History

237 Hall of Graduate Studies, 432.1366
M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D.

Chair
Jon Butler

Director of Graduate Studies
Valerie Hansen (236 HGS, 432.1361)

Professors
Jean-Christophe Agnew (American Studies), Abbas Amanat, Ivo Banac, Beatrice Bartlett, Paul Bushkovitch, Jon Butler, Nancy Cott, John Demos, Carlos Eire, John Mack Faragher, Paul Freedman, John Gaddis, Glenda Gilmore, Robert Gordon (Law), Timothy Guinnane (Economics), Valerie Hansen, Robert Harms, John Heilbron (Visiting), Frederic Holmes (History of Medicine & Science), Henry Huttenbach (Visiting), Paula Hyman, Matthew Jacobson, Gilbert Joseph, Donald Kagan, Paul Kennedy, Daniel Kevles, Benedict Kiernan, Ivan Marcus, John Matthews (Classics), William McFeely (Visiting), John Merriman, Edward Peters (Visiting), Cynthia Russett, Lamin Sanneh (Divinity School), Stuart Schwartz, Frank Snowden, Jonathan Spence, Harry Stout, Frank Turner, Henry Turner, John Harley Warner (History of Medicine & Science), Robin Winks, Jay Winter, Keith Wrightson

Associate Professors
Robert Johnston, Kevin Repp

Assistant Professors
Michael Auslin, Jennifer Baszile, Brian Cowan, Seth Fein, Joanne Freeman, Andrew Gregory (Classics), Mary Habeck, Jonathan Holloway, Susan Lederer, Mary Lui, Michael Mahoney, Carolyn Moehling, Stephen Pitti, Mridu Rai, Ronald Rittgers (Divinity School), Timothy Snyder, Steven Stoll, Rebecca Tannenbaum (Visiting), Anders Winroth, Keriann Yokota

Fields of Study
Fields include ancient, medieval, early modern, and modern Europe (including Britain, Russia, and Eastern Europe), United States, Latin America, Asia, Middle East, Africa, Jewish history; and diplomatic, environmental, ethnic, intellectual, labor, military, political, religious, social, and women's history.

Special Admissions Requirements
The department requires a short essay to accompany the application, describing and analyzing a work of history that the applicant wishes he or she had written.

Special Requirements for the Ph.D. Degree
All students must pass examinations in at least two foreign languages, one by the end of the first year. Students are urged to do everything in their power to acquire adequate linguistic training before they enter Yale and should at a minimum be prepared to be examined in at least one language upon arrival. Typical language requirements for major subfields are as follows:

African: Either (1) French and German or Portuguese or Dutch-Afrikaans; or (2) French or German or Portuguese and Arabic; or (3) French or German or Portuguese or Dutch-Afrikaans and an African language approved by the department.

American: Two languages relevant to the student's research interests, or a high level of proficiency in one language; competence in statistics may substitute for a natural language under appropriate circumstances.

Ancient: French, German, Greek, and Latin.

Chinese: Chinese and French; additional languages like Japanese, Russian, or German may be necessary for certain dissertation topics.

East European: The language of the student's concentration plus two of the following: French, German, Russian, or an approved substitution.

Japanese: Japanese and French or German; Chinese may be necessary for some fields of study.

Latin American: Spanish, Portuguese, and French.

Medieval: French, German, and Latin.

Modern Western European (including British): French and German; substitutions are permitted as appropriate.

Russian: Russian plus French or German with other languages as required.

During the first two years of study, students normally take twelve term courses, at least eight of which shall be chosen from those offered by the department, and must achieve Honors in at least one course in the first year. Three of the twelve courses must be research seminars in which the student produces an original research paper from primary sources. One of the second-year courses will be a tutorial resulting in a prospectus for the dissertation. When this has been discussed in a dissertation colloquium and approved by the student's committee, and after any further language requirements have been met, students take an oral examination, normally in the third year. The examination will cover three chosen fields of concentration: a major field and two minor fields, one of which is comparative or theoretical, or on a continent different from the student's ordinary field of specialization. U.S. historians must offer a minor field that addresses historiography outside the United States. If these do not include one field dealing with premodern history, then a year's work in that earlier period must have been included among the twelve required courses. Completion of these requirements will qualify a student for admission to candidacy for the Ph.D., which must take place by the end of the third year of study.

