Faculty Profiles

Shimon C. Anisfeld, Lecturer and Associate Research Scientist in Environmental Chemistry and Water Resources. A.B., Princeton University; Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dr. Anisfeld's research interests are in the environmental chemistry and hydrology of degraded rivers and wetlands, especially in urban coastal settings. He is particularly interested in understanding the fate and effects of nutrients, sediments, and toxic organic compounds in urban watersheds; and in exploring the complex interactions among hydrologic regime, socioeconomic setting, water chemistry, and ecosystem health. Dr. Anisfeld has been involved in watershed-based nonpoint source pollution studies and an interdisciplinary investigation of the linkages between watershed health and human values/behaviors. He is also interested in methodological questions related to sampling frequency for nutrient export studies and analytical methods for measuring formaldehyde in industrial effluents. His goal is to carry out integrated research that has direct relevance to the management of watersheds.

Mark S. Ashton, Professor of Silviculture and Forest Ecology and Director of School Forests. B.S., University of Maine, College of Forest Resources; M.F., Ph.D., Yale University. Professor Ashton conducts research on the biological and physical processes governing the regeneration of natural forests and on the creation of their agroforestry analogs. In particular, he seeks a better understanding of regeneration establishment among assemblages of closely related trees. His long-term research concentrates on Asian tropical and American temperate forests. His field sites within these regions were selected specifically to allow comparison of growth, adaptation, and plasticity within and among close assemblages of species that have evolved within forest climates with differing degrees of seasonality. Findings from these studies have theoretical implications for understanding the maintenance of diversity of tree species in forested ecosystems and the adaptability of forests to climatic change. The results of his research have been applied to the development and testing of silvicultural techniques for restoration of degraded lands and for the management of natural forests for a variety of timber and nontimber products. Field sites include tropical forests in Sri Lanka and Panama, temperate forests in India and New England, and boreal forests in Saskatchewan, Canada.

Gaboury Benoit, Professor of Environmental Chemistry, Co-Director of the Hixon Center for Urban Ecology, and Director of Coastal and Watershed Systems. B.S., Yale University; M.S., Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology–Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Professor Benoit's research and teaching focus on the behavior, transport, and fate of chemicals in natural waters, soils, sediments, and biota. Two special areas of interest are nonpoint source pollutants and toxic contaminants, especially heavy metals and radionuclides. Most of his research involves state-of-the-art analytical methods and carefully designed field sampling programs, with results verified by laboratory simulations or simple mathematical models. His research is conducted in a watershed context, and study sites include freshwater and terrestrial systems, as well as estuarine and coastal environments. Two current research emphases are the use of modern clean techniques to investigate trace metals whose concentrations or fluxes occur at very low levels, and human-environment interactions in urban watersheds. He is a fellow of Trumbull College.

Graeme P. Berlyn, E. H. Harriman Professor of Forest Management and Professor of Anatomy and Physiology of Trees. B.S., Ph.D., Iowa State University. Professor Berlyn's interests are the morphology and physiology of trees and forests in relation to environmental stress. Leaves are the most responsive and vulnerable organs of trees, and Professor Berlyn studies the ways that leaf structure and function reveal the effects of environmental change such as global warming or altitudinal and latitudinal gradients. In addition, these studies can help determine the optimum range of habitats for individual species and thus be of use in reforestation and aforestation. Some of the techniques used to study these problems are: light processing by leaves in relation to environmental factors as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthesis, spectral reflectance, absorption, and transmission; and image analysis of leaf and tree structure. Professor Berlyn has also pioneered in the development of organic biostimulants that can help plants resist insect, disease, and other environmental stressors while reducing fertilizer use. Thus the Berlyn lab focuses on how to measure the stress of plant life and also on how to ameliorate it. Students in the Berlyn lab are currently working on such topics as structural and functional change along elevational gradients in mountains, molecular control of sun/shade leaf phenotypic plasticity, response of tropical pioneer species to gaps in tropical forests, and the role of antioxidants, stress vitamins, and mycorrhizas in organic biostimulants.

