Degree Programs

Professional and Graduate Studies

Master of Architecture I

First Professional Degree
Peggy Deamer, Director of Graduate Studies

The M.Arch. I curriculum is planned and structured to provide not only a disciplined approach to the mastery of the fundamentals of architecture, but also adequate flexibility and latitude to permit a progressively increasing degree of student options and initiatives as career goals take shape.

A three-year, full-time residency requirement applies. The School retains the Bachelor of Architecture degree solely to accommodate those few students who, in exceptional circumstances, may be admitted without the requisite underlying B.A. or B.S. degree. The School’s Master of Architecture program is fully accredited by the National Architectural Accrediting Board.

Entering students, with a sound liberal arts background assumed, are required to follow a curriculum in which their creative powers are stimulated through a sequence of problem-solving exercises involving basic and architectural design, building technology, and an introduction to design methodologies, as well as courses in architectural theory and the planning, design, and development of the urban landscape. Architectural design problems start at the scale of basic human functions and by the second term progress to building design. During the second term and until mid-June, a community building project is undertaken, which provides construction experience and the opportunity to carry a design through the building process. Third and fourth terms stress the development of design concepts in preparation for work in the advanced elective studios. During the fifth and sixth terms students are at liberty to choose one elective advanced design studio, through a lottery system, from a variety of advanced studios, many of which are led by the profession’s leading practitioners and theoreticians. With faculty approval, students may undertake an independent design thesis in lieu of one elective advanced studio in their final term.

Within the limits of certain required credit distributions, students are encouraged to explore elective course options. Course areas (falling within the broad categories of building technologies; architectural practice and construction; architectural history and theory; visual studies; digital media design; and planning, design, and development of the urban landscape) support and augment the pivotal studio offerings. Courses offered by other schools and departments within the University may be taken for credit. Emphasis throughout the program is on architectural design and decision making.

Any courses taken for credit outside the normal fall or spring Yale schedule must have prior approval from the Rules Committee.

NAAB Accreditation
In the United States, most state registration boards require a degree from an accredited professional degree program as a prerequisite for licensure. The National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB), which is the sole agency authorized to accredit U.S. professional degree programs in architecture, recognizes two types of degrees: the Bachelor of Architecture and the Master of Architecture. A program may be granted a six-year, three-year, or two-year term of accreditation, depending on its degree of conformance with established educational standards.

Master’s degree programs may consist of a preprofessional undergraduate degree and a professional graduate degree, which, when earned sequentially, comprise an accredited professional education. However, the preprofessional degree is not, by itself, recognized as an accredited degree.

The four-year, preprofessional degree, where offered, is not accredited by the NAAB. The preprofessional degree is useful for those wishing a foundation in the field of architecture, as preparation for either continued education in a professional degree program or for employment options in fields related to architecture.

Yale’s three-year M.Arch. I degree program is fully accredited by the NAAB.

Course of Study*

M.Arch. I: Total Requirement: 108 credits

* In course titles, a designates fall term, and b designates spring term. The School reserves the right to change the prescribed course of study as necessary.

† Two of the electives must be in History and Theory, and one in Urbanism and Landscape. These designated electives may be taken in any term(s), and may be selected from listings in the History and Theory and Urbanism and Landscape areas in this bulletin, or from other Yale University departments (with instructor’s permission). In order to satisfy the elective requirements, courses not listed in the Architecture Bulletin must be approved by the area coordinators. Students not on academic warning or probation may substitute independent elective course work. (See the Rules and Regulations of the School of Architecture for procedures and restrictions.)

A number of studios and support courses are required during the six-term curriculum. The studio program progresses from elements of design to complex design problems. Required courses in structures, materials, environmental systems, history and theory, urban, and visual studies support these studios. Electives in these and other areas of study complete the curriculum.

If an entering student can demonstrate competence and passing grades, from an accredited school, in the material covered in support courses required at any time during the three-year course of study, that student may be exempted from those classes. Permission must be obtained from the study area coordinators within one week of the start of the first term of the student’s curriculum. A transcript, course syllabus, and a notebook or examples of work accomplished must be presented to the study area coordinator.

First Term (Fall)
501a, Architectural Design. 6 credits. First-term students bring to the School a wide range of experience and background. Exercises introduce the complexity of architectural design by engaging problems that are limited in scale but not in the issues they provoke. Experiential, social, and material concerns are introduced together with formal and conceptual issues. Problems focus upon the fundamentals of human activity. Steven Harris, coordinator; Martin Finio, Gavin Hogben, Eeva-Liisa Pelkonen.

601a, Structures I. 3 credits. An introduction to the analysis and design of building structural systems and the evolution and impact of these systems on architectural form. Lectures and homework assignments cover structural classifications, fundamental principles of mechanics, computational methods, and the behavior and case studies of truss, cable, arch, and simple framework systems. Discussion sections explore the applications of structural theory to the design of wood and steel systemsWfor gravity loads through laboratory and computational exercises and design projects. Homework, design projects, and midterm and final examinations are required. James Axley.

661a/861a, 3-D Form and Materials. 3 credits. This course examines the ways in which the understanding and perception of objects and the spaces they define is conditioned by the materials from which they are fabricated. It is assumed that specific materials privilege specific forms and that the visual and material properties of objects are intimately connected. Technical notebooks, exercises, and a final project are required. Each student is required to study one material in the depth allowed by a term’s work. Kent Bloomer, coordinator; Paul Brouard, Victoria Casasco, Christopher Mahoney, Edward Parker, Dean Sakamoto.

701a, Modern Architecture. 3 credits. Architecture and urbanism from about 1876 to the present, with emphasis on the work of the great modern architects, and the contemporary revival of vernacular and classical architecture and American planning traditions. Vincent Scully. (Not offered in 2002–2003. HSAR 310, Building Modern Society will substitute for 2002–2003.)

801a, Introduction to Visual Studies: Formal Analysis. 3 credits. This course studies the object of architecture—canonical buildings in the history of architecture—not through the lens of reaction and nostalgia but through a filter of contemporary thought. The emphasis is on learning how to see and to think architecture by a method that can be loosely called “formal analysis.” Beginning with the Renaissance, the analyses move through history and conclude with examples of high modernism and postmoderism. Reading assignments and one formal analysis are assigned each week. Peter Eisenman.

Second Term (Spring)
502b, Architectural Design. 6 credits. The second-term studio is divided into two parts. Before spring recess, a specific building type and one or two brief design problems are the vehicles for developing basic skills in formal composition, program organization, and building construction. Considerations of typology, precedent, and their transformation inform the creative process. After spring recess, the class concentrates on the Building Project, the design of a structure for a nonprofit organization. Louise Harpman, coordinator; Brian Healy, Alan Organschi, Joel Sanders.

506b, Building Project. 3 credits. Weekly sessions develop the building and management skills needed for the Building Project. The experience focuses on the means of understanding the process, practice, and scope of the profession. The course involves client contact, programming, design, budgeting, working documentation, and actual construction. It integrates work with a nonprofit client, design of neighborhood infrastructure, and public service practice. The project extends beyond the normal end of spring term; all first-yea& st students are required to work on the project from April 29 through June 21. For more information, see the section on the Building Project on the Web: www.architecture.yale.edu. Herbert Newman, Building Project coordinator; Paul Brouard, director; Adam Hopfner and faculty.

602b, Structures II. 3 credits. A continuation of an introduction to the analysis and design of building structural systems and the evolution and impact of these systems on architectural form. Lectures and homework assignments cover more advanced principles of mechanics, reinforced concrete beams and columns, and the behavior and case studies of continuous framework, plate and grid, membrane, and shell structural systems. Discussion sections explore the application of structural theory to the design of more ambitious systems for gravity and lateral loads through computational exercises and design projects. Homework, design projects, and midterm and final examinations are required. Prerequisite: 601a. Anne Gilbert.

802b, Freehand Drawing. 3 credits. This freehand drawing course emphasizes linear description of volumes. Perceptual analysis of interior and exterior spaces and three-dimensional visualization of architectural form are stressed. Philip Grausman, coordinator; William Butler, Catherine Teale.

851b, Introduction to Digital Media. 3 credits. Digital media as a design and communication tool have changed the way space is conceived, perceived, and visualized in
the design process. This course introduces fundamentals of 2-D imagery and 3-D space visualization techniques using computer applications. Static and dynamic presentations, proportional and measured modeling, and representative narratives are examined. This course is taught from May 5 until June 27. John Eberhart.

902b, Introduction to Urban Design. 3 credits. An introduction to the history, analysis, and design of the urban landscape. Emphasis is placed on understanding the principles, processes, and contemporary theories of urban design, and the relations between individual buildings, groups of buildings, and the larger physical and cultural contexts in which they are created and with which they interact. Case studies are drawn from New Haven and other cities. Alan Plattus.

Third Term (Fall)
503a, Architectural Design. 6 credits. The studio concentrates on a medium-scale institutional building, focusing on the integration of program, site, composition, form, structure, and other issues relevant to this size building. Interior spaces are studied as well as methods of construction. Large-scale models and drawings are developed to explore design issues. Alexander Purves, coordinator; Carol Burns, Peter de Bretteville, Deborah Gans, M.J. Long, Alan Organschi.

633a, Environmental Systems in Buildings. 3 credits. Introduction to fundamental principles of thermodynamics; heat transfer; fluid dynamics; environmental chemistry; toxicology; and thermal, aural, and visual comfort. These principles are applied to build an understanding of global, regional, community, site, and building-scale environmental problems that impact architectural design. Formulation of methods for the analysis and design of environmental technologies is used to resolve these problems. Topics include: the global, regional, and local environmental context; thermodynamics and heat transfer in global, community, and building systems; psychrometrics; bioclimatic design of building systems; airflow in and around buildings; ventilation and indoor air quality; passive and active heating, cooling, and ventilating systems; energy and material resource conservation for buildings and communities; lighting; and acoustics. The course is presented in a lecture, discussion section format. Homework, computational labs, design projects, short quizzes, and a final exam are required. Thomas Auer, Patrick Bellew, Paul Stoller.