Teaching is an important part of the professional preparation of graduate students in History. The department expects students to teach, usually in the third and fourth years of study. Students are also encouraged to participate in the teaching programs offered by the Graduate School.

Combined Ph.D. Programs

History and African American Studies
The Department of History also offers, in conjunction with African American Studies, a combined Ph.D. in History and African American Studies. For further details, see African American Studies.

History and Renaissance Studies
The Department of History also offers, in conjunction with the Renaissance Studies program, a combined Ph.D. in History and Renaissance Studies. For further details, see Renaissance Studies.

Master's Degrees
M.Phil. Students who have completed all requirements for admission to candidacy for the Ph.D. may receive the M.Phil. degree. Alternatively, the Department of History offers, in conjunction with the Medieval Studies program, a joint M.Phil. degree. For further details, see Medieval Studies.

M.A. (en route to the Ph.D.). Students enrolled in the Ph.D. program may qualify for the M.A. degree upon completion of a minimum of six graduate term courses at Yale, of which one must be an Honors grade and the other five courses must average High Pass. Students must also pass an examination in one foreign language. A student in the American Studies program who wishes to obtain an M.A. in History, rather than an M.A. in American Studies, must include in the courses completed at least two research seminars in the History department.

Master's Degree Program. For this terminal master's degree students must pass six term courses, four of which must be in History; substantial written work must be submitted in conjunction with at least two of these courses, and Honors grades are expected in two courses, with a High Pass average overall. All students in this program must pass an examination in one foreign language.

Program materials are available upon request from the Director of Graduate Studies, Department of History, Yale University, PO Box 208324, New Haven CT 06520-8324.

Courses
HIST 518au, The Spartan Hegemony. Donald Kagan. Tuesday 2.30-4.20
A history of Greece during the period 404-362 B.C. The focus is on the relationship between domestic constitutions and politics and diplomacy and war.

HIST 522au, The Roman Empire: History in Latin Inscriptions. John Matthews. Wednesday 2.30-4.20
Issues in Roman political, social, religious, and legal history from the first century B.C. to the fifth century A.D., as seen through Latin inscriptions selected for their inherent interest and variety of content as well as for the explicitly epigraphic questions that may be raised. Also LATN 744au.

HIST 525b, Topics in Roman History and Culture. John Matthews, Susanna Braund. Friday 4-6
A weekly program of research papers on various topics, given by faculty members, graduate students, and visitors to Yale, followed by formal and informal discussion. Graduate students may acquire a course credit by presenting a paper to the seminar or by writing a term paper on one of the topics chosen, together with regular participation and contributions to discussion. Suggestions for and offers of papers are welcome. Also CLSS 650b.

HIST 530a, Late Rome to Charles Martel: Gaul Becomes Medieval. Walter Goffart. Tuesday 1.30-3.20
Reading and discussion of the main sources documenting Gaul from its last years in the Roman Empire down to the "Do-Nothing" kings whom the Carolingians replaced. Special atention is paid to the question of continuity from antiquity, as well as to types of source material and critical approaches to them.

HIST 532b, The Making of Monasticism. Bentley Layton. Wednesday 1.30-3.20
The history of Christian monasteries, hermits, ascetics, and monastic institutions and values in late antiquity, with special attention to the eastern Mediterranean world. Also NELC 736bu, RLST 659bu.

HIST 545a, Peasants in the Middle Ages. Paul Freedman. Monday 1.30-3.20
Considers the social history and representation of the medieval peasantry from about 800 to 1525. Topics include: the rural economy, feudal society and the seigneurial regime, social ideologies, and resistance (direct and indirect).

HIST 546au, Jewish-Christian Confrontations in Medieval Europe. Ivan Marcus. Tues/Thurs 11.30-12.45
A history of the major trends and turning points illustrating how medieval European Jews and Christians acted toward and imagined each other's culture from late antiquity to the Reformation. Also RLST 770au.

HIST 569a, Readings in Reformation History: Calvin and Calvinism. Carlos Eire, Serene Jones. Tuesday 1.30-3.20
Reading and discussion. Also RLST 678a.

HIST 580b, Encounters: Ourselves and Others in the Early Modern World. Stuart Schwartz. Monday 1.30-3.20
An examination of the encounters between Europeans and other peoples 1480-1800, with attention to the role of perception, conceptions, and events on both sides of such meetings. Both the history of such encounters as well as the theories of alternity and cultural perceptions are discussed.