Garry D. Brewer, Frederick K. Weyerhaeuser Professor of Resource Policy and Management, jointly appointed with the Yale School of Management. A.B., University of California at Berkeley; M.S., San Diego State University; Ph.D., Yale University. Professor Brewer is a policy scientist who assumed his current position at Yale in July 2001. He was first appointed to the faculty of the School of Management in 1974. In 1980 he joined the faculty of the School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, and became the first recipient of the Frederick K. Weyerhaeuser Chair from 1984 to 1990. He also occupied the Edwin W. Davis Chair from 1990 to 1991. Professor Brewer has served as Dean and professor of the University of Michigan's School of Natural Resources & Environment, professor at the Michigan Business School, and as Dean and member of the faculty at the University of California at Berkeley. Professor Brewer has served on and chaired numerous national and international panels and commissions, including those of the National Academy of Sciences, the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, the Department of Energy, the Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and Sweden's National Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research. He has received several awards for his work, including the 2000 Harold D. Lasswell Award from the Policy Studies Organization for "...contributing to our understanding of the substance and process of public policy."

William R. Burch, Jr., Frederick C. Hixon Professor of Natural Resource Management and Professor at the Institution for Social and Policy Studies. B.S., M.S., University of Oregon; Ph.D., University of Minnesota. Professor Burch has held research and management positions with the USDA Forest Service, USAID, and the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. From 1984 to 1996, he was retained by the National Park Service in a research position. His work on wildland recreation behavior was among the earliest, and it has expanded to include parks, biosphere reserves, and ecotourist regions in rural and urban areas in Asia, South America, and Europe, as well as in North America. His recent work on protected areas has been in Nepal, Bhutan, and the parks and open spaces of Baltimore. Professor Burch is principal investigator of a six-year monitoring and evaluation project on the $26 million restoration of Philadelphia's Fairmount Park system.
He conducted some of the original work on community/social forestry systems, which continues with work in Nepal, Thailand, China, and inner cities of the United States. Community forestry strategies for urban neighborhoods have been applied since 1989. Research on such efforts began in 1988 when Professor Burch became co-principal investigator of an EPA/NSF-funded water and watersheds project and an NSF-funded Long Term Ecological Study (LTER) in the Baltimore/Chesapeake region. There are twenty-two such projects in the United States and this project is one of the two that examine urban areas as ecosystems. In 2000, he was awarded a John Eadie fellowship by the Scottish Forest Trust to work with colleagues and institutions in the United Kingdom on community forestry/urban ecology issues.
His work in institutional development has included technical training and higher education curriculum development in South and Southeast Asia. Another area of research and application has been in developing a unified ecosystem management approach that fully includes human behavioral variables. This work has used a watershed unit and a rural-urban gradient approach and has been conducted with an interdisciplinary team of collaborators. Initial work has been done in three watersheds in Baltimore, Maryland, since 1989 and is now carried forward by the LTER research.

Ann Elizabeth Camp, Lecturer in Stand Dynamics and Forest Health. B.S., Rutgers University; M.F.S., Yale University; Ph.D., University of Washington. Dr. Camp is interested in the dynamics of mixed species stands and the variables driving vegetation patterns at different hierarchical scales. Results of her research on sustainable patterns of late-successional and old forest habitats in fire-regulated landscapes have been widely incorporated in dry forest management and restoration efforts in the inland Northwest. Her research includes effects of biotic and abiotic disturbances on vegetation patterns at stand and landscape scales; interactions among disturbance agents and vegetation patterns, especially the roles of insects and pathogens in creating forest structures important to wildlife; and management alternatives for dense, marginally economic stands of small-diameter trees and consequences of different management practices on ancillary forest resources.

Carol Carpenter, Lecturer in Natural Resource Social Science and Lecturer in Anthropology. B.A., SUNY Binghamton; M.A., Ph.D., Cornell University. Dr. Carpenter's teaching and research interests focus on theories of social ecology, social aspects of sustainable development and conservation, and gender in agrarian and ecological systems. She spent four years in Indonesia engaged in household and community-level research on rituals and social networks. She then spent four years in Pakistan working as a development consultant, primarily on social forestry issues, for USAID, the World Bank, and the Asia Foundation, among others. She has held teaching positions at Syracuse University, the University of Hawaii, and Hawaii-Pacific University, and a research position at the East-West Center. Her current interests involve the invisibility of women's economic activities in agrarian households and the implications of this invisibility for sustainable development. She is a fellow of Calhoun College.