903a, Introduction to Planning and Development. 3 credits. This course demonstrates the ways in which financial and political feasibility determine the design of buildings and the character of the built environment. Students propose projects and then adjust them to the conflicting interests of financial institutions, real estate developers, civic organizations, community groups, public officials, and the widest variety of participants in the planning process. Subjects covered include housing, commercial development, zoning, historic preservation, parks and public open space, suburban subdivisions, planned communities, and comprehensive plans. Alexander Garvin.

Elective. 1 course, 3 credits.

Fourth Term (Spring)
504b, Architectural Design. 6 credits. The studio, an introduction to the planning and architecture of cities, concerns two distinct scales of operation: that of dwelling and that of the neighborhood. The dwelling necessarily addresses issues of domesticity and individual accommodation. The neighborhood addresses issues of community, group form, and the public realm, as well as the formation of public space, blocks, streets, and squares. The studio is organized to follow a distinct design methodology, which begins with the study of context and precedents. It postulates that new architecture can be made as a continuation and extension of normative urban structure and building typologies. Edward Mitchell, coordinator; Michael Haverland, Andrea Kahn, Sandro Marpillero, Alan Plattus.

648b, Systems Integration and Development in Design. 3 credits. An integrated seminar and design studio in which students develop the technical systems that will transform preliminary design proposals from earlier studio work to built form. The development of structural form and detail, articulation of construction and construction methods, integration of mechanical systems, selection and detailing of materials, and the manipulation of surface, light, and air are approached systematically as elements of design—elements used not only to achieve technical goals in a sustainable manner but also to reinforce and re-inform the formal origins of the work in a more poetic sense. The studio work is complemented by a seminar that surveys mechanical systems used in larger buildings, using both case studies and visits to buildings in use and under construction. Design project work, case study presentations, short quizzes, and homework are required. Martin Finio, coordinator; James Axley, Peter Chow, Glenn Gregg, Robert Haughney, John Jacobson, Marvin Mass, Edward Stanley, Paul Stoller, and faculty.

704b, Case Studies in Architectural Theory: Architectural Writing from Alberti to Koolhaas. 3 credits. This course examines the relationship between theory and practice and assumes that there is not always a linear relationship between writing about architecture and the design process that leads to built form. Based on different types of writings, this course explores a select group of case studies that will be discussed in relationship to parallel developments in design. Students are required to read and discover diverse approaches to writing ranging from Leon Battista Alberti’s erudite treatise to l’Abbé Laugier’s brief essay and Le Corbusier’s polemical writings to Rem Koolhaas’s “retroactive manifesto.” Michelangelo Sabatino.

Electives. 2 courses, 3 credits each.

Fifth Term (Fall)
511a–519a, Advanced Design Studio. 9 credits. (See descriptions under Study Areas and Course Descriptions.)

655a, Architectural Practice and Management. 3 credits. The process by which an architectural design becomes a building requires the designer to control many variables beyond those purely aesthetic. This course provides an understanding of the fundamentals of organizing and managing architectural projects and examines accompanying issues of practice and the profession. Using the project process as an armature, lectures explore the role and function of the architect, the legal environment, evolving types of practice, fees and compensation, building project teams, and planning and executing a project. Phillip Bernstein.

Electives. 2 courses, 3 credits each.

Sixth Term (Spring)
512b–524b, Advanced Design Studio2-13. 9 credits. (See descriptions under Study Areas and Course Descriptions.)

703b, Contemporary Architectural Theory. 3 credits. A survey of theoretical and critical literature on contemporary architecture. The course explores the texts of Marxism and the Frankfurt School, post-structuralism, psychoanalysis, feminism, and urban geography with regard to architectural discourse. Peggy Deamer.

Electives. 2 courses, 3 credits each.

Portfolio Requirement

In addition to the 108 satisfactorily completed course credits, a student, in order to receive an M.Arch. degree, must complete the portfolio requirement described below, which is administered by the Design Committee. This requirement applies to all students entering the School.

Students are required to maintain an up-to-date portfolio of work from studio courses; this includes the best work of the student’s choice and comprehensive coverage of work from each studio project for all terms the student is enrolled. The portfolio must be submitted for evaluation at the end of the third term and before graduation.

This portfolio should not exceed 15 by 20 inches and may not contain slides, tapes, or videos. The portfolio may not be submitted in digital format, on line, or on disk. Each proj-ect should be clearly labeled, stating the name of the project, term, date, and instructors.

Students are encouraged, but not required, to supplement their design studio work with projects from other courses. Such work may be accommodated in a separate section of the portfolio or in a second book.

M.Arch. I Course of Study Regulations

1. No more than one design studio may be taken in any one term.

2. A course load in the first two terms that exceeds the designated credit hours
may be taken only in exceptional circumstances and as determined by the Rules Committee. A course load in the remaining terms that exceeds the designated credit hours by 3 credits per term may be carried with the approval of the Rules Committee.

3. Students may choose to continue their work in the School for a seventh term. The optional term may consist of an elective studio and/or elective courses.

Advanced Studies

The Advanced Studies Programs include two groups of students: (1) those holding professional degrees in architecture who seek a second, master’s-level degree in this discipline (M.Arch. II, the post-professional program); (2) those holding degrees in architecture or undergraduate degrees in related disciplines who seek a nonprofessional research-based master’s degree in the areas of architecture and urbanism (M.E.D.). These programs are intended to prepare students for careers in teaching, research, and (for those holding professional degrees) professional practice.

With a number of courses available in the area of history and theory, and with access to a wide variety of Yale courses outside the School of Architecture, advanced studies students are able to expand their understanding of the broader cultural context of architecture and to develop their research interests through interdisciplinary study. Advanced studies students are also given opportunities to organize symposia, exhibitions, publications, and seminars. Thus, to an exceptional degree, they are able to shape the curriculum to their own specific interests in collaboration with other students and faculty in the School.

Master of Architecture II

Post-Professional Degree
Eeva-Liisa Pelkonen, Director of Post-Professional Studies

The M.Arch. II program is for students holding a first professional degree in architecture who are interested in developing a stronger theoretical basis for their understanding of architecture as it relates to design processes. Because the program combines two years of studio-based activities with a variety of opportunities (both course-related and individually conceived) to extend their understanding of architectural design and its meaning within a broader cultural and social context, post-professional students are given considerable freedom and support to develop an increasingly reflexive, critical, and speculative relationship to their work.

Students in the M.Arch. II (post-professional) program take the post-professional required advanced studio (523a) in the first term and choose one elective advanced design studio, through a lottery system, from a variety of advanced studios, many of which are led by the profession’s leading practitioners and theoreticians, in each of the remaining three terms. These studios are the same ones offered to M.Arch. I&Mac253;third-year students. In lieu of one announced advanced studio, in the final term, post-professional students are permitted, with the approval of the Design and Rules Committees, to design an appropriate independent studio thesis. This studio may combine written and studio material.

Course of Study^*

This degree requires the successful completion of two academic years (four terms of 18 credits each) of study and an accumulation of no fewer than 72 credits in courses, studios, or workshops.

M.Arch. II: Total Requirement: 72 credits

First Term (Fall) Second Term (Spring)

* In course titles, a designates fall term, and b designates spring term. The School reserves the right to change the prescribed course of study as necessary.

† Students not on academic warning or probation may substitute independent elective course work and advanced studios. (See the Rules and Regulations of the School of Architecture for procedures and restrictions.)

First Term (Fall)
523a, Post-Professional Architectural Design Studio. 9 credits. This studio is specially designed for incoming post-professional students to introduce them to the School’s educational program and faculty. Each student is given the opportunity to examine in depth a sequence of design problems. Keller Easterling, Edward Mitchell, Michael Silver.

Electives. 3 courses, 3 credits each.

Second Term Curriculum (Spring)
512b–524b, Advanced Design Studio. 9 credits.

703b, Contemporary Architectural Theory. 3 credits. A survey of theoretical and critical literature on contemporary architecture. The course explores the texts of Marxism and the Frankfurt School, post-structuralism, psychoanalysis, feminism, and urban geography with regard to architectural discourse. Peggy Deamer.

Electives. 2 courses, 3 credits each.

Third and Fourth Terms (Fall and Spring)
511a–519a (fall) and 512b–524b (spring), Advanced Design Studio. 9 credits per term.

717a, Issues in Architecture and Urbanism. 3 credits. Current issues in architecture and urbanism, explored through seminars and case studies introducing methods and theories of architectural research. Alan Plattus.

Electives. 2 courses fall term and 3 courses spring term, 3 credits per course.

Portfolio Requirement
In addition to the 72 satisfactorily completed course credits, a student, in order to receive an M.Arch. degree, must complete the portfolio requirement described below, which is administered by the Design Committee. This requirement applies to all students entering the School.

Students are required to maintain an up-to-date portfolio of work from studio courses; this includes the best work of the student’s choice and comprehensive coverage of work from each studio project for all terms the student is enrolled. The portfolio must be submitted for evaluation at the end of the second term and before graduation.

This portfolio should not exceed 15 by 20 inches, and may not contain slides, tapes, or videos. The portfolio may not be submitted in digital format, on line, or on disk. Each project should be clearly labeled, stating the name of the project, term, date, and instructors.

Students are encouraged, but not required, to supplement their design studio work with projects from other courses and extracurricular work. Such work may be accommodated in a separate section of the portfolio or in a second book.