HIST 602a, Microhistories. Keith Wrightson. Thursday 10.30-12.20
Research seminar. The first weeks are devoted to reading and discussing a number of outstanding microhistorical studies of individuals, families, communities, incidents, and processes, principally drawn from the literature on early modern England. Particular attention is paid to questions of sources and their use. Thereafter members of the class undertake research exercises on edited primary sources. Particular use can be made of the records of Earls Colne, Essex (available in their entirety in microfiche and online).

HIST 603b, Questions of Class. Keith Wrightson. Thursday 10.30-12.20
A reading seminar drawing on the extensive literature on the problem of class in the period c. 1550-1850. The core readings are on Britain, but comparative readings are introduced where possible. Particular issues include different ways of imagining the social order (estates, degrees, classes, etc.); how social identities are structured and classes made and unmade; aristocracy; the notion of gentility; middle classes; the professions; "proletarianization"; social mobility; class and gender; stability and conflict.

HIST 605b, Early Modern Media and Politics. Brian Cowan. Wednesday 3.30-5.20
This course examines the various ways in which people communicated with each other in the early modern world. We look at a wide variety of early modern media, including print, manuscript, images, as well as oral and aural communication. Armed with this understanding of their context, we read a variety of different early modern texts including political philosophy, pictures, poetry, drama, newspapers, and diaries. While the primary focus of our readings is on early modern England, students may write a research paper in a field of their own choice.

HIST 630b, European Thought in the Era of Romanticism. Frank Turner. Thursday 1.30-3.20
This seminar examines European thought from Jean-Jacques Rousseau through Friedrich Nietzsche. The general emphasis is on continental thinkers though some British writers are considered. Topics likely to be covered are romantic aesthetics, idealism, political utopianism, political conservatism, philosophy of history, the debate over civil society, the theology of feeling, nationalism, the ideas of development and evolution, and Wagner's music of the future. Among the writers likely to be read are Rousseau, Kant, Adam Smith, Goethe, Hegel, Coleridge, Constant, Heine, Chateaubriand, Schleiermacher, Newman, de Tocqueville, Carlyle, Marx, Darwin, Wagner, and Nietzsche. The course also considers the plastic and musical arts of the period. Student reports and a final paper.

HIST 634a, Cultural and Intellectual History of European Modernism. Kevin Repp. Wednesday 1.30-3.20
Reading and discussion. Students explore recent methodological approaches to intellectual and cultural history while also learning something about the state of historical research on twentieth-century European modernism. Topics include media, markets, and modernism; modernism and the First World War; "fascist modernism"; and "postmodernism." Authors include: Peter Fritzsche, Paul Fussell, Mark Antliff, Raymond Williams, Jürgen Habermas, Michel Foucault, and Pierre Bourdieu.

HIST 642b, Paris and London: Metropolitan Trajectories, 1815-1918. John Merriman, Jay Winter. Tuesday 1.30-3.20
Reading and discussion seminar. Topics include the impact of large-scale economic transformation; popular protest; migration and mobility; social geography; city and country; the world of work and leisure; the experience of war; images and representation of the city; and the successes and failures of urban planning.

HIST 646b, Socialism in Europe from Babeuf to Gramsci. Frank Snowden. Tuesday 10.30-12.20
Main currents of European socialism in their historical context. Attention is paid to utopian socialist thinkers, Marx and Engels, anarchist and libertarian thought, Russian populism, Fabian socialism, revisionism, anarcho-syndicalism, Lenin, and Gramsci.

HIST 651a, Topics in Modern German History. Henry Turner. Tuesday 1.30-3.20
Reading and discussion course, focused on selected aspects of modern Germany's development.

HIST 652b, Research Seminar on Modern German History. Henry Turner. Wednesday 1.30-3.20
Methods of research, historiographical case studies, independent project.

HIST 655a, Relations of the Great Powers since 1890. Paul Kennedy.
Reading and discussion. Among the topics covered are the "New Imperialism," the military and naval arms race prior to 1914, the relationship between domestic politics and foreign affairs, the First World War and the alteration of the Great Power order, the "new diplomacy," appeasement, and the rise of the dictator-states. There is a heavy emphasis on historiography, and an encouragement to relate economic and strategical trends to diplomatic.