Benjamin Cashore, Assistant Professor of Sustainable Forest Policy. B.A., M.A., Carleton University; Ph.D., University of Toronto. Professor Cashore's research interests include globalization and the privatization of environmental governance in the forest sector (forest certification eco-labeling programs), forest resource policies of Canada, the United States, Europe, and globally, the political economy of U.S.-Canada forest products trade, and forest industry environmental/sustainability initiatives. He has held positions as a legislation/policy adviser to the leader of the Canadian New Democratic Party (1990–93); research assistant to members of the Canadian Parliament (1987–88); Fulbright Scholar at Harvard University (1996–97); and postdoctoral fellow, Forest Economics and Policy Analysis Research Unit, University of British Columbia (1997–98). He is also author or coauthor of chapters in several books published by the University of British Columbia Press, CAB International, Macmillan UK, and Oxford University Press. He is coauthor of In Search of Sustainability: The Politics of Forest Policy in British Columbia in the 1990s and is completing a manuscript comparing thirty years of environmental forest policy change in British Columbia and the U.S. Pacific Northwest. His new research project explores the privatization of environmental governance in the forest sector through a comparison of forest certification (eco-labeling) politics and policies in North America and Europe.

Sheila Cavanagh, Assistant Professor of Environmental Economics. B.A., University of Virginia; M.P.Aff., University of Texas at Austin; Ph.D., Harvard University. Professor Cavanagh's general research and teaching interests are in the area of environmental and natural resource economics and policy, including both natural resource management and pollution control. Her current area of primary research is the economics of water supply and demand, with a focus on urban settings. In particular, she is interested in measuring the effectiveness of various policy instruments, such as increasing block pricing and nonprice demand management programs, in dealing with urban water scarcity. Her long-term research interests include the determinants of access to clean drinking water among low-income populations in the United States and developing countries; efficiency losses due to economic underpricing of public water supply; and current and potential applications of water marketing and water quality trading.

Marian R. Chertow, Assistant Professor of Industrial Environmental Management, Director of the Program on Solid Waste Policy, and Director of the Industrial Environmental Management Program. B.A., Barnard College, Columbia University; M.P.P.M., Ph.D., Yale University. Dr. Chertow's research and teaching concern environmental management and policy. Primary research interests are the application of innovation theory to the development of environmental and energy technology and the study of industrial symbiosis: geographically-based exchanges of wastes, materials, energy, and water within networks of businesses. She is the editor of Thinking Ecologically: The Next Generation of Environmental Policy (with Daniel Esty), to which she also contributed work on the relevance of industrial ecology to public policy. Prior to Yale, Dr. Chertow spent ten years in environmental business and state and local government. She is a fellow of Jonathan Edwards College.

Timothy W. Clark, Professor (Adjunct) of Wildlife Ecology and Policy. B.S., Northeastern Oklahoma State College; M.S., University of Wyoming; Ph.D., University of Wisconsin-Madison. Professor Clark's primary goal in his research and teaching is to improve conservation of species and ecosystems at professional, scientific, organizational, and policy levels. He has conducted field ecological and behavioral research on thirty-five mammals and other species. He is interested in natural resource policy and management and has conducted research and applied projects, for example, in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem to develop ecosystem management policy and in Australia to evaluate endangered species policy (most recently for koalas). He is currently researching conservation policy in Central America. His work involves building case studies, evaluating policies and programs, helping organizations to incorporate reliable science into management, helping students develop proficiency in the policy sciences method of research and problem solving, and working with a wide range of groups to improve conservation problem solving through workshops and other analytic exercises. He has worked in North America, Australia, Asia, and Central America. Recent books include Averting Extinction: Reconstructing Endangered Species Recovery (1997), Carnivores in Ecosystems: The Yellowstone Experience (1999, co-edited), and Foundations of Natural Resources Policy and Management (2000, co-edited). He is a fellow of Pierson College and has an appointment at the Institution for Social and Policy Studies.

Lisa M. Curran, Associate Professor of Tropical Resources and Director of the Tropical Resources Institute. B.A., Harvard University; M.A., Ph.D., Princeton University. Professor Curran is interested in the mechanisms that underlie community structure and dynamics of tropical forests and how ecological interactions are altered by human activities. Her work aims to enhance equitable and responsible management of tropical forests by integrating knowledge of ecological processes in natural systems with the socio-political and economic realities as viewed by a diversity of users. Field research primarily in Indonesia has focused on long-term studies of the reproductive ecology, demography, and harvest of mast-fruiting Dipterocarpaceae, the most economically important family of tropical timber. Current research interests include: spatio-temporal scale of natural and anthropogenic processes and disturbance; plant-animal interactions, especially seed predation, herbivory, and seed dispersal; canopy tree demography, phenology, and regeneration; ecological role of ectomycorrhizae in ecosystems; and effects of government policies and logging practices on ecosystem management and biodiversity in Asia.