M.Arch. II Course of Atudy Regulations

1. No more than one design studio may be taken in any one term.

2 . Only in exceptional circumstances, as determined by the Rules Committee, may more than 18 credits be taken during either of the first two terms. A 21-credit load may be carried during either of the remaining two terms, with the approval of the Rules Committee.

3. The post-professional student entering the School with a B.Arch. or equivalent degree is required to be in residence for a minimum of two years. Eighteen credit hours of study, which must include one studio, are required each term. Each student is permitted to substitute no more than one independent studio for scheduled elective studios, during the final terms. (See Rules and Regulations of the School of Architecture for procedures and restrictions.)

Master of Environmental Design

Two-Year History/Theory Program
Eeva-Liisa Pelkonen, Director of M.E.D. Studies

The M.E.D. program is a two-year research-based program of advanced architectural studies culminating in a written thesis/independent project. This full-residency program leads to a degree of Master of Environmental Design. The M.E.D.tis a nonprofessional degree, which does not fulfill requirements toward the professional licensing examination.

The program is intended for students, including postgraduate and mid-career professionals, who seek an academic setting to improve scholarship and research skills, to explore a professional or academic specialization, and to sharpen critical and literary expertise. The program provides the foundation for a career in writing, teaching, curatorial work, or critically informed professional practice, or may provide a foundation for Ph.D. studies. The alumni of this thirty-year-old program include Steven Izenour, a partner at Venturi and Scott-Brown Architects; Blair Kamin, the architectural critic of the Chicago Tribune; and William Mitchell, dean of the MIT School of Architecture.

The M.E.D. program is aimed at qualified applicants with a graduate or undergraduate degree in architecture or a related discipline who exhibit a strong capability for independent research. The main criterion for admission to the program is a well-defined proposal for independent study which should engage one or more of the study areas listed below. The proposal should outline a study plan that the candidate can accomplish in four academic terms and that can be supported by faculty expertise available to students in the M.E.D. program.

Applicants interested in the M.E.D. program are encouraged to contact the program director and/or other committee members to discuss their educational goals and proposed study topic area well in advance of the application deadline. An interview is not required, but is strongly recommended for informational purposes on both sides.

Areas of Atudy

Environmental Design is broadly defined as the study and research of the aggregate of objects, conditions, and influences that constitute the constructed surroundings. Those studying in the M.E.D. program are encouraged to understand the larger cultural and intellectual factors—social, political, economic, technical, and aesthetic—that shape the environment. The M.E.D.òprogram fosters an interdisciplinary approach to architectural research, which takes advantage of the extensive array of resources at Yale University.

The program supports research at the intersection of theory and practice. The three areas listed below indicate recent research topics as well as the scholarly expertise of students and faculty in the M.E.D. program. Students are encouraged to engage in a wide array of methodologies, tools, and topics.

History, Theory, and Criticism of Architecture and Urbanism:History and theory of architecture and urbanity; architectural criticism; history of building types; study of design methods; contemporary architectural culture.

Ecologies and Economies of the Built Environment:Study of the ecological, economic, and cultural forces that shape the environment; globalization and its effect on built landscapes; infrastructures and settlement patterns; urban geography; notation and mapping techniques.

Multimedia Research:Digital media as a tool for research, design, and visualization; motion picture documentation; use of digital tools in fabricating building components; study of network geography.

Course of Study^*
The program of study is a combination of required classes, electives, and independent research. A total of 72 credits is required for completion of the M.E.D. program, allocated as 18 credits each term. A minimum of 21 credits is assigned to electives and 9 to the required M.E.D. courses. A minimum of 42 credits is assigned to independent research (M.E.D. 103a and b). The electives and course distribution is determined in consultation with the student’s primary adviser and the director of the program.

Course Requirements for the M.E.D. Program
M.E.D. students are required to take Contemporary Architectural Theory (101b) and Thesis Prep (M.E.D. 104a) in their first term. Case Studies in Architecture and Urbanism (102b) is required in their second term. All other course work is distributed among electives chosen from School of Architecture and other Yale University courses. (See descriptions of courses in the M.Arch. curriculum as well as in the bulletins of other schools of Yale University.) All M.E.D. students are required to take M.E.D. 103a or b each term to develop their independent project.

Note: Design studios offered in the M.Arch. program are closed to M.E.D. students. Exceptions are considered only if the design studio is directly related to a student’s research, and are subject to approval by the M.E.D. chair, the dean, and the studio instructor.

M.E.D.: Total Requirement: 72 credits

First Term (Fall)
M.E.D. 103a, Independent Research. 3–6 credits first term; variable credits remaining terms.† The proposal submitted with the admissions application is the basis of each student’s study plan, which is developed in consultation with faculty advisers. Independent research is undertaken for credit each term, under the direction of a principal adviser, for preparation and completion of a written thesis. The thesis, which details and summarizes the independent research, is to be completed for approval by the M.E.D. committee by the end of the fourth term. M.E.D. faculty.

† Variable credits are determined in consultation with the director of M.E.D. studies.

M.E.D. 104a, Thesis Preparation Seminar. 3 credits. Edward Mitchell.

M.E.D. 105a, Writing on Architecture. 3 credits. The goal of this course is to train students in the principles and techniques of nonfiction writing as it applies to architecture. The course includes readings from the work of prominent architects and critics, as well as writing exercises of various kinds and sizes, from business letters and brief reviews of books and exhibitions, to opinion pieces and formal presentations of buildings and projects. The main focus of the course is an extended article on a building selected from a variety of types and historical periods, such as skyscrapers, private houses, industrial plants, gated communities, malls, institutional buildings, and athletic facilities. Carter S. Wiseman.

Electives. Variable courses, 3 credits each.

Second Term (Spring)
M.E.D. 101b, Contemporary Architectural Theory. 3 credits. A survey of theoretical and critical literature on contemporary architecture. The course explores the texts of Marxism and the Frankfurt School, post-structuralism, psychoanalysis, feminism, and urban geography with regard to architectural discourse. Peggy Deamer.

M.E.D. 102b, Case Studies in Architecture and Urbanism. 3 credits. Application of the concepts and methods of various approaches to architectural scholarship and research, using existing works of architecture as case studies. Methods include archival search, behavioral/institutional evaluation, and visual documentation and interpretive analysis. The specific focus of the seminar is on the skills of architectural analysis and writing a publication-quality research paper. Faculty.

M.E.D. 103b, Independent Research. 3–18 credits. M.E.D. faculty.

Electives. Variable courses, 3 credits each.

Third and Fourth Terms (Fall and Spring)
18 credits each term.

M.E.D. 103a and b, Independent Research. Credits determined each term. ?.E..E.D. faculty.

Electives. Variable courses, 3 credits each.

Advisers and M.E.D. Program Committee
Students work closely with one or two advisers on their independent project. Advisers are primarily drawn from the School of Architecture faculty; additional advisers are drawn from other departments at the University as appropriate to the field of study. The following faculty members serve on the M.E.D. committee, which reviews all independent work each term.

Eeva-Liisa Pelkonen, Chair
Diana Balmori
Peggy Deamer
Keller Easterling
Karsten Harries (Department of Philosophy)
Dolores Hayden
Alan Plattus

M.E.D. Course of Study Regulations

Residence Requirement
Four terms must be spent in residence. Under exceptional circumstances, and with permission of the dean and the School’s Rules Committee, students may apply for half-time status (9 credits per term), after successful completion of the first term (18 credits).

Combined Degree Programs

School of Architecture/School of Management
The Yale School of Architecture and the School of Management offer a joint-degree program in Architecture and Management. This program is especially oriented to individuals who wish to integrate the design, urban development, and management professions in pursuing careers in government or the private sector.

Joint-degree students in the three-year first professional M.Arch. program must complete all requirements for the degree, including six terms of design studio, with the first four terms taken consecutively. This is an accredited, professional degree and specific requirements may not be bypassed, except when waivers are granted for course work previously completed at other institutions. Students in this program will have their overall number of course credits required for the M.Arch. degree reduced from the normal 108 credits to 90 credits. This means they will take 18 fewer elective credits (six elective courses). Normally this adjustment will allow the student to divide the final (fourth) year schedule between the two required advanced studios at the School of Architecture and courses at the School of Management.

Joint-degree students in the two-year post-professional M.Arch. program must complete 54 credits in the School of Architecture, including four advanced studios. They will complete the joint-degree program in three years, normally consisting of one full year in each school and a final year divided between the two schools.

At the conclusion of the required studies, the joint-degree program awards both a Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.) and a Master of Architecture. Withdrawal or dismissal from the School of Management will automatically obligate a student to complete all normal requirements for the M.Arch. degree (108 credits for first professional degree; 72 credits for post-professional degree option). The M.Arch. degree will not be awarded to joint-degree candidates until they have completed all requirements for both degrees.

Admissions are determined independently by the two schools. Students may apply to both schools at the same time and, if accepted, will begin their studies at the School of Architecture, since admission to the School cannot be deferred; or they may apply to the School of Management prior to their final year at the School of Architecture. Students enrolled at the School of Management may apply to the School of Architecture during their first year. Those who apply simultaneously should so indicate on both applications. Applications to the School of Architecture must be approved by the committee of the joint-degree program. Inquiries may be directed to the Registrar, School of Architecture, and to the Director of Student Services, Office of Student Services, School of Management.

M.Arch./M.E.D.
Yale School of Architecture students who are enrolled in the M.Arch. program and who are interested in continued advanced study in an area of specialization in architecture, environmental design, or planning/development, may apply for admission to the M.E.D. program. Students may take courses supporting areas of advanced study during the M.Arch. curriculum and, after receipt of the M.Arch. degree, may qualify for up to one term’s advanced standing in the M.E.D. degree program.