HIST 666b, Russia to 1725. Paul Bushkovitch. Tuesday 10.30-12.20
The major phases of Russian history from the tenth century, covering the major historiographical controversies and sources. Russian or German helpful but not required.

HIST 672b, Family and Nation in East European Empires, 1848-1918. Timothy Snyder. Tuesday 1.30-3.20
Attempts to unite the East European historiographic preoccupation with the nation with recent Western attention to local and microcultural history. Considers the question of national assimilation from the perspective of choices within families at moments of political opportunity and threat brought by reform, revolt, and war.

HIST 685a, Yugoslavia, 1918-1991. Ivo Banac. Wednesday 3.30-5.20
Reading and discussion. Main topics in the history of two Yugoslav states. Conflicts, ideologies, dissolution. No language prerequisites.

HIST 700a, Introduction to the Historiography of the United States. Nancy Cott. Tuesday 12.30-4
Readings and discussion of scholarly work on U.S. history from the settlement era to the present. Members of the Department faculty visit the class on a rotating basis. Also AMST 700a.

HIST 706a, Readings on Early National America. Joanne Freeman. Monday 3.30-5.20
A discussion of recent work on the early national period, with an emphasis on cultural and political history.

HIST 708b, Readings in African American History to Emancipation. Jennifer Baszile. Wednesday 3.30-5.20
This seminar surveys classic and recent scholarship on the African diaspora in North America. Topics include regional and temporary varieties of slavery and freedom, gender, religion, race, work, resistance, and emancipation. Attention to urban and rural communities. Also AFAM 758b, AMST 706b.

HIST 719a, Reconstruction, Reunion, Race, and ...Writing. William McFeely. Thursday 1.30-3.20
A writing course. The subject: race relations from the Civil War through the 1930s. We examine the writing in works by C. Vann Woodward, Eric Foner, David W. Blight, and James Goodman, then experiment with our own. Frequent short exercises and one longer assignment. The goal is to write readable history.

HIST 723a, Intellectual Life in Twentieth-Century America. Cynthia Russett. Wednesday 1.30-3.20
This course focuses on selected topics in the intellectual history of modern America from the turn of the century until the 1980s. Readings emphasize primary sources rather than modern scholarship. Writers include Malcolm Cowley, James Agee, Ralph Ellison, Christopher Lasch, and Cornel West. Reading and discussion.

HIST 735a, Readings in Twentieth-Century American Political and Social History. Glenda Gilmore. Thursday 10.30-12.20
Recent trends in American political history from the 1800s, with an emphasis on the social analysis of mass politics and reform. Also AFAM 706a, AMST 714a.

HIST 736b, Research in Twentieth-Century American Political and Social History. Glenda Gilmore. Wednesday 10.30-12.20
Projects chosen from the post-Civil War period, with emphasis on twentieth-century social and political history, broadly defined. Research seminar. Also AFAM 709b, AMST 709b.

HIST 738a, Reading and Research in Western and Frontier History. John Mack Faragher. Wednesday 10.30-12.20
An introduction to recent work on the history of North American frontiers and the region of the American West, and original work in primary materials. Held in the Beinecke Library, the seminar examines documents from Yale's outstanding collections of Western Americana. Students elect to produce a substantial research essay or a dissertation prospectus. Also AMST 738a.

HIST 750a, Religion and Modernity in Europe and America, 1850-2000. Jon Butler. Tuesday 10.30-12.20
Examines confrontation of religion with the modern in both Europe and America from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. Readings concentrate on the meaning of modernity for religious belief and practice and on the implications of urbanization, industrialization, and the rise of technocratic society for sustaining religious faith. Among issues concerned are the fate of miracles, religion and modern politics, ethnicity, gender, "therapeutic" religion, and religion's apparent persistence despite the advance of secularization, at least in America, and its potential to assess the alleged uniqueness of "modernity." Also AMST 704a, RLST 523a.

HIST 751a, Race and Races in American Studies. Matthew Jacobson. Friday 1.30-3.20
This reading-intensive seminar examines influential scholarship across the disciplines on "race" and racialized relations in American culture and society. Major topics include the cultural construction of race; race as both an instrument of oppression and an idiom of resistance in American politics; the centrality of race in literary, anthropological, and legal discourse; the racialization of U.S. foreign policy; "race mixing"; vicissitudes of "whiteness" in American political culture; and "race" in the realm of popular cultural representation. A lengthy review essay due at the end of the semester gives students a chance to explore in depth the themes, periods, and methods which most interest them. Also AFAM 687a, AMST 701a.

