health care, illness experiences, and medical cultures in Europe, the Americas, Africa, and Asia from antiquity to the twentieth century. Topics include the role of gender, class, ethnicity, race, region, and religion in the experience of health care and sickness; the intersection of lay and professional understandings of the body; and the role of the marketplace in shaping professional identities and patient expectations. Also HSHM 601a.

HIST 931b, Introduction to the History of Science. John Heilbron, Frederic Holmes. W 1.30–3.20
A core seminar required for first-year graduate students in the history of science and history of medicine. The seminar, which extends through the full academic year, is a foundational introduction to the history and historiography of the history of medicine and public health, the history of the physical sciences, history of chemistry, and the history of life sciences. Also HSHM 602b.

HIST 933b^u, Science and Technology in the Twentieth Century. Daniel Kevles. T 7–8.30
An examination of the development of the scientific and technological enterprise in Europe and the United States, including its major intellectual achievements, academic and industrial institutions, relationship to war and the state, and standing in general culture. Among topics that might be considered are atomic, nuclear, and particle physics, genetics and molecular biology, microelectronics and computers. Also HSHM 714b^u.

HIST 938a^u, The Engineering and Ownership of Life. Daniel Kevles. W 1.30–3.20
The development of biological knowledge and control in relation to intellectual property rights in living organisms. Topics include agribusiness, medicine, biotechnology, and patent law. Also HSHM 676a^u.

HIST 939b^u, Biology and Society in the Twentieth Century. Daniel Kevles. MW 11.30–12.45
An exploration of issues in the understanding, engineering, and control of life. Focus on the history of genetics, molecular biology, and biotechnology and their interaction with politics, economics, law, and culture, mainly in the United States. Also HSHM 677b^u.

HIST 940a^u, Nuclear America. Daniel Kevles. T 7–8.30
A history of the nuclear enterprise from its pre-World War II origins to recent times, covering its military and civilian uses and its impact on scientific research, health and the environment, regional economies, and American politics and culture. Also HSHM 643a^u.

HIST 942a, History of Disease and Public Health in Western Societies. Naomi Rogers. T 9.30–11.20
An exploration of recent approaches to understanding the history of disease and public health in Western societies. Topics in this reading seminar, which focuses on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, include bodies and cities; contested definitions of disease, contagion, and pollution; illness, healing, and popular culture; medicine and empire; health care, the state, and charity; health education; and industrial disease and health policy. Also HSHM 725a.

HIST 950a^u, Women and Judaism. Paula Hyman. T 9.30–11.20
An examination of the changing status and roles of women within Judaism and Jewish history. Topics include women in Jewish law; the social, domestic, and religious roles of women in the modern period; and the development of Jewish feminism. Also RLST 795a^u.

HIST 955b, Sexuality, Love, Marriage, and Adultery: Historical and Literary Approaches. Laura Engelstein, Irina Paperno. Th 1.30–3.20
This team-taught course examines selected texts that deal with sexuality, love, marriage, and adultery using the methods of both historical and literary scholarship. Readings include works of literature, journalism, and religious and scientific commentary. Among major texts: Herzen's Byloe i dumy, Dostoevsky's Vechnyi muzh, Chernyshevsky's Chto delat'?, Tolstoy's Kreitserova sonata, Artsybashev's Sanin, selections from Rozanov. Reading knowledge of Russian is required. Discussions in English. Also RUSS 674b.

HIST 965a, Agrarian Societies: Culture, Society, History, and Development. Robert Harms, Steven Stoll, Michael Dove, Enrique Mayer. M 1.30–5.20
An interdisciplinary examination of agrarian societies, contemporary and historical, Western and non-Western. Major analytical perspectives from anthropology, economics, history, political science, and environmental studies are used to develop a meaning-centered and historically grounded account of the transformations of rural society. Team taught. Also ANTH 541a, F&ES 753a, PLSC 779a.

HIST 970a, When Was Europe? The Whitney Seminar on European Identities. Jay Winter. Sem. Th 4–6, Lect. Th 7
This seminar examines the proposition that Europe has never been a reality but for centuries has been an idea, expressed in a host of ways, about Enlightenment and Progress. This rhetoric informed social movements, such as Marxism, liberalism, and various forms of nationalism, as well as artistic and intellectual currents. Much of this discussion also cloaked inhumanity and barbarism, especially (but not only) in its imperial forms. This seminar examines the notion that "Europe" was as much a shifting discursive field as it was a shifting territorial one. The boundaries of both discourse and territory have never been fixed but remain fluid to this day. The seminar is complemented by a lecture series, "When Was Europe?," organized through the Whitney Humanities Center and the Yale Center for International and Area Studies. The lectures follow the Thursday seminar. Also WHIT 970a.

HIST 971b, History and Memory. The Whitney Seminar on European Identities. Jay Winter. Sem. Th 4–6, Lect. Th 7
This seminar explores facets of the historical literature surrounding issues of individual memory, collective memory, and commemoration. The focus is on modern Europe, though the literature surveyed addresses issues beyond the confines of Europe. After a survey of interdisciplinary approaches to the field, focusing on social agency, representation, trauma studies, and cognitive psychological research, two different kinds of evidence are examined. The first relates to historical sites (monuments, ruins, battlefields, landscapes) as well as social spaces (families, trials, museums); the second to representations and languages of remembrance, through the narratives of trauma, fiction, memoir, testimonial literature, photography, and film. The focus is on civil society rather than primarily on the state and the manipulation of commemorative forms. Also WHIT 971b.

HIST 980a, Genocide: History and Theory. Ben Kiernan. Th 10.30–12.20
Description and analysis of modern genocide; theories and case studies; an interregional, interdisciplinary perspective. Reading and discussion.

HIST 985a, Studies in Grand Strategy, Part II. John Gaddis, Charles Hill, Paul Kennedy, Paul Bracken. M 1.30–3.20
Part II of the two-term linked seminar offered during the calendar year 2002. Research seminar. Also PLSC 715a.

HIST 989b, Research and Writing in History. Robin Winks. W 1.30–3.20
A seminar in the writing of history as a discipline distinct from all others, with an emphasis on matters of methodology and professionalism. Intended for first-year students or students whose undergraduate major was in another discipline.

HIST 992a, The Teaching of History. Robert Johnston. Th 1.30–3.20
This course explores the teaching of history from practical, philosophical, and political perspectives.

HIST 995a/b, Prospectus Tutorial. Faculty.

HIST 998a/b, Directed Readings. Faculty.
Offered by permission of instructor and DGS to meet special requirements not met by regular courses.

HIST 999a/b, Directed Research. Faculty.
Offered by arrangement with instructor and permission of DGS to meet special requirements.

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