Undergraduate Studies

The School offers an undergraduate major in architecture exclusively to students enrolled in Yale College. Students who desire this major must apply directly to Yale College.

Bachelor of Arts
Sophia Gruzdys, Acting Director of Undergraduate Studies

Preliminary Registration for Prospective Majors
Students who intend to declare architecture as their ajor must register with the director of undergraduate studies during the spring term of their sophomore year. The standard major, which is limited, provides a nonprofessional introduction to the visual, spatial, and intellectual basis of architecture.

Application to the Architecture Major
Yale College students, who may apply to enter the major during the fall term of their junior year, go through a review process for acceptance into the major.

Introduction to Architecture
The introductory courses to the study of architecture are open to all Yale College sophomores, juniors, and seniors, and are required prior to applying for the architecture major. With permission of the director of undergraduate studies, the prerequisite may be waived for students with sufficient experience in architecture or in relevant subjects; they may enter directly into the major.

The Standard Major
The purpose of the undergraduate standard major in architecture at Yale is to include the study of architecture within the broader context of a liberal arts education. While the core requirements focus on architectural design, the overall curriculum includes theory and history of architecture, leading to a bachelor of arts degree. In this manner students are prepared for advanced study in architecture, art, history of art, city planning and development, the social sciences, or public affairs.

Requirements of the Major
To graduate as a Yale College major in architecture, a student must complete a core of six courses (including three prerequisites). Nine additional courses are required for majors. A student must base his or her study in one of three areas of concentration, which are:

1. Architectural Design, which investigates the ways in which cultural ideas, information, actions, and locations may be visually communicated in the material fabric of architecture. Exercises in this concentration are predominantly studio-based.

2. Theory, Criticism, and History of Architecture, which examines written texts about architecture from classical antiquity to current debates. The students are expected to analyze rigorously and write theoretical and critical papers about the past, present, and future potential of architecture.

3. Architecture and Urban Studies, which examines written texts about architecture from classical antiquity to current debates. The students are expected to analyze rigorously and write theoretical and critical papers about the past, present, and future potential of architecture.

For full course descriptions, see Yale College Programs of Study.

The Intensive Major
An intensive major may be offered to Yale College students under special circumstances. Interested students must apply by mid-January of their junior year for admission to the intensive major; application should be made to the registrar of the School of Architecture. During their senior year in Yale College, students with intensive majors take courses in the first-year professional degree program in the School of Architecture. Successful completion of the first-year program and receipt of a bachelor’s degree qualify students to advance to the second year of the School’s graduate program.

Study Areas and Course Descriptions*

Design Studios
Steven Harris, Study Area Coordinator

The architectural design studios are a critical part of the School’s program for the Master of Architecture degree. The required design studios proceed through a structured series of design problems of varying complexity. The elective studios are taught by the School’s design faculty and the chaired visiting professors.

* In course titles, a designates fall term, b designates spring term, and c designates summer term. The School reserves the right to change the presecribed course of study as necessary.

501a, Architectural Design. 6 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I first term.) First-term students bring to the School a wide range of experience and background. Exercises introduce the complexity of architectural design by engaging problems that are limited in scale but not in the issues they provoke. Experiential, social, and material concerns are introduced together with formal and conceptual issues. Problems focus upon the fundamentals of human activity. Steven Harris, coordinator; Martin Finio, Gavin Hogben, Eeva-Liisa Pelkonen.

502b, Architectural Design. 6 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I second term.) The second-term studio is divided into two parts. Before spring recess, a specific building type and one or two brief design problems are the vehicles for developing basic skills in formal composition, program organization, and building construction. Considerations of typology, precedent, and their transformation inform the creative process. After spring recess, the class concentrates on the Building Project, the design of a structure for a nonprofit organization. Louise Harpman, coordinator; Brian Healy, Alan Organschi, Joel Sanders.

503a, Architectural Design. 6 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I third term.) The studio concentrates on a medium-scale institutional building, focusing on the integration of program, site, composition, form, structure, and other issues relevant to this size building. Interior spaces are studied as well as methods of construction. Large-scale models and drawings are developed to explore design issues. Alexander Purves, coordinator; Carol Burns, Peter de Bretteville, Deborah Gans, M.J. Long, Alan Organschi.

504b, Architectural Design. 6 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I fourth term.) The studio, an introduction to the planning and architecture of cities, concerns two distinct scales of operation: that of dwelling and that of the neighborhood. The dwelling necessarily addresses issues of domesticity and individual accommodation. The neighborhood addresses issues of community, group form, and the public realm, as well as the formation of public space, blocks, streets, and squares. The studio is organized to follow a distinct design methodology, which begins with the study of context and precedents. It postulates that new architecture can be made as a continuation and extension of normative urban structure and building typologies. Edward Mitchell, coordinator; Michael Haverland, Andrea Kahn, Sandro Marpillero, Alan Plattus.

506b, Building Project. 3 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I second term.) Weekly sessions develop the building and management skills needed for the Building Project. The experience focuses on the means of understanding the process, practice, and scope of the profession. The course involves client contact, programming, design, budgeting, working documentation, and actual construction. It integrates work with a nonprofit client, design of neighborhood infrastructure, and public service practice. The project extends beyond the normal end of spring term; all first-year students are required to work on the project from April 29 through June 21. For more information, see the section on the Building Project on the Web: www.architecture.yale.edu. Herbert Newman, Building Project coordinator; Paul Brouard, director; Adam Hopfner and faculty.

Elective Advanced Architectural Design Studios (Fall)
Elective studios are limited in enrollment. Selection for studios is determined by lottery.

511a, Advanced Design Studio. 9 credits. Program to be announced. Leon Krier,
Davenport Visiting Professor.

513a, Advanced Design Studio. 9 credits. Program to be announced. Glenn Murcutt, Bishop Visiting Professor.

515a, Advanced Design Studio. 9 credits. Program to be announced. Cecil Balmond, Saarinen Visiting Professor.

517a, Advanced Design Studio. 9 credits. Program to be announced. Peter Eisenman, Kahn Visiting Professor.

519a, Advanced Design Studio. 9 credits. This studio is organized in collaboration with the Schools of Architecture at the University of Hong Kong and Tongji University in Shanghai. All students work on a common site in Hong Kong exploring issues of global urban development. Yale students visit Hong Kong and Shanghai. Chinese students participate in final reviews at Yale. Alan Plattus.

523a, Post-Professional Architectural Design Studio. 9 credits. (Required in and
limited to M.Arch. IIöfirst term.) This studio is specially designed for incoming post-professional students to introduce them to the School’s educational program and faculty. Each student is given the opportunity to examine in depth a sequence of design problems. Fred Koetter, Edward Mitchell, and faculty.

Elective Advanced Architectural Design Studios (Spring)
Elective studios are limited in enrollment. Selection for studios is determined by lottery.

512b, Advanced Design Studio. 9 credits. Program to be announced. Greg Lynn, Davenport Visiting Professor.

514b, Advanced Design Studio. 9 credits. Program to be announced. Demetri Porphyrios, Davenport Visiting Professor.

516b, Advanced Design Studio. 9 credits. Program to be announced. Will Bruder, Bishop Visiting Professor.

518b, Advanced Design Studio. 9 credits. Program to be announced. Winy Maas, Saarinen Visiting Professor.

520b, Advanced Design Studio. 9 credits. Program to be announced. Tod Williams and Billie Tsien, Kahn Visiting Professors.

522b, Advanced Design Studio. 9 credits. Program to be announced. Thomas Beeby.

524b, Advanced Design Studio. 9 credits. Program to be announced. Turner Brooks.

599b, Thesis. 9 credits. Proposals for the Thesis option must be submitted by the beginning of the preceding fall term for review by the Design and Rules Committee. Students with approved proposals enroll in a 3-credit Thesis Preparation Seminar (709a) in the fall term. Successful completion of 709a, including the submission of a complete program, documentation, and project statement for review and approval by the Design Committee, is the prerequisite for enrollment in this studio. Keller Easterling, coordinator.

Building Technology and Practice
James Axley, Study Area Coordinator

Fundamental theory and methods of building technologies and the relationship between these technologies, architectural design, and the larger natural environment are explored in courses relating to materials, construction, and structural systems and the environmental technologies that provide healthy, productive, and comfortable environments while sustaining the natural resources of the planet. The courses listed under this study area attempt to relate academic education to architectural practice. Courses required for the M.Arch. I degree introduce students to fundamental analytic theory and its practical application, survey common technical systems used in buildings currently and in the past, and integrate the consideration of these technical systems into architectural design through a series of projects of increasing complexity. Advanced courses investigate specific technical systems in greater detail, survey emerging methods and technologies, and explore the relationship between building technologies and architectural design in current practice and writings.

601a, Structures I. 3 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I first term.) An introduction to the analysis and design of building structural systems and the evolution and impact of these systems on architectural form. Lectures and homework assignments cover structural classifications, fundamental principles of mechanics, computational methods, and the behavior and case studies of truss, cable, arch, and simple framework systems. Discussion sections explore the applications of structural theory to the design of wood and steel systemsWfor gravity loads through laboratory and computational exercises and design projects. Homework, design projects, and midterm and final examinations are required. James Axley.

602b, Structures II. 3 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I second term.) A continuation of an introduction to the analysis and design of building structural systems and the evolution and impact of these systems on architectural form. Lectures and homework assignments cover more advanced principles of mechanics, reinforced concrete beams and columns, and the behavior and case studies of continuous framework, plate and grid, membrane, and shell structural systems. Discussion sections explore the application of structural theory to the design of more ambitious systems for gravity and lateral loads through computational exercises and design projects. Homework, design projects, and midterm and final examinations are required. Prerequisite: 601a. Anne Gilbert.