HIST 756b, The International/Transnational History of the United States in the Americas. Seth Fein. Thursday 3.30-5.20
This reading seminar analyzes recent approaches to the study of sociocultural, economic, and political history across national and disciplinary boundaries. It examines how international and transnational encounters, in different cases, stabilize as well as destabilize "national" power, political structures, and cultural forms. Empirically, it focuses on interactions (and noninteractions) between the United States and other nations of the Americas during the twentieth century. Other geocultural and temporal situations are engaged for methodological and empirical comparison.

HIST 760b, American Legal History, 1880-1980. Robert Gordon.
Selected topics in the modern history of American law, legal thought, legal institutions, and the legal profession. Examination, with an option (open to a limited number of students) to write a research paper based on primary sources. Also LAW 21063.

HIST 765bu, Jews in America, 1654 to the Present. Paula Hyman. Tues/Thurs 10.30-11.20
A survey of the development of American Jewry from the colonial period to the present, with special attention to social, cultural, political, and religious issues. Also RLST 764bu.

HIST 766au, Jewish Immigration and American Society. Paula Hyman. Wednesday 1.30-3.20
An exploration of the Jewish immigration experience in America in the context of American immigrant history. Topics include economic issues, gender and identity, political activism, religious adaptation, and cultural participation in American society. Also RLST 766au.

HIST 790b, Narrative, and Other, Histories. John Demos. Wednesday 3.30-5.20
An exploration, through readings and discussion, of the recent "literary turn" in historical scholarship. Readings include history, fiction, and some theory. In addition, a month-long "practicum" focuses on writings by course participants. Also AMST 790b.

HIST 793b, Power: Historical and Theoretical Approaches. Jean-Christophe Agnew. Thursday 10.30-12.20
An introduction to the widely different ways in which power and its correlative concepts (domination, coercion, oppression, authority, legitimacy, hegemony, resistance, etc.) have been treated by historians, sociologists, anthropologists, and political theorists. Case studies test the various approaches in different contexts. Also AMST 793b.

HIST 800b, Teaching World History. Valerie Hansen. Thursday 1.30-3.20
An introduction to the different definitions of and approaches to the topic as now taught to undergraduates. Thematic focus on the movement of peoples (free and unfree), trade items, and religious beliefs among different world areas. Restricted to History Ph.D. students.

HIST 807b, Resistance, Rebellion, and Survival Strategies in Rural Latin America. Gilbert Joseph, Patricia Pessar. Tuesday 1.30-3.20
An interdisciplinary examination of new conceptual and methodological approaches to such phenomena as peasants in revolution, millenarianism, "banditry," refugee movements, and transnational migration. Also ANTH 510b.

HIST 820a, Modern Mexican History. Gilbert Joseph. Friday 1.30-3.20
The course examines new approaches to the political and cultural history of Mexico in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Particular emphasis is given to the coming and process of the Mexican revolution, the durable nation-state that emerged from it, Mexico's multistranded encounter with the United States, and the development of social movements and mass culture in the postrevolutionary period.

HIST 831a, Political Theory and Practice in Modern Islamic Historical Texts and Contexts. Abbas Amanat. Thursday 3.30-5.20
Close reading, content analysis, and contextual study of mostly modern Iranian historical writings, "mirrors" and critical literature, memoirs, and selective documents in translation as well as major studies on the themes of power, morality and violence; Islam and politics; modernity, reform, and contested identities. No prerequisites.

HIST 834b, Readings in Modern Middle Eastern History. Abbas Amanat. Wednesday 3.30-5.20
This reading course examines major themes in the history of the modern Middle East (nineteenth and twentieth centuries) to include the Ottoman Empire and Turkey, Iran, and the Arab world. Topics include state and societal transformations, Western impact and colonialism, reform and modernity, religion, gender, nationalism, and revolutions.

HIST 839b, Environmental History of Africa. Robert Harms. Wednesday 1.30-3.20
An examination of the interaction between people and their environments in Africa, and the ways in which this interaction has affected or shaped the course of African history. Also AFST 839b.