Michael R. Dove, Margaret K. Musser Professor of Social Ecology, Professor of Anthropology, and Chair of the Yale Council on Southeast Asia Studies. B.A., Northwestern University; M.A., Ph.D., Stanford University. Professor Dove's research focuses on interaction between local communities, national governments, and global agencies concerning the use of natural resources. He spent two years in a tribal longhouse in Borneo studying swidden agriculture, six years as a research adviser in Java studying the formation of government resource policy, and four years in Pakistan advising its Forest Service on social forestry policies. Recent collaborative research, funded by the MacArthur Foundation, examines the impact of supra-community, institutional factors on biodiversity. Other research and teaching interests include: the global circulation of environmental concepts; new approaches to natural disaster and degradation; indigenous environmental knowledge; contemporary and historical environmental relations in South and Southeast Asia; the study of developmental and environmental institutions, discourses, and movements; and the sociology of resource-related sciences. Professor Dove is a fellow of Calhoun College.

Paul Alexander Draghi, Lecturer in Forest History and Director of Information and Library Systems. B.A., University of Connecticut; M.A., M.A., Ph.D., Indiana University. Dr. Draghi's teaching centers on two rather different areas. The first involves the application of information technology to environmental research, and communications and problem-solving, and includes the use of database, modeling, simulation, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and other analytical software. His second teaching interest is the cultural history of how humans in different civilizations and periods relate to nature, and in particular how they characterize individuals whose role is to mediate between nature and society in literature, art, folklore, and myth. Dr. Draghi's research has included work with primary sources in Medieval Latin, Middle High German, Sanskrit, Tibetan, and Bhutanese, and his previous work at Yale included the original cataloguing of the Beinecke Library's Tibetan Collection, one of the major collections of Tibetan blockprint and manuscript texts in the world. His current research involves work on the history of hunting and forestry in German-speaking Europe and the translation of an original Tibetan manuscript from the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library that deals with the classification, training, and care of horses in Inner Asia.

Daniel C. Esty, Professor of Environmental Law and Policy; Clinical Professor, Law School; Director of the Center for Environmental Law and Policy; and Director of the Yale World Fellows Program. B.A., Harvard University; M.A., University of Oxford; J.D., Yale University. Professor Esty's research interests cover a wide range of environmental policy issues. His recent work focuses on new approaches to environmental regulation, including the use of economic incentives and other market mechanisms, enviro,mental performance measurement and the benefit of data-driven environmental decision making, environmental protection in the Information Age, private financing of environmental investments, environmental effects on competitiveness, the roles of nongovernment actors in environmental policymaking, trade and environment linkages, global environmental governance, corporate environmental management, and environment and security. He is the author or editor of a number of books, including The Global Report 2001–2002; Greening the GATT: Trade, Environment, and the Future; Thinking Ecologically: The Next Generation of Environmental Policy; Sustaining the Asia Pacific Miracle: Environmental Protection and Economic Integration; and Regulatory Competition and Economic Integration. He is a fellow of Jonathan Edwards College.

Gordon T. Geballe, Associate Dean for Student and Alumni Affairs and Lecturer in Urban Ecology. B.A., University of California, Berkeley; M.S., Ph.D., Yale University. Applying the concepts of ecosystem ecology to the study of humans is the principal focus of Dr. Geballe's current interests. Cities can be analyzed as systems through which energy and material move. Of special interest to Dr. Geballe is the development of community organization, the role of formal and informal environmental education, and the identification of urban environmental issues. These topics are the focus of numerous projects in New Haven. Dr. Geballe, with faculty and students, is involved in projects in the People's Republic of China. Current research is in Ganzu Province in northwest China looking at water/people relationships in this arid region and forestry in Fujian Province. With colleagues in the U.S., Hong Kong, and China, he is cofounder of the Sustainable Development Leadership Program, an executive program for business, government, and academic leadership in China. He is coauthor of the book Redesigning the American Lawn: A Search for Environmental Harmony (second edition, 2001). He is a fellow of Silliman College.