614b, Structures and Architecture: Polemics and Practice. 3 credits. A seminar that investigates relationships between structure and the organization and expression of buildings through a critical review of written polemical positions, analysis of built proj-ects, and design exercises based on these positions and projects. Positions and projects are selected from the works of distinguished architects and structural engineers in the field, and methods of computational analysis are employed for analysis and design exercises. Prerequisite: 603a. Limited enrollment. (Not offered in 2002–2003.) James Axley.

633a, Environmental Systems in Buildings. 3 credits. (Required in M.Arch I third term.) Introduction to fundamental principles of thermodynamics; heat transfer; fluid dynamics; environmental chemistry; toxicology; and thermal, aural, and visual comfort. These principles are applied to build an understanding of global, regional, community, site, and building-scale environmental problems that impact architectural design. Formulation of methods for the analysis and design of environmental technologies is used to resolve these problems. Topics include: the global, regional, and local environmental context; thermodynamics and heat transfer in global, community, and building systems; psychrometrics; bioclimatic design of building systems; airflow in and around buildings; ventilation and indoor air quality; passive and active heating, cooling, and ventilating systems; energy and material resource conservation for buildings and communities; lighting; and acoustics. The course is presented in a lecture, discussion section format. Homework, computational labs, design projects, short quizzes, and a final exam are required. Thomas Auer, Patrick Bellew, Paul Stoller.

635b, Exploring Glass. 3 credits. In examining the basic principles underlying the use of structural glass in buildings, this course covers the simple design of basic elements such as window walls, floor plates, beams, and columns. Seminars are arranged to encourage simple design proposals that are analyzed and discussed. This is balanced by formal presentations outlining design and construction methods. The very latest constructs in the field are explored and a glimpse into the future is offered. Limited enrollment. Tim Macfarlane.

637a, Issues in Environment and Design. 3 credits. This seminar, offered as a collaboration between the School of Architecture and the School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, offers an ecological examination of the activity of architects, seeking to give future architects and ecologists an understanding of each other’s goals. The seminar investigates the positions, methods, and projects of the most promising of the leading designers of communities, buildings, and the landscape who are concerned with environmental challenges that shape the built environment. Students review the perspectives and practices of a select group of designers, and undertake design exercises in a term-long project related to the activities of these designers. The course meets in a seminar format for an hour and a half and in a studio format for three hours each week. Alternating weeks feature a public lecture by a leading guest designer who also participates in design reviews the following day. Written critical reviews of selected readings, case study presentations of built projects, and completion of a design project are required. Course is limited to 16 students including an even number from the School of Architecture and the School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. James Axley, Steven Kellert (F&ES).

638a, Lighting. 3 credits. Daylight is examined both as form giver and operational necessity. The manipulation of architectural form in light is discussed and analyzed using \oth quantitative and qualitative means. Discussion seminars look at the work of twentieth-century architects in this context. Methods available to the designer to predict the
quality of light are explored together with some of the quantitative issues involved in energy-conscious design. Artificial light and its relationship to daylight are explored. Assignments include drawing, graphic analysis, and modeling (computer and physical). The work is used as far as possible to support current projects in the design studio. Limited enrollment. (Not offered in 2002–2003.) M.J. Long.

639b, Philosophy of Technology. 3 credits. How are boundaries set for the technological decisions in the practice of architecture? Architects wield enormous power but have little to guide them. By exploring the work of classical and modern philosophers (e.g., Aristotle, Kant, Heidegger, Marcuse) as well as architectural and social essayists, this seminar explores diverse ethical attitudes toward the employment of technology in the built environment. By the conclusion of the term, each student will develop a personal philosophy of technology statement. To quote one of the course readings, “Technology is a branch of moral philosophy, not of science.” Limited enrollment. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History/Theory elective requirement.) Robert Silman.

640b, Architecture as Building. 3 credits. This course analyzes the major buildings of this century through detailed dissection of their methods of construction. Graphic display of the major systems that make up a contemporary work of architecture allows for a reconstruction of the design process and re-establishes the thought patterns that formed the design priorities. Emphasis is on the relation of systems of structure and enclosure with the required technical systems. Limited enrollment. Thomas Beeby.

648b, Systems Integration and Development in Design. 3 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I fourth term.) An integrated seminar and design studio in which students develop the technical systems that will transform preliminary design proposals from earlier studio work to built form. The development of structural form and detail, articulation of construction and construction methods, integration of mechanical systems, selection and detailing of materials, and the manipulation of surface, light, and air are approached systematically as elements of design—elements used not only to achieve technical goals in a sustainable manner but also to reinforce and re-inform the formal origins of the work in a more poetic sense. The studio work is complemented by a seminar that surveys mechanical systems used in larger buildings, using both case studies and visits to buildings in use and under construction. Design project work, case study presentations, short quizzes, and homework are required. Martin Finio, coordinator; James Axley, Peter Chow, Glenn Gregg, Robert Haughney, John Jacobson, Marvin Mass, Edward Stanley, Paul Stoller, and faculty.

650a, Critical Architectural Systems. 3 credits. This course explores the most important characteristics of critical architectural systems regarding their relationship with the human and nonhuman environment, including required performance criteria, what materials are available to fulfill those criteria, and how they are incorporated into buildings. Course includes slide lectures, construction site visits, visits to buildings with severe problems, and critical evaluation of student projects and completed buildings. Limited enrollment. Donald Baerman, Laura Boyer.

655a, Architectural Practice and Management. 3 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I fifth term.) The process by which an architectural design becomes a building requires the designer to control many variables beyond those purely aesthetic. This course provides an understanding of the fundamentals of organizing and managing architectural projects and examines accompanying issues of practice and the profession. Using the project process as an armature, lectures explore the role and function of the architect, the legal environment, evolving types of practice, fees and compensation, building project teams, and planning and executing a project. Phillip Bernstein.

657b, Issues in Contemporary Practice. 3 credits. This course, in weekly seminars with practitioners from architecture and related fields, addresses the broad view of practice beyond core design and the practicalities of running architectural projects. Topics discussed answer such questions as what firms look for when they hire recent graduates; how clients select architects; how architects find commissions; how projects get publicized and published; what are the keys to selecting and working with good collaborators like engineers, consultants, and contractors; how to start your own practice; and how to work with owners and developers. Enrollment limited to graduating M.Arch. I and M.Arch. II students. Phillip Bernstein.

659a or b, Independent Course Work. 3 or 6 credits. Program to be determined with a faculty adviser of the student’s choice and submitted, with the endorsement of the study area coordinator, to the Rules Committee for confirmation of the student’s eligibility under the rules. (See Rules and Regulations of the School of Architecture.)

The following courses offered elsewhere in the University may be taken for credit with permission of the instructor.

Drama 102a and b (full-year course), Scene Design. 3 credits each term. An introduction for all nondesign students to the aesthetics and the process of scenic design through critique and discussion of weekly projects. Emphasis is given to the examination of the text and the action of the play, the formulation of design ideas, the visual expression of the ideas, and especially the collaboration with directors and all other designers. Three hours a week. Ming Cho Lee and Michael Yeargan.

F&ES 804a, Theory and Practice of Urban Ecology. 3 credits. Urban ecology has recently developed from a scientific branch of biology toward a problem-oriented, interdisciplinary research field with applications in urban planning and urban environmental management. Many cities in Asia now recognize the urban ecological approach to be an effective means to cope with many urban problems and have begun to adopt it in practice. This course introduces the basic principles of urban ecology, and their applications in urban planning and urban environmental management in Asian cities. Students are exposed to background issues such as urban development and urban environmental issues in Asia, basic theories in urban ecology such as structure, material flow, energy flow, measurement of the outer extent of urban ecological systems, etc. The course also introduces the practice of urban ecology in Asia, including a review of the urban ecological concept in ancient China and its reflection in town planning, and examples of current experiences and lessons. Introduction of these practices is followed by discussions intended to analyze these activities employing urban ecological principles. Xuemei Bai.

F&ES 884a, Ecological Imagination and Environmental Design. 3 credits. This project-oriented course explores the integration of ecological values, issues, and processes with the design of commercial, residential, educational, and recreational facilities. It considers ways of capturing in the human built environment various physical, material, aesthetic, intellectual, and emotional benefits of nature. Class discussions and visiting lectures. Stephen Kellert.

Materials and Production
Kent Bloomer, Study Area Coordinator

The Materials and Production study area emphasizes those aspects of architectural education that deal directly with properties of materials. Courses emphasize actual production, as opposed to design through representation, by examining the relationships between material, detail, joinery, and mass vs. crafted production. Particular emphasis is put on the relationship between tactility and visuality and, as digital construction becomes increasingly prominent, the new relationship between the computer and the physical world.

661a/861a, 3-D Form and Materials. 3 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I first term.) This course examines the ways in which the understanding and perception of objects and the spaces they define is conditioned by the materials from which they are fabricated. It is assumed that specific materials privilege specific forms and that the visual and material properties of objects are intimately connected. Technical notebooks, exercises, and a final project are required. Each student is required to study one material in the depth allowed by a term’s work. Kent Bloomer, coordinator; Paul Brouard, Victoria Casasco, Christopher Mahoney, Edward Parker, Dean Sakamoto.

670a, Materials and Information: Advanced Metal Casting. 3 credits. This seminar seeks the integration of old and new methods of material fabrication through the production of concrete, plaster, and metal castings made from digitally generated EPS foam masters. The course explores the potential of computer-aided design and fabrication techniques through the creation of small fittings, architectural details, ornamental patterns, and building hardware, which are judged according to the rigor of their underlying geometry and visual form. The class has direct access to a large-scale digital foam cutting machine. Knowledge of AutoCAD is a prerequisite. Limited enrollment. Kent Bloomer, Michael Silver.