HIST 844a, Memory and Orality in African History. Michael Mahoney. Thursday 1.30-3.20
This graduate seminar introduces the student to oral research methodology, as well as to particular debates about that methodology within African historiography. We also discuss memory and popular historical understandings, and how this non-guild historiography interacts with what academics do. Though the focus is on Africa, we cover the material in a sufficiently general manner so that the course may be of interest to non-Africanists. In addition, the final project requires practical oral research, and this may very well be non-Africanist in nature, since so few African respondents are available in the area. Also AFST 844a.

HIST 851a, The Wars in Vietnam since 1920. Benedict Kiernan. Wednesday 3.30-5.20
The changes imposed by French colonialism up to 1945, and Vietnamese cultural and political responses, set the background to the First, Second, and Third Indochina Wars, 1945-1993. The Japanese occupation in World War II, the 1945 August Revolution, the French attempt to recolonize Vietnam, and the similarly fated U.S. intervention of 1955-1975 are the main topics. The wars with China and Democratic Kampuchea are also studied. Reading and discussion.

HIST 859b, Topics in Ch'ing Intellectual History. Annping Chin. Thursday 3.30-5.20
The course focuses on the Ch'ing scholars-how they gathered evidence about the past, why they worked in the way they did, and what they hoped to accomplish. It also explores the major themes in Ch'ing intellectual history-why, for instance, the reform-thinking scholars of the nineteenth century would look to the writings of the early Ch'ing for insights and inspiration. Chinese not required.

HIST 865a, Qing and Republican China. Jonathan Spence. Wednesday 3.30-5.20
An exploration of some of the main themes in the history of modern China. Topics include Qing political and social history, foreign imperialism, dynastic decline, intellectual explorations, the rise of the communist party, and the impact of Japan. Reading and discussion. Chinese not required.

HIST 868a, Qing Communications, Archives, Official Historical Writing, and Reading Documents. Beatrice Bartlett. Friday 1.30-3.20
Qing document and communications systems (including the institutional background to understanding them), the use of primary sources and archives in particular, and reading Qing documents. Prerequisite: advanced Chinese, with at least one course in literary Chinese.

HIST 869bu, Research Bibliography for Qing and Modern Chinese History, 1600-1937. Beatrice Bartlett. Friday 1.30-3.20
Introduction to the research bibliography for late imperial and early-twentieth-century Chinese history (1600-1937). Research seminar. Prerequisite: advanced Chinese, with at least one course in literary Chinese.

HIST 870b, Historians on Modern China. Beatrice Bartlett. Wednesday 1.30-3.20
Some of the problems historians have faced in writing about modern China. Questions of historical truth, types and uses of sources, objectivity and bias, conflicting evidence. Works to be read include translations of writers of various nationalities (Chinese, Russian, Japanese).

HIST 872au, Taiwan History, 1600 to the Present. Beatrice Bartlett. Tuesday 1.30-3.20
Taiwan history from the first immigrations to the present. Topics include Koxinga and the Dutch, Qing pioneers and rebels, Taiwan as a Qing province, the Japanese colonial experience (1895-1945), Nationalist rule, the modern economic miracle, foreign relations, and democratization since the 1960s. Problems of conflicting historical interpretations. Reading and discussion.

HIST 891a, Subaltern Studies: Before, During, and After. Mridu Rai.
This course evaluates the Subaltern Studies project, one of the most influential interventions in history to emerge from South Asia, whose impact has been felt in Latin American, Irish, and African studies, where it shares common ground in a broader "postcolonial" critique. The course traces the history of this "school of historiography," beginning with an examination of its original problematic, in providing a "history from below" challenging nationalist elite writings, surveying the changing nature of the project, and probing the critiques leveled against it.

HIST 930a, Introduction to the History of Medicine and Science. Daniel Kevles, Frederic Holmes, Susan Lederer, John Warner. Wednesday 2.30-4.20
Part one of a two-semester linked sequence. An examination of significant works in the history of science and history of medicine from the seventeenth through the twentieth century. Discussions emphasize themes, methods, and controversies that have shaped these fields during the last three decades. Topics include the history and historiography of medicine, public health, the physical sciences, chemistry, and the life sciences. Also HSHM 601a.