Bradford S. Gentry, Lecturer in Sustainable Investments and Co-Director of the Yale–UNDP Collaborative Program on the Urban Environment. B.A., Swarthmore College; J.D., Harvard University. Mr. Gentry's work explores the opportunities for using private investment to improve environmental performance. He works both across and within particular sectors/problems. The cross-sectoral work focuses on the steps policy makers can take to help develop opportunities for sustainable investments, including market frameworks, information systems, and shared investments/partnerships. The sectoral work is concentrated in two major areas—increasing private investment in (1) the delivery of urban environmental services (particularly drinking water and sanitation), and (2) sustainable forest use and management. Projects in both areas are undertaken across a range of contexts from New Haven, to developing country megacities, to wilderness forest systems. He has written extensively on the links between private investment and environmental performance, including the book Private Capital Flows and the Environment: Lessons from Latin America.

Thomas E. Graedel, Clifton R. Musser Professor of Industrial Ecology, Professor of Chemical Engineering, Professor of Geology and Geophysics, and Director of the Center for Industrial Ecology. B.S., Washington State University; M.A., Kent State University; M.S., Ph.D., University of Michigan. Professor Graedel was elected to the U.S. National Academy of Engineering for "outstanding contributions to the theory and practice of industrial ecology, 2002." His research is centered on developing and enhancing industrial ecology, the organizing framework for the study of the interactions of the modern technological society with the environment. His textbook, Industrial Ecology, cowritten with B. R. Allenby of AT&T, was the first book in the field, and he has followed it with three others: Design for Environment; Industrial Ecology and the Automobile; and Streamlined Life-Cycle Assessment. His current interests include studies of the flows of materials within the industrial ecosystem and the development of analytical tools to assess the environmental characteristics of products, processes, the service industry, and urban infrastructures. He is a fellow of Pierson College.

Timothy G. Gregoire, J. P. Weyerhaeuser, Jr., Professor of Forest Management and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs. B.S., Princeton University; Ph.D., Yale University. Professor Gregoire's research is directed to the application and development of statistical methods for natural resources and environmental phenomena. One focus has been on probability sampling with particular reference to sampling techniques applied to individual trees. A second focus has been on statistical modeling of longitudinal and spatially correlated data. The results of his research have been published widely in the forestry, ecology, and statistical literature of both subject areas. He is the coauthor of Sampling Methods for Multiresource Forest Inventory and co-editor of Modeling Longitudinal and Spatially Correlated Data. Recent pursuits include the development of sampling methods to estimate recreation use, the nature of statistical inference, and calibration estimators with sample survey data. Professionally, he has been a leader in organizations that promote the use of biometrics and environmental statistics. He is an elected Fellow of the American Statistical Association; a regional president of the International Biometric Society; and the recipient of the Forest Science Award granted by the Society of American Foresters. He is a section editor of the multivolume Encyclopedia of Environmetrics and an associate editor of Silva Fennica, and he chairs the management of the Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics.

Stephen R. Kellert, Tweedy/Ordway Professor of Social Ecology and C0-Director of the Hixon Center for Urban Ecology. B.A., Cornell University; Ph.D., Yale University. Professor Kellert's research has focused on science, policy, and management relating to the interaction of people and the natural environment. Current research projects include studies of basic values and perceptions relating to the conservation of biological diversity; the concept and practice of sustainable environmental design; the theory and application of the concept of biophilia; and connecting human and natural systems in especially urban watersheds. He has completed the following books since 1993: Kinship to Mastery: Biophilia in Human Evolution and Development (1997), The Value of Life: Biological Diversity and Human Society (1996), The Biophilia Hypothesis (co-edited with E. O. Wilson, 1993), The Good in Nature and Humanity: Connecting Science, Religion, and Spirituality with the Natural World (co-edited with T. Farnham, 2002), and Children and Nature: Psychological, Sociocultural, and Evolutionary Foundations (co-edited with P. H. Kahn, 2002). He is currently writing another book, Ordinary Nature: Exploring and Designing Natural Process in Everyday Life. Professor Kellert has an appointment at the Institution for Social and Policy Studies. He is a fellow of Branford College, a faculty affiliate at the Peabody Museum, and the F&ES faculty contact for the Divinity School Joint Degree program.