674a, Architectural Product Design and Innovation. 3 credits. This studio course attempts to broaden the design experience by concentrating on the design and innovation of three-dimensional architectural objects not usually found within architectural commissions. Students are required to design and fabricate full-size, working prototypes of five small objects such as weather vanes, andirons, step stools, mailboxes, bird houses, bicycle racks, etc. Emphasis is on wood and metal, but all materials are considered. Issues of detail, scale, proportion, aesthetics, manufacturing, and commercial viability are explored. Limited enrollment. John Jacobson, Lindsay Suter.

676b, Elaboration: A Re-Materialization of Architecture. 3 credits. This seminar focuses on the critical relation between intention and detail in architecture. It is structured in the spirit of a studio course, though the focus rests on the isolated architectural “moment” as a means of investigating the potential for a larger resonant meaning of the whole. How a building meets the earth, what the nature of a wall is, and how a roof meets the sky all profoundly share in the way we experience architecture and the space it enfolds. Through the thoughtful consideration of these conditions, architecture becomes clarified. As the title suggests, it is only through labor—an incremental, methodical search and process—that this resonant clarity is achieved. Reading assignments, presentations, and discussion expand the debate. Limited enrollment.
(Not offered in 2002–2003.) Martin Finio.

677b, Scale and Material. 3 credits. This seminar focuses on the pivotal role of scale and material selection in the development of an architectural idea. The class is conducted in a studio format that includes conceptual analysis of precedents, individual design assignments, and extensive use of drawings and models to both explore and represent the aesthetic potential of architectural detailing. In the process, the course addresses how circumstance affects the evolution of a design of a detail, building, landscape, neighborhood, or city. Limited enrollment. Brian Healy.

678b, Materials and Meaning. 3 credits. This seminar focuses on the potential for meaning in the use of materials through specifications, context, detailing, juxtaposition, and history. Special attention is paid to readily available manufactured products. Weekly readings, one class presentation, and two built projects are required. Limited enrollment. (Not offered in 2002–2003.) Deborah Berke.

679b, Digital Construction. 3 credits. Applying some of the most advanced computer-aided design and fabrication techniques available at Yale, this course explores the construction of one-half scale to full scale building details such as corners, windows, wall joints, and panels—using both a large format CNC mill and a six-axis digital foam cutting machine. Students investigate new ways of shaping material using molds, templates, and formwork generated by these new techniques. Plaster, concrete, and wood are the primary medium of investigation. Knowledge in the use of AutoCAD, Maya, or FormZ is a prerequisite. Limited enrollment. Michael Silver.

681b, Furniture Design and Fabrication. 3 credits. The final product of this design class, a finished, working, full-scale piece of furniture, is understood as a part of the set of courses addressing the role that the direct consideration of materials contributes to architectural design. The required materials, sequences, and programs emerge from an effort to relate the work of this class to questions of process and materiality in architecture more generally. So the attitude toward materials and their assembly should be prejudiced toward those that to some extent mimic architecture. The emphasis is on common materials joined and formed by standard procedures to serve unique purposes in unusual contexts and adapted to new programs. Limited enrollment. Peter de Bretteville.

682b, Aluminum Design and Production. 3 credits. The course follows the critical path of designing and producing a piece of furniture by combining aluminum castings and industrial stock. Input from a local foundry included. A completed work is an absolute requirement. Limited enrollment. Edward Parker.

683a, Computer-Aided Furniture Design. 3 credits. This course focuses on the construction of full-scale furniture using the most advanced techniques of computer-aided design available at the School. Students have full access to a wide range of digital fabrication tools but focus specifically on Yale’s new 6-axis Foam Cutter. Each student is asked to investigate the relationship between real bodies and the new forms made possible by these techniques. Wood, soft foam, and rigid EPS are the primary media of investigation. Knowledge in the use of AutoCAD, Maya, or FormZ is a prerequisite. Michael Silver.

684b, Fabrication. 3 credits. This seminar focuses on new materials and new fabrication techniques. Some of the best architects in this century have been naturally attracted to various means of spatial and material production that do not necessarily originate within architectural convention. Mies, Kiesler, Loos, Aalto, Prouvé, Wachsmann, and the Eameses are among these architects, and the seminar considers not only their experiments but the design of their practice. In addition to historical study, the evening lectures feature architects reporting from the field about their fabrication research. These speakers visit the seminar on the morning after their talk. Final projects in the course take advantage of new rapid prototyping equipment available to the School. Limited enrollment. (Not offered in 2002–2003.) Keller Easterling.

699a or b, Independent Course Work. 3 or 6 credits. Program to be determined with a faculty adviser of the student’s choice and submitted, with the endorsement of the study area coordinator, to the Rules Committee for confirmation of the student’s eligibility under the rules. (See Rules and Regulations of the School of Architecture.)

History and Theory
Eeva-Liisa Pelkonen, Study Area Coordinator

The relation among design, history, and theory is explored in a broad range of courses in which the analysis of buildings, cities, landscapes, and texts supports the articulation and criticism of fundamental concepts, methods, and issues. Historical and contemporary projects and writings are studied in context and as part of the theoretical discourse of architecture.

The introductory history and theory course (701a) provides an introduction to the history of modern architecture and its contemporary critique. This course is followed by 704b, Case Studies in Architectural Theory, 1680–1980, normally to be taken in the fourth term. All students must also take 703b, Contemporary Architectural Theory. In addition, M.Arch. I students must complete two elective courses in this study area, one of which should be in a non-Western subject.

Advanced courses may be taken at any time after the completion of 701a, or with permission of the study area coordinator to waive the introductory course. The required electives are not a prerequisite for other advanced courses, and those courses may not be substituted for it. All exceptions, waivers, and substitutions must be approved by the study area coordinator and the Rules Committee.

The elective requirement may be fulfilled by selecting from among the designated courses. Any other course must be approved by the study area coordinator.

701a, Modern Architecture. 3 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I first term.) Architecture and urbanism from about 1876 to the present, with emphasis on the work of the great modern architects and on the contemporary revival of vernacular and classical architecture and American planning traditions. (Not offered in 2002–2003. HSAR 310, Building Modern Society will substitute for M.Arch. I requirement in 2002–2003.) Vincent Scully.

703b/M.E.D. 101b, Contemporary Architectural Theory. 3 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I sixth term; and in M.Arch. II and M.E.D. second term.) A survey of theoretical and critical literature on contemporary architecture. The course explores the texts of Marxism and the Frankfurt School, post-structuralism, psychoanalysis, feminism, and urban geography with regard to architectural discourse. Peggy Deamer.

704b, Case Studies in Architectural Theory: Architectural Writing from Alberti to Koolhaas. 3 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I fourth term.) This course examines the relationship between theory and practice and assumes that there was not always a linear relationship between writing about architecture and the design process that led to built form. Based on different types of writings, this course explores a select group of case studies that will be discussed in relationship to parallel developments in design. Students are required to read and discover diverse approaches to writing ranging from Leon Battista Alberti’s erudite treatise to l’Abbé Laugier’s brief essay and Le Corbusier’s polemical writings to Rem Koolhaas’s “retroactive manifesto.” Michelangelo Sabatino.

714b/M.E.D. 102b, Case Studies in Architecture and Urbanism. 3 credits. Application of the concepts and methods of various approaches to architectural scholarship and research, using existing works of architecture as case studies. Methods include archival search, behavioral/institutional evaluation, and visual documentation and interpretative analysis. The specific focus of the seminar is on the skills of architectural analysis and writing a publication-quality research paper. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) (Not offered in 2002–2003.) Faculty.

717a, Issues in Architecture and Urbanism. 3 credits. (Required in, and limited to, M.Arch. II third term.) Current issues in architecture and urbanism, explored through seminars and case studies introducing methods and theories of architectural research. Fred Koetter.

741a, Advanced Studies in Modern Architecture. 3 credits. A research seminar on selected topics in the history and theory of modern architecture. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. Vincent Scully.

751b, Ornament Theory and Design. 3 credits. This course reviews the major theories governing ornament in Western architecture, with special emphasis on nineteenth- and twentieth-century arguments. The ultimate focus is on the language of ornament in the framework of building and urban space today. Readings, exercises, and individual final projects are required. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. Kent Bloomer and visitors.

752a, Contemporary Architectural Discourse Colloquium. 3 credits. Organized by second-year M.E.D. students in collaboration with the program coordinator, this colloquium brings in guest speakers from other departments of the University and elsewhere to discuss their work around a selected topic in order to open architectural discourse to other disciplines and visa versa. Limited enrollment. Eeva-Liisa Pelkonen.

754a, Le Corbusier. 3 credits. This seminar considers the urban plans, writings, architecture, art, and furniture of Le Corbusier jointly with a certain focus on issues of scale, its interplay, and its absence. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. Deborah Gans.

756a, Furness and Richardson. 3 credits. This seminar offers a detailed study of the work of these two key figures in the development of American architecture in the late nineteenth century, including analysis of individual buildings focusing on issues of character, expression, ornament, and materials. Visiting lecturers and field trips. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. Turner Brooks.

758a, Italian Modernism and the Invention of the Past. 3 credits. The focus of this seminar is on dwelling culture as it developed and was reflected in Italian domestic architecture throughout the twentieth century. From Giusepe Terragni to Gio Ponti and from Carlo Scarpa to Aldo Rossi, Italian architects appropriated the past as a source of their contemporary designs. The underlying thesis of the seminar wishes to demonstrate that the past as it was perceived and used by these architects was the result of a personal interpretative act (a Bloomian “misprision”). Hence, the past, seen through the eyes of these architects, was an invention or myth that played a dynamic role in the design process. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. Michelangelo Sabatino.