HIST 931b, Introduction to the History of Medicine and Science, Part II. Daniel Kevles, Frederic Holmes, Susan Lederer, John Warner. Wednesday 1.30-3.20
Part two of two-semester linked sequence. Also HSHM 602b.

HIST 933b, Seminar in Science and Technology in the Twentieth Century. Daniel Kevles, John Heilbron.
An examination of the development of the scientific and technological enterprise in Europe and the United States, including its major intellectual achievements, academic and industrial institutions, relationship to war and the state, and standing in general culture. Among topics that might be considered are atomic, nuclear, and particle physics, genetics and molecular biology, microelectronics and computers. Also HSHM 714b.

HIST 951bu, Memory, Memoirs, and Modern Jewish History. Paula Hyman. Thursday 1.30-3.20
An exploration of the representation of Jewish historical experience from the seventeenth to the twentieth century through a selection of memoirs. Focus on the construction of identity, with special attention to the interaction of minority status, gender, and class in a variety of historical contexts. Also RLST 762bu.

HIST 963b, Modern Empires and Imperialisms: Research on Colonial and Imperial Issues. Robin Winks. Wednesday 1.30-3.20
This is a research seminar, with some initial emphasis on reading and discussion, into the rapidly growing and changing historical literature on comparative imperial studies. While emphasis is placed on the largest of the modern empires, Britain, within that empire there is some focus on Canada, Australia and New Zealand, West Africa, and Malaysia/Singapore, and students are free to develop topics on any imperial subjects post-1763.

HIST 965a. Agrarian Societies: Culture, Society, History, and Development. Robert Harms, James Scott, Michael Dove, Linda Rebhun. Monday 1.30-5.20
An interdisciplinary examination of agrarian societies, contemporary and historical, Western and non-Western. Major analytical perspectives from economics, history, political science, and environmental studies are used to develop a meaning-centered and historically grounded account of the transformations of rural society. Team taught. Also ANTH 541a, F&ES 753a, PLSC 779a.

HIST 975a, Cold War International History. John Gaddis. Tuesday 1.30-3.20
Examines major issues and sources for the "new" Cold War history. Readings and discussions, with short analytical essays.

HIST 979au, Historical Perspectives in the Study of the Holocaust. Paula Hyman. Mon/Wed 10.30-11.20
A survey of the major historical issues raised by the Holocaust, including the roots of Nazism; different theoretical perspectives and ways of accounting for genocide; the behavior of perpetrators, victims, and bystanders; and problems of representation. Also RLST 768au.

HIST 985b, Studies in Grand Strategy, Part I. John Gaddis, Charles Hill, Paul Kennedy, Paul Bracken. Monday 1.30-3.20
This two-semester course begins in January with readings in classical works from Sun Tzu to Clausewitz to Kissinger. Students identify principles of strategy and examine the extent to which these were or were not applied in historical case studies from the Peloponnesian War to the post-Cold War period. During the summer students undertake research projects or internships designed to apply resulting insights to the detailed analysis of a particular strategic problem or aspect of strategy. Written reports are presented and critically examined early in the fall term. Students must take both semesters, fulfill the summer research/internship, and attend additional lectures to be scheduled throughout the spring and fall terms. Admission is by competitive application only; forms are available at International Security Studies. Also MGT 984b, PLSC 716b.

HIST 986a, Genocide in Comparative Historical Perspective. Henry Huttenbach. Thursday 10.30-12.20
Genocidal practices have characterized much of the past century; yet only recently has the international community recognized the urgency of understanding genocide as a potentially dangerous, destabilizing threat that calls for policies of prediction and prevention. Much about genocide is unknown, from its causes to its consequences. Even the definitions of genocide are disputed. Open debates rage as to who is accountable and how to address the problems of justice and compensation. Students in the course read widely on a variety of issues associated with genocide, as well as on specific cases of genocide. A balance is encouraged between theoretical discussions and detailed knowledge of specific genocides. The term grade is based on class participation, familiarity with material, and a substantial research paper. Also INRL 540a.

HIST 995a/b, Prospectus Tutorial. Faculty.

HIST 998a/b, Directed Reading. Faculty.
Offered by permission of instructor and DGS to meet special requirements not met by regular courses.

HIST 999a/b, Directed Research. Faculty.
Offered by arrangement with instructor and permission of DGS to meet special requirements.

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