Xuhui Lee, Associate Professor of Forest Meteorology and Micrometeorology. B.S.C., M.S.C., Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, China; Ph.D., University of British Columbia. Professor Lee's research concerns the states and principles that govern the exchanges of radiation, heat, water, and trace gases between vegetation and the atmosphere. His areas of interest include forest meteorology, boundary-layer meteorology, air quality, micrometeorological instrumentation, and remote sensing. His current research projects focus on surface-air exchange in nonideal conditions, the dynamics of air motion in vegetation, forest-water relations using isotopes, carbon sequestration by terrestrial ecosystems, and mercury emission to the atmosphere.

Reid J. Lifset, Associate Research Scholar, Associate Director of the Industrial Environmental Management Program, and Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Industrial Ecology. B.A., Swarthmore College; M.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology; M.P.P.M., Yale School of Management. Mr. Lifset's research and teaching center on the emerging field of industrial ecology, which is the study of the environmental consequences of production and consumption. His research focuses on the intellectual and institutional development of the field of industrial ecology, on the application of industrial ecology to solid waste problems, on the efficacy of extended producer responsibility (EPR), and on the use of biomass as a feedstock for industrial materials. He has published extensively on EPR and on solid waste issues in professional and academic publications and is editor of the Yale Working Papers on Solid Waste Policy.

James R. Lyons, Professor in the Practice of Natural Resource Management. B.S., Cook College, Rutgers University; M.F., Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. James Lyons's research and teaching goals are to evaluate and encourage the development of environmental leadership and measures of environmental performance. He continues to work on issues in natural resource policy with a focus on the future of public and private forestland management and improving the use of science in natural resource policy and decision-making. For eight years prior to joining the faculty, Professor Lyons was USDA Under Secretary for Natural Resources and Environment in the Clinton Administration with oversight of the Forest Service and the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS, formerly the Soil Conservation Service). During his tenure, he led major reforms in the leadership, direction, and management of both the Forest Service and the NRCS. He was principal architect of President Clinton's Northwest Forest Plan to conserve old-growth forests and led USDA efforts on the Presidential initiative to protect remaining national forest roadless areas. In addition, he expanded USDA's private lands conservation programs and the department's efforts to protect clean water and fish and wildlife habitats. From 1986 to 1993, he was a staff assistant with the Committee on Agriculture, U.S. House of Representatives, and the staff director for the Subcommittee on Forests, Family Farms, and Energy. Prior to joining the House Committee on Agriculture, he served as Director of Resource Policy for the Society of American Foresters and was a program analyst with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. His publications include articles in the Journal of the Environmental Law Institute, Journal of Forestry, and other journals and books, as well as commentary in The New York Times. He has also appeared on Good Morning America, The Today Show, 20/20, 60 Minutes, and The Jim Lehrer News Hour, and has been a guest on Morning Edition, All Things Considered, and The Diane Rehm Show.

Erin T. Mansur, Assistant Professor of Environmental Economics and Assistant Professor of Economics in the School of Management. B.A., Colby College; Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley. Professor Mansur's research and teaching focus on energy and environmental economics, specifically in the areas of electricity restructuring, incentive-based environmental regulation, and environmental implications of strategic behavior. His paper on Environmental Regulation in Oligopoly Markets: A Study of Electricity Restructuring examines the welfare implications, including environmental effects, of firms exercising market power in the recently deregulated Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Maryland wholesale electricity market. He has also written on the costs and benefits of the Clean Air Act Amendments, wealth transfers in restructured electricity markets, the responsiveness of electricity consumers to prices and conservation policies, and the effectiveness of public policies in reducing homelessness.

Kathleen McAfee, Assistant Professor of Geography and Sustainable Development. B.A., Vassar College; M.A., Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley. Professor McAfee's interests center on the relationships among economic globalization, new institutions of global governance, and efforts toward more equitable sharing and sustainable use of natural resources. Her work on "Selling Nature to Save It?" analyzes problems of valuing and conserving biological variety and distributing environmental benefits and burdens in a world-market economy. Professor McAfee's recent research concerns new biotechnologies, intellectual property rights to genetic information and living organisms, and related challenges for food security, the conservation of food-crop biodiversity, and rural livelihoods. She is the author of Storm Signals: Structural Adjustment and Development Alternatives in the Caribbean (1991) and many articles on community development, gender, race, and social and environmental justice.

Robert Mendelsohn, Edwin W. Davis Professor of Forest Policy, Professor of Economics, and Professor in the School of Management. B.A., Harvard University; Ph.D., Yale University. For over two decades, Professor Mendelsohn has concentrated his research work on valuing the environment. His dissertation included an integrated assessment model of air pollution that could measure the damages of emissions. This work has been extended to acid rain and, most recently, to greenhouse gases. He has also worked on valuing natural ecosystems, from tropical rainforests in Latin America to temperate forests in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. Professor Mendelsohn hopes to extend integrated assessment to ecosystem management. He is a fellow of Ezra Stiles College.