760b, Postwar Architecture. 3 credits. The course discusses the changing attitudes in architectural culture after World War II, informed by the critique and reevaluation of the modern movement. Particular attention is given to the main paradigms of the period: regionalism, new building technologies, and urbanism. Geographically the seminar addresses European and American debates as well as the new emerging architecture “scenes” in Japan and South America. Key issues that dominate these global debates are discussed as they range from the main problems of housing shortage, reconstruction, and rapid urban growth to the quest for meaning through the use of symbolic form and popular iconography. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. (Not offered in 2002–2003.) Eeva-Liisa Pelkonen.

762a, Issues in Modern American Architecture: Modernism 1920–1940. 3 credits. This seminar investigates the impact of European modernism on American practice between the two World Wars. Close attention is paid to the work of such established American talents as Frank Lloyd Wright, Raymond Hood, George Howe, Norman Bel Geddes, and Raymond Loewy as well as European émigrés like Josef Urban, Frederick Kiesler, Knud Lonberg-Holm, Richard Neutra, Rudolph Schindler, and Albert Frey. The seminar looks at architecture; the decorative arts; the new discipline of industrial design; and the propagandizing role of various journals, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the Museum of Modern Art. The course includes lectures by the instructor and outside guests as well as verbal and written presentations by students. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. Robert A.M. Stern

763b, Comparative Analysis of Architectural Form. 3 credits. This seminar examines the evolving geometric, technical, and philosophic structures that constitute architectural form from the Renaissance to the present. Computers, models, and drawing techniques are used as tools for analysis, and readings address larger cultural issues relating to the historic period. Students are expected to present case studies of specific buildings in both written and visual formats. Limited enrollment. (Not offered in 2002–2003.) Edward Mitchell.

764b, Modern American Urbanism. 3 credits. The development of American urbanism in the twentieth century. (This course satisfies the M. Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. (Not offered in 2002–2003.) Robert A.M. Stern.

765a, History of Landscape Architecture: Antiquity to 1700 in Western Europe. 3 credits. This course presents an introductory survey of the history of gardens and the wider, cultivated landscape in Western Europe, focusing primarily on Italy. The course examines chronologically the evolution of several key elements in landscape design: architectural and garden typologies; issues of topography and geography; various uses of water; organization and availability of plant materials; and matters of garden decoration. Specific gardens or representations of landscape in each of the four periods under discussion—Ancient Roman; medieval; early and late Renaissance; and Baroque—are examined and situated within their own cultural context. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. Bryan Fuermann.

767b, Alvar Aalto. 3 credits. This seminar explores Alvar Aalto’s role within the Modern Movement by highlighting his friendship and intellectual exchange with its major figures (Gropius, Moholy-Nagy, Giedion, Barr); his involvement in various groups (Swedish acceptera-group, CIAM); and his contacts with other national cultures besides his native Finland (Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, and the United States). Particular attention is given to Aalto’s contribution to the discussions around organicism, functionalism, and regionalism, and to his approach to the problems of housing, urban, and regional planning. Limited enrollment. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) Eeva-Liisa Pelkonen.

768a/M.E.D. 105a, Writing on Architecture. 3 credits. (Required in M.E.D. first term.) The goal of this course is to train students in the principles and techniques of nonfiction writing as it applies to architecture. The course includes readings from the work of prominent architects and critics, as well as writing exercises of various kinds and sizes, from business letters and brief reviews of books and exhibitions, to opinion pieces and formal presentations of buildings and projects. The main focus of the course is an extended article on a building selected from a variety of types and historical periods, such as skyscrapers, private houses, industrial plants, gated communities, malls, institutional buildings, and athletic facilities. Limited enrollment. Carter S. Wiseman.

769b, Principles of Japanese Architecture. 3 credits. This seminar explores Japanese traditional architecture, the concepts behind it—particularly the manner in which space and time are perceived, how traditional concepts are applied to current architectural forms, and how architects reflect cultural influences onto their work. Other forms of traditional Japanese art are also studied in order to further explore the relationship between Japanese spatial concepts and the constructions themselves. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. Yumi Kori.

770a, Architecture on Stage: Critiques of Meaning. 3 credits. This seminar investigates the critiques of the mechanisms of meaning in the architectural discussion of the 1970s. Special emphasis is given to the Italian, French, and German concerns with positive models of significance in architecture, mainly by authors peripheral to Manfredo Tafuri and Michel Foucault. The discussion sheds light on a mode of questioning, which is intimately linked to the notion of “Postmodernism” in architecture. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. Emmanuel Petit.

774b, Thematic Studies in Architecture: The Everyday, the Ordinary, and the Banal.
3 credits. This seminar considers the notion of the everyday as a critical political construct. Readings from Lefebre, Vico, and others are followed by analyses of domesticity, gender, and authority as manifested in the commonplace and contingent. Limited enrollment. (Not offered in 2002–2003.) Steven Harris.

775a, Modern Space and Domesticity, 1900–1940. 3 credits. The seminar is a simultaneous study of different concepts of space in the architecture of early modernism and of new concepts of domesticity through a case-study investigation of five or six canonic houses of the modern movement from roughly 1925 to 1940. This synthetic focus is approached through readings and through a series of model-making exercises that will investigate the literal making of parts of each of these houses with the aim of understanding the social and spatial implications of specific formal decisions. (This course satisfies the M. Arch I History and Theory elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. (Not offered in 2002–2003.) Lauren Kogod.

777b, Kahn in Context. 3 credits. This seminar closely examines the work of Louis I. Kahn, with emphasis on his relationship to such other “romantic resisters” of orthodox Modernism as Frank Lloyd Wright, Eero Saarinen, Paul Rudolph, and Philip Johnson. Limited enrollment. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) Carter S. Wiseman.

779b, Paris and London: Architecture and Urban Culture. 3 credits. This seminar develops a comparative and cross-cultural account of the urban development, architecture, and cultural context that both links and distinguishes these two European capital cities. With some historical background, the focus is on the modern period, exploring the development of characteristic patterns of urban fabric, public space, and urban life; the emergence of modern building types such as markets, museums, department stores, and railway terminals; and the relationships between the cultural and intellectual life of these cities and the ongoing articulation of architectural ideas and movements up to the present. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I Urbanism and Landscape elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. (Not offered in 2002–2003.) Alan Plattus.

789a, Homebodies: Identity, Technology, and the Human Senses. 3 credits. This seminar explores the architectural implications of a wide range of overlapping cultural issues that are transforming the nature of contemporary domesticity. Analyzing dwell-ings built at different scales (freestanding houses, multiple dwellings, hotels and mobile homes) and located in a variety of geographic contexts (urban, suburban, and rural), the course considers some of the following questions. What role does architecture play in shaping human and, in particular, gender identities? How are changing notions of work and leisure coupled with the advent of new technologies impacting the domestic environment? How does residential design register prevailing social conceptions about the corporeal body and the human senses? By paying close attention to the complex relationship between space and human interaction, students evaluate the significant role domestic architecture plays in shaping how occupants relate with each other, with their neighbors, and with the outside world. (This course satisfies the M.Arch. I History and Theory elective requirement.) Limited enrollment. Joel Sanders.

791c, The Art of the City: Summer Seminar in Rome. 3 credits. A three-week seminar in Rome, Italy. Although the density of buildings of historical importance is arguably greater in Rome than in any other city in the world, what is striking is the buildings’ contribution to the city as a whole. Their architectural virtue and historical importance are frequently documented and accessible. However, their significance to the city, as they enter into dialogue with their context of buildings and of ideas (a powerful and complex situation) remains accessible primarily through experience. This seminar focuses on the city as an entity that has been host to great individuals, institutions, and civilizations, one that remains the primary expression of their aspirations. M.Arch. I students are eligible to enroll in this course after completing at least three terms. This course requires an additional tuition charge. Limited enrollment. Faculty and visitors.

799a or b, Independent Course Work. 3 or 6 credits. Program to be determined with a faculty adviser of the student’s choice and submitted, with the endorsement of the study area coordinator, to the Rules Committee for confirmation of the student’s eligibility under the rules. (See Rules and Regulations of the School of Architecture.)

Courses 639b, 912b, 914b, and 925a, offered by the School in the Building Technology and Practice and in the Urbanism and Landscape study areas, also may be taken for elective credit in the area of History and Theory.

The following courses offered elsewhere in the University may be taken with the permission of the instructor. Permission of the study area coordinator is required for credit toward the elective requirement.

Divinity School

REL 847b, The House of the Lord: Twenty Centuries of Church Architecture. 3 credits. To prepare future ministers and pastoral personnel to understand and design/redesign their worship spaces. This is visual ecclesiology, not interior decoration. The course also acts as an historical survey of twenty centuries of church design for preaching and sacraments, and displays how the space has shaped theology and liturgical practice, and been shaped by them. Jaime Lara.

History of Art

HSAR 112a, Introduction to the History of Art: Prehistory to Renaissance. 3 credits. Form as meaning in architecture, sculpture, painting. Selected studies in these arts from prehistory to the Renaissance. Source reading in translation. Vincent Scully

HSAR 236a, The Art of Ancient Palaces. 3 credits. Introduction to the art and architecture of the major palaces in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Bronze Age Aegean. Special attention to palatial workshops (painting, sculpture, pottery, faience, glass, ivory, metal) in cultural context. Emphasis on the iconography of power, including establishment within palatial complexes of the world’s oldest botanical and zoological gardens. Karen Foster.

