Academic and Grading Calendar

*Some classes may meet during the reading period.

The President and Fellows of Yale University

President
Richard Charles Levin, B.A., B.LITT., PH.D.

Fellows
Her Excellency the Governor of Connecticut, ex officio
His Honor the Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut, ex officio
George Leonard Baker, Jr., B.A., M.B.A., Palo Alto, California
Edward Perry Bass, B.S., Fort Worth, Texas
Roland Whitney Betts, B.A., J.D., New York, New York
Jeffrey Lawrence Bewkes, B.A., M.B.A., New York, New York
Peter Brendan Dervan, B.S., Ph.D., San Marino, California (June 2014)
Donna Lee Dubinsky, B.A., M.B.A., Portola Valley, California
Mimi Gardner Gates, B.A., M.A., Ph.D., Seattle, Washington (June 2013)
Paul Lewis Joskow, B.A., Ph.D., Locust Valley, New York
Jeffrey Powell Koplan, B.A., M.D., M.P.H., Atlanta, Georgia (June 2009)
Margaret Hilary Marshall, B.A., M.Ed., J.D., Cambridge, Massachusetts (June 2010)
William Irwin Miller, B.A., M.B.A., Columbus, Indiana (June 2011)
Indra Nooyi, B.S., M.B.A., M.P.P.M., Greenwich, Connecticut
Barrington Daniels Parker, B.A., LL.B., Stamford, Connecticut
Douglas Alexander Warner III, B.A., New York, New York
Margaret Garrard Warner, B.A., Washington, D.C. (June 2012)
Fareed Zakaria, B.A., Ph.D., New York, New York

The Officers of Yale University

President
Richard Charles Levin, B.A., B.Litt., Ph.D.

Provost
Andrew David Hamilton, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S.

Vice President and Secretary
Linda Koch Lorimer, B.A., J.D.

Vice President and General Counsel
Dorothy Kathryn Robinson, B.A., J.D.

Vice President for New Haven and State Affairs and Campus Development
Bruce Donald Alexander, B.A., J.D.

Vice President for Development
Ingeborg Theresia Reichenbach, Staatsexamen

Vice President for Finance and Administration
Shauna Ryan King, B.S., M.B.A.

School of Public Health Administration and Faculty

Paul Cleary, Ph.D., Dean and Chair
Brian P. Leaderer, M.P.H., Ph.D., Deputy Dean and Vice Chair
Anne F. Pistell, M.A., M.B.A., Associate Dean, Student Affairs
Robert D. Dubrow, M.D., Ph.D., Associate Dean, Academic Affairs
Rosalie Blunden, M.B.A., Associate Dean, Finance and Administration
Christian Tschudi, Ph.D., Director of Graduate Studies
Elizabeth Claus, M.D., Ph.D., Director of Medical Research
§Mayur Desai, M.P.H., Ph.D., Acting Director of Medical Studies
Matthew Wilcox, M.L.S., Librarian and Director of Academic Technology
Susan V. Whalen, B.A., Director of Student Affairs
Jacqui R. Comshaw, M.P.A., Director of Admissions
Christina Kostas, M.B.A., Director of Career Services
Elaine O’Keefe, M.S., Director of the Office of Community Health
Danielle Williams, J.D., Director of Alumni Affairs
Karen Wellman, B.A., Director of Financial Aid
Heidi Richard, B.S., Executive Assistant to the Dean
Alyson Zeitlin, B.A., Faculty Affairs Coordinator

Faculty

Biostatistics
Lisa Calvocoressi, Ph.D., Associate Research Scientist
Elizabeth B. Claus, M.D., Ph.D., Professor
Yongtao Guan, Ph.D., Assistant Professor
Ralitza Gueorguieva, Ph.D., Research Scientist
Theodore R. Holford, Ph.D., Professor
Haiqun Lin, M.D., Ph.D., Associate Professor
Shuangge Ma, M.S., Ph.D., Assistant Professor
Robert W. Makuch, Ph.D., Professor
Annette M. Molinaro, Ph.D., Assistant Professor
lPrakash M. Nadkarni, M.D., Associate Professor
Peter N. Peduzzi, Ph.D., Professor (Adjunct)
Ning Sun, Ph.D., Research Scientist
Colin White, M.B.B.S., Professor Emeritus
Daniel Zelterman, Ph.D., Professor
Heping Zhang, Ph.D., Professor
Hongyu Zhao, Ph.D., Professor