Florencia Montagnini, Professor in the Practice of Tropical Forestry. B.S.- National University of Rosario, Argentina; M.S., Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (IVIC); Ph.D., University of Georgia. Professor Montagnini's research focuses on variables controlling the sustainability of managed ecosystems (e.g., primary and secondary forests, plantations, and agroforestry systems) in the tropics, with special emphasis on Latin America; the role of native tree species in plantations and agroforestry ecosystems in reclaiming degraded areas; the use of biological enrichment techniques with species of economic value as a forest restoration tool; and the integration of ecological principles with economic, social, and human health factors in the design of sustainable land-use schemes for the rehabilitation of degraded lands in humid tropical regions.

Chadwick Dearing Oliver, Pinchot Professor of Forestry and Environmental Studies and Director of the Yale Global Institute for Sustainable Forestry. B.S. (Forestry), University of the South; M.F.S., Ph.D., Yale University. Professor Oliver's initial research focused on the basic understanding of how forests develop and how silviculture can be applied to ecological systems most effectively. Much of this work is incorporated in a book he wrote entitled Forest Stand Dynamics (1990, and update edition in 1996) with a former student as coauthor. He has continued this work; during the past decade he has also examined how this understanding can help resolve scientific, technical, and management issues at the landscape and policy levels. He is currently working on landscape approaches to forest management and is involved in the technical tools, the policies, the management approaches, and the educational needs. Professor Oliver has considerable experience advising public and private forest resource organizations in the United States and abroad. His work has taken him to all parts of the United States and to Canada, Mexico, Turkey, Nepal, Japan, Thailand, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Ecuador, Germany, and France.

Peter A. Raymond, Assistant Professor of Ecosystem Ecology. B.S., Marist College; Ph.D., College of William and Mary/Virginia Institute of Marine Science. Professor Raymond's research focuses on biogeochemistry of natural systems. In particular, he is interested in the carbon cycle within the coastal zone. His research utilizes the natural isotopes of carbon (13C and 14C) to determine major sources, sinks, and ages of various carbon pools in the natural environment. In order to conduct this research, Dr. Raymond's lab has a 14C clean lab component where he can cryogenically purify natural carbon samples for AMS analysis. Current research includes determining how carbon pools are transformed in estuaries, the physics of air-sea CO₂ exchange, and determining the age and composition of carbon being transported from land to the ocean.

Robert Repetto, Professor in the Practice of Economics and Sustainable Development. M.Sc., London School of Economics; Ph.D., Harvard University. Professor Repetto's area of expertise is environmental and resource economics. From 1998 to 2000, he held a Pew Fellowship in Marine Conservation at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Until 1998 he was vice president and senior economist at the World Resources Institute in Washington, D.C., where he wrote numerous books and monographs on environmental policy. He has served on EPA's Science Advisory Board and National Advisory Council on Environmental Policy and Technology, on the National Research Council's Board on Sustainable Development, and on many NRC committees. He has been a professor at the Harvard School of Public Health, a World Bank official working in Indonesia, an economic adviser in Bangladesh, a Ford Foundation staff economist in India, and an economic analyst in the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. He is currently a senior adviser at Stratus Environmental Consulting, Inc., in Boulder, Colorado. His work has been honored by the Society for Conservation Biology and the British Medical Association. His recent work on environment and finance was awarded the Moskowitz Prize for 2000.

James E. Saiers, Associate Professor of Hydrology. B.S., Indiana University of Pennsylvania; M.S., Ph.D., University of Virginia. Professor Saiers studies the circulation of water and the movement of waterborne chemicals in surface and subsurface environments. One element of his research centers on quantifying the effects that interactions between hydrological and geochemical processes have on the migration of contaminants in groundwater. Another focus is on the dynamics of surface water and groundwater flow in wetlands and the response of fluid flow characteristics to changes in climate and water management practices. His work couples field observations and laboratory-scale experimentation with mathematical modeling.