HSAR 310a, Building Modern Society. 3 credits. Survey of architectural developments in the context of major historical trends during and after the industrial revolution in Europe. Emphasis on the architectural dimensions of enlightenment and industrialization, nationalism and imperialism, historicism and orientalism, the rise of tourism, literacy, social welfare, a cult of progress, and other significant aspects of modernization. Sandy Isenstadt.

HSAR 465a, Interiors: Architecture, Family, and Selfhood in the American House.
3 credits. An exploration of the relationship between interior domestic space and the men, women, and children it was designed to accommodate. Topics include changes in the cultural roles of individuals and families, as well as corresponding developments in architecture and urbanism. Sandy Isenstadt.

HSAR 579a, Contested Identities: The Making of Architecture in the Modern (Islamic) World. 3 credits. This course studies the ideas and concepts that inform the making and reception of architecture in Islamic Asia, with a focus on Turkey, Iran, and Pakistan. The encounter with Western powers has now been sublimated to the degree of global theories of design; nonetheless these countries are in search of an indigenous aesthetic expression. In the Islamic world, new fundamentalisms and shifting religious trends have created an environment in which each country must renegotiate its part and reconsider its collective future. Whether through suppressing their Islamic roots, as in the case of Republican Turkey, or through reinventing them, as in the case of Pakistan, these countries create their national image. And it is through their public architecture that they convey their political and religious ideology. This course analyzes cases of colonial and nationalist architecture in Islamic countries, by situating them in the context of their social and religious history. Kishwar Rizvi.

HSAR 596b, Architecture, Form, and Function in the Eastern Medieval World. 3 credits. Focus on religious and secular architecture in the Byzantine and Islamic worlds. Analysis of the architectural space and its decoration in terms of function. Special emphasis on liturgy, court ceremonial, and civic ritual. Maria Georgopoulou.

HSAR 698b, Monuments and Other Containers of Memory. 3 credits. Architecture endures in at least two senses. First, it is usually made of hard stuff, which resists erosion over time. More importantly, it can remain meaningful long after those who built it are gone, both containing memories and prompting continued interpretation across generations. This has everything to do with the merits of a particular building, as well as the peculiar predicament of human memory. By looking at buildings and objects designed to preserve or, in some cases, induce memory, this seminar examines the political and cultural life of the built environment. Sandy Isenstadt.

HSAR 746a, Art and Architecture of Mesoamerica AD 800–1000. 3 credits. A time of unusual international activity that saw contact range from lower Central America to the U.S. Southwest, the years 800–1000 were also fractious and troubled ones in Mesoamerica. This seminar examines the wealthy cities and enclaves that mounted successful campaigns of art and architecture in this era, particularly Seibal and Chichen Itza in the south, Tula, Cacaxtla, and Xochicalco to the north. Particular attention is given to new architectural forms of the period, particularly as developed in southern Campeche and the Puuc region. Mary Miller.

HSAR 781a and b, Problem and Theory in Afro-Atlantic Architecture. 3 credits each term. The seminar addresses a new frontier—rebuilding the inner cities. This refers to Latino and mainland black cities within the cities of America. Accordingly, the course focuses on major roots of Latino and black traditional architecture—Ituri Forest and Namibian spatial solutions, Berber casbah architecture and its interactions with the Jews on Djerba isle and in Morocco, the concept of the Muslim assatayah creolized into the Iberia azotea and the spread of this terrace-roof style throughout Latin America. Topics include the architecture of Djenne, Berber art and architecture, Mauritanian sites, the monumental stone architecture of Zimbabwe, the sacred architecture of Ethiopia, and Muslim-influenced architecture from Rabat to Zanzibar. Then comes a case-by-case examination of some of the sites of African influence on the architecture of the Americas—the Puerto Rican casita; the southern verandah; the round-houses of New York, Virginia, North Carolina, Mexico, Panama, and Colombia; Ganvie, the Venice of West Africa, and its mirror image among the tidal stilt architectures of blacks of the Choco area in Pacific Colombia. The seminar ends with the shrine architecture of New World adherents of the classical religions of Dahomey. Robert Thompson.

Visual Representation
John C. Eberhart, Study Area Coordinator

The visual representation study area is concerned with such courses as drawing, digital media, graphics, color, photography, and actual three-dimensional modeling that, as analytical and communicative tools, are useful to the architectural design process. Visual representation courses also may include an amount of research into the particular design potentials and inclinations of each type of medium and tool, as well as the economics and revelations resulting from complex interrelations between, and simultaneous use of, all the tools taken together. M.Arch. I students are required to enroll in (and may not waive out of) 801a (Introduction to Visual Studies) in the first term. During the subsequent two terms they enroll in a series of introductory courses in drawing (802b) and digital representation (851b). With appropriate documentation of previous work and the approval of the area coordinator, one or both of these courses may be waived. These courses, or their waivers, serve as prerequisites for advanced visual representation courses. Students who have waived out of any or all of the visual representation introductory courses are still required to take 801a and at least two introductory or advanced courses selected from the visual representation curriculum listed below.

Please note: All incoming students are required to pass a preparatory course in the use of computer environments before a network account can be assigned. This course in basic computing techniques covers e-mailing, Web browsing and publishing, basic network-based computing, digital image processing, and file/folder management. The goal of the class is to familiarize students with basic digital media design and to facilitate their use of the School’s Digital Media facilities.

801a, Introduction to Visual Studies: Formal Analysis. 3 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I first term.) This course studies the object of architecture—canonical buildings in the history of architecture—not through the lens of reaction and nostalgia but through a filter of contemporary thought. The emphasis is on learning how to see and to think architecture by a method that can be loosely called “formal analysis.” Beginning with the Renaissance, the analyses move through history and conclude with examples of high modernism and postmoderism. Reading assignments and one formal analysis are assigned each week. Peter Eisenman.

802b, Freehand Drawing. 3 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I second term.) This freehand drawing course emphasizes linear description of volumes. Perceptual analysis of interior and exterior spaces and three-dimensional visualization of architectural form are stressed. Philip Grausman, coordinator; William Butler, Catherine Teale.

803a, Drawing and Architectural Form. 3 credits. This course examines the highly rigorous constructed architectural drawing through the tools of descriptive geometry, cast perspective, and sciagraphy. These tools have evolved within an historical and theoretical context of architectural representation, and can inform strategies toward the conception of architectural form. The drawing process of the constructed drawing reveals the building through the tactile materials of its own construction. Thus, mediums such as pencil, ink washes, and watercolor are an integral part of the articulation of these drawings. The appropriateness and meaning of drawn construction and its articulation are examined through a series of drawn investigations, which use the Yale campus as a point of departure. Limited enrollment. Sophia Gruzdys.

804b, Drawing Projects. 3 credits. Each student admitted to the course comes prepared with a particular subject which is investigated through the media of drawing for the entire term. There is a weekly evening pin-up with group discussion of the work in progress. Enrollment limited to nine students. (Not offered in 2002–2003.) Turner Brooks.

813a and b, Photography for Architects. 3 credits. This is a study of photography as an investigative and interpretive medium. Through lectures and assignments exploring technical and expressive concerns, this course emphasizes the development of basic
photographic skills and their professional application. Limited enrollment. Victoria Sambunaris.

814b, Advanced Photography for Architects. 3 credits. This course concentrates on photographic theory and application. An individual project is required. Prerequisite: 813a. Limited enrollment. Victoria Sambunaris.

827b, Representation and Optics: Visualizing Architectural Form. 3 credits. This course tracks developments in the relationship between representation, optics, and the visualization of architectural form from antiquity to the present. Moving from descriptive writings of Vitruvius to current experiments in hypertextual representation, this course examines the architectural effects made possible by innovations of such representational techniques as optical correction, perspective projection, descriptive geometry, stereotomy, and recent work in the field of digital imaging. Students explore the formal potential of these techniques using various physical and visual formats. The work of Euclid, Ptolemy, Brunelleschi, Borromini, Guarini, Semper, and Le Corbusier as well as current practitioners serve as the basis for investigation and discussion. Limited enrollment. Mark Gage.

851b, Introduction to Digital Media. 3 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I third term.) Digital media as a design and communication tool have changed the way space is conceived, perceived, and visualized in the design process. This course introduces fundamentals of 2-D imagery and 3-D space visualization techniques using computer applications. Static and dynamic presentations, proportional and measured modeling, and representative narratives are examined. This course is taught from May 5 until June 27. John Eberhart.

860a, Web Design for Architects. 3 credits. This course investigates the use of the Web in architecture with an emphasis on design and communicating information effectively. The first half of the course is an investigation into the use of the Web as a tool for architects for Web-based portfolios, presentations, and online archiving and project collaboration technologies. Students create a series of short projects focusing on these uses. The course concludes with a final Web project. The course covers standard HTML, Dreamweaver, Flash, Digital Video, Sound, VRML, QTVRm and Java Script. Dreamweaver and Flash are used as the primary design tools with Photoshop, Premiere, and 3-D Modeling as support applications. Prerequisite: 851a or b. Limited enrollment. John Eberhart.

861a/661a, 3-D Form and Materials. 3 credits. (Required in M.Arch. I first term.) This course examines the ways in which the understanding and perception of objects and the spaces they define is conditioned by the materials from which they are fabricated. It is assumed that specific materials privilege specific forms and that the visual and material properties of objects are intimately connected. Technical notebooks, exercises, and a final project are required. Each student is required to study one material in the depth allowed by a term’s work. Kent Bloomer, coordinator; Paul Brouard, Victoria Casasco, Christopher Mahoney, Edward Parker, Dean Sakamoto.

862b, Digital Video Synthesis. 3 credits. This course is an introduction to desktop video with an emphasis on design for both small-format QuickTime movies for the Web and full-frame output to tape. Students create short projects, edited nonlinearly, using a drag-and