Chronic Disease Epidemiology
Lisa Barry, Ph.D., M.P.H., Associate Research Scientist
Kathleen D. Belanger, Ph.D., Research Scientist
Edward A. Bortnichak, Ph.D., Lecturer
Michael B. Bracken, M.P.H., Ph.D., Professor
§cKelly D. Brownell, Ph.D., Professor
Brenda Cartmel, Ph.D., Research Scientist
Mary G. McCrea Curnen, M.D., Dr.T.M., Dr.P.H., Clinical Professor
Amy S. Darefsky, M.P.H., Ph.D., Lecturer
§Mayur Desai, M.P.H., Ph.D., Assistant Professor
dVincent T. DeVita, Jr., M.D., Professor
‡Robert D. Dubrow, M.D., Ph.D., Associate Professor
dThomas Gill, M.D., Professor
aElena Grigorenko, Ph.D., Associate Professor
Nora E. Groce, Ph.D., Associate Professor
Laura M. Grosso, M.P.H., Ph.D., Associate Research Scientist
Josephine Hoh, Ph.D., Associate Professor
Debbie L. Humphries, M.P.H., Ph.D., Clinical Instructor
‡§Jeannette R. Ickovics, Ph.D., Professor
§Melinda L. Irwin, M.P.H., Ph.D., Associate Professor
§iSelby Jacobs, M.P.H., M.D., Professor
Geir Jacobsen, M.D., Dr.P.H., Research Affiliate
Beth A. Jones, M.P.H., Ph.D., Associate Professor
§Stanislav V. Kasl, Ph.D., Professor
Trace S. Kershaw, M.A., Ph.D., Assistant Professor
§Becca R. Levy, Ph.D., Associate Professor
Tené Lewis, M.A., Ph.D., Assistant Professor
Dewei Li, Ph.D., Lecturer
Judith H. Lichtman, M.P.H., Ph.D., Associate Professor
Xiaomei Ma, M.D., Ph.D., Assistant Professor
aLinda Mayes, M.D., Professor
‡Susan T. Mayne, Ph.D., Professor
eRuth McCorkle, Ph.D., Professor
Lloyd M. Mueller, Ph.D., Lecturer
Jewel M. Mullen, M.P.H., M.D., Lecturer
Adrian M. Ostfeld, M.D., Professor Emeritus
James Rawlings, M.P.H., R.P.H., Clinical Instructor
Harvey A. Risch, M.D., Ph.D., Professor
§cPeter Salovey, Ph.D., Professor
Bernard P. Schachtel, M.D., Lecturer
Douglas Shenson, M.D., M.P.H., M.A., M.S., Associate Clinical Professor
§iDavid L. Snow, Ph.D., Professor
Denise E. Stevens, Ph.D., Lecturer
§iJacob K. Tebes, Ph.D., Associate Professor
dMary E. Tinetti, M.D., Professor
Elizabeth W. Triche, Ph.D., Research Scientist
§Peter H. Van Ness, M.P.H., Ph.D., Lecturer
Kim Ann Yonkers, M.D., Lecturer
Marianne Ulcickas Yood, Ph.D., Research Scientist
Herbert Yu, M.Sc., M.D., Ph.D., Associate Professor

Environmental Health Sciences
Diane D. Aye, M.P.H., Ph.D., Lecturer
gMichelle Bell, M.S., M.S.E., Ph.D., Assistant Professor
Andrea L. Boissevain, M.P.H., Lecturer
Jonathan B. Borak, M.D., Clinical Professor
Adalgisa Caccone, M.S., Ph.D., Lecturer
Priscilla F. Canny, Ph.D., Lecturer
fDavid C. Cone, M.D., Associate Professor
dMark R. Cullen, M.D., Professor
fLinda C. Degutis, Dr.P.H., Associate Professor
Arthur B. DuBois, M.D., Professor Emeritus
Jan D. Dunn, Ph.D., Lecturer
Cheryl Fields, M.P.H., Lecturer
Janneane F. Gent, Ph.D., Research Scientist
Gary L. Ginsberg, Ph.D., Lecturer
Carolyn H. Grantham-Millman, M.P.H., Lecturer
Brian P. Leaderer, M.P.H., Ph.D., Professor
Lawrence E. Marks, Ph.D., Professor
Kathleen McCarty, M.P.H., S.D., Assistant Professor
dMark Russi, M.P.H., M.D., Associate Professor
dJudith A. Sparer, M.Sc.E., Lecturer
Nina S. Stachenfeld, Ph.D., Associate Professor
John T. Stitt, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus
Jan A. J. Stolwijk, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus
dMeredith H. Stowe, Ph.D., Lecturer
Catherine Yeckel, Ph.D., Assistant Professor
Yawei Zhang, M.P.H., M.D., Ph.D., Assistant Professor
Tongzhang Zheng, B.Med., Sc.M., Sc.D., Professor
Yong Zhu, M.A., M.S., Ph.D., Assistant Professor

Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases
Nadia Abdala, Ph.D., D.V.M., Research Scientist
Serap Aksoy, Ph.D., Professor
Louis Alexander, Ph.D., Lecturer
John F. Anderson, Ph.D., Lecturer
hWarren A. Andiman, M.D., Professor
Theodore G. Andreadis, Ph.D., Lecturer
Martine Y. K. Armstrong, M.D., Senior Research Scientist Emeritus
hRobert S. Baltimore, M.D., Professor
dMichele Barry, M.D., Professor
Kevin Bentley, Ph.D., Associate Research Scientist
dRichard Bucala, M.D., Ph.D., Professor
hMichael Cappello, M.D., Professor
Matthew L. Cartter, M.D., Associate Clinical Professor
James E. Childs, Sc.D., Senior Research Scientist
Neeta Connally, Ph.D., Associate Research Scientist
dLouise M. Dembry, M.D., Associate Professor
Maria Diuk-Wasser, Ph.D., Assistant Professor
dErol Fikrig, M.D., Professor
Durland Fish, Ph.D., Professor
Benjamin A. Fontes, M.P.H., C.B.S.P., Lecturer
dGerald H. Friedland, M.D., Professor
Alison P. Galvani, Ph.D., Assistant Professor
Lauretta E. Grau, Ph.D., Associate Research Scientist
James L. Hadler, M.P.H., M.D., Associate Clinical Professor
Robert Heimer, Ph.D., Professor
Virginia H. Hodgkinson, Ph.D., Research Affiliate
Helge Kampen, Ph.D., Associate Research Scientist
Kaveh Khoshnood, M.P.H., Ph.D., Assistant Professor
Peter J. Krause, M.D., Lecturer
Louis A. Magnarelli, Ph.D., Research Affiliate
Ruthanne Marcus, M.P.H., Lecturer
Alan Brett Mason, Ph.D., Associate Research Scientist
Diane McMahon-Pratt, Ph.D., Professor
hI. George Miller, M.D., Professor
Leonard E. Munstermann, Ph.D., Senior Research Scientist
Linda M. Niccolai, Ph.D., Associate Professor
Clara Ocampo-Duran, Ph.D., Research Affiliate
Curtis L. Patton, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus
Melinda M. Pettigrew, Ph.D., Associate Professor
Jeffrey R. Powell, Ph.D., Professor
Dennis J. Richardson, Ph.D., Lecturer
Nancy H. Ruddle, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, Senior Research Scientist
Nancy G. Saravia, M.Sc., Ph.D., Research Affiliate
hEugene D. Shapiro, M.D., Professor
dAndre N. Sofair, M.D., Associate Professor
Lynn E. Sosa, M.D., Assistant Clinical Professor
Christian Tschudi, Ph.D., Associate Professor
Gregory H. Tignor, D.Sc., Associate Professor Emeritus
Brian Weiss, Ph.D., Associate Research Scientist

Health Policy and Administration
Harris M. Allen, M.A., Ph.D., Lecturer
Thomas Balcezak, M.D., Lecturer
Colleen L. Barry, Ph.D., Assistant Professor
Marna Parke Borgstrom, M.P.H., Lecturer
Elizabeth H. Bradley, Ph.D., Professor
John Bradley, M.B.A., Lecturer
‡Susan H. Busch, Ph.D., Associate Professor
Marguerite M. Callaway, M.S., M.B.A., Lecturer
Gayle L. Capozzalo, M.S.P.H., Lecturer
Katrina H. Clark, M.P.H., Lecturer
John G. Culhane, J.D., Lecturer
Leslie Curry, M.P.H., Ph.D., Research Scientist
Martha Dale, M.P.H., Lecturer
iRani A. Desai, M.P.H., Ph.D., Associate Professor
Henry G. Dove, Ph.D., Lecturer
Amanda Durante, Ph.D., M.Sc., Lecturer
Andrew J. Epstein, Ph.D., Assistant Professor
Jason Fletcher, Ph.D., Assistant Professor
Anne-Marie Foltz, M.P.H., Ph.D., Lecturer
mHoward Forman, M.B.A., M.D., Professor
William T. Gallo, Ph.D., Research Scientist
Shelley D. Geballe, M.P.H., J.D., Lecturer
William Gillespie, M.B.A., M.D., Lecturer
Beatrice M. M. Halpaap, Pharm.D., Lecturer
Sarah M. Horwitz, M.P.H., Ph.D., Associate Professor Emeritus
James F. Jekel, M.P.H., M.D., Professor Emeritus
Bruce Jennings, M.A., Lecturer
dAmy C. Justice, M.D., Ph.D., Associate Professor
jEdward H. Kaplan, Ph.D., Professor
Patricia S. Keenan, Ph.D., Assistant