Oswald J. Schmitz, Professor of Population and Community Ecology. B.Sc., M.Sc., University of Guelph, Ontario; Ph.D., University of Michigan. Professor Schmitz's research examines the dynamics and structure of terrestrial food webs. His specific focus is on plant-herbivore interactions and how they are shaped by carnivores and soil-nutrient levels, both at the level of herbivore foraging ecology and plant-herbivore population dynamics. He is also examining how natural systems are resistant and resilient to natural and human-induced disturbances. His approach involves developing mathematical theories of species interactions in food webs and testing these theories through field experiments. The work deals with a variety of ecosystems and herbivore species, ranging from moose deer and snowshoe hare in northern Canadian forests to insects in New England old-field ecosystems.

Thomas G. Siccama, Professor in the Practice of Forest Ecology and Director of Field Studies. B.S., M.S., Ph.D., University of Vermont. Professor Siccama's interests involve trace element cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. In cooperation with the University of Pennsylvania, he is establishing baseline data on the accumulation of trace metals in the forest floor of the northeastern United States. He is also working on the suggested effects of environmental pollution on the growth of forest trees, especially in relation to pitch pine and red spruce, which are declining in the Northeast. Professor Siccama continues as an active participant in many aspects of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Watershed Ecosystem project in New Hampshire. He is also involved with natural areas documentation and land-use planning.

David K. Skelly, Associate Professor of Ecology. A.B., Middlebury College; Ph.D., University of Michigan. Professor Skelly is interested in understanding the ecological mechanisms of animal distributions and in developing the means to apply that understanding to conservation and management. His studies of amphibians have been directed at determining the causes of patterns such as the extinction and establishment of populations. In order to discover the links among landscape-level distributions, performance across environmental gradients, and the attributes of individual species, he has employed field and laboratory experiments in conjunction with long-term observations of populations and their environment. Current projects include an exploration of forest dynamics as a driver of amphibian population extinctions and an investigation of the role of infectious disease as a cause for amphibian deformities.

James Gustave Speth, Dean and Professor in the Practice of Environmental Policy and Sustainable Development. B.A., Yale University; M.Litt., Oxford University; J.D., Yale University. From 1993 to 1999, Dean Speth served as administrator of the United Nations Development Programme and chair of the UN Development Group. Prior to his service at the UN, he was founder and president of the World Resources Institute; professor of law at Georgetown University; chairman of the U.S. Council on Environmental Quality; and senior attorney and cofounder, Natural Resources Defense Council.
Throughout his career, Dean Speth has provided leadership and entrepreneurial initiatives to many task forces and committees whose roles have been to combat environmental degradation, including the President's Task Force on Global Resources and Environment; the Western Hemisphere Dialogue on Environment and Development; and the National Commission on the Environment. Among his awards are the National Wildlife Federation's Resources Defense Award, the Natural Resources Council of America's Barbara Swain ,ward of Honor, the Keystone Center's National Leadership Award, a 1997 Special Recognition Award from the Society for International Development, the 1998 Leadership Award of the Alliance for United Nations Sustainable Development Programs, and the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Environmental Law Institute. Publications include articles in Foreign Policy, Foreign Affairs, Environmental Science and Technology, the Columbia Journal World of Business, and other journals and books.

John P. Wargo, Professor of Environmental Risk Analysis and Policy, Professor of Political Science, and Director of the Environment and Health Initiative. B.A., University of Pennsylvania; M.L.A., University of Massachusetts, Amherst; Ph.D., Yale University. Professor Wargo's most recent work has focused on children's exposure to air pollution, especially diesel emissions. He has conducted extensive research on childhood vulnerability to complex mixtures of toxic substances, particularly pesticides. His research explores spatial, temporal, and demographic distribution of environmental health risks, providing a basis for evaluating past environmental and natural resource management policies, and for suggesting legal reform. Our Children's Toxic Legacy: How Science and Law Fail to Protect Us from Pesticides, a book published by Professor Wargo in 1996, presents a history of law governing pesticides and a history of scientific evidence of pesticide risks during the second half of the twentieth century. The work suggests fundamental reforms of science and law necessary to identify and contain health risks. It won the American Association of Publishers award as the Best Scholarly Professional Book in Government and Political Science in 1996. Professor Wargo has also conducted extensive research on the ecological basis of park and protected area management, concentrating on the Adirondack Park in New York, barrier islands within U.S. National Seashores, and UNESCO Biosphere Reserves. He is affiliated with the Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute, and works with urban primary and secondary school teachers in developing environmental curriculum units. He is a fellow of Branford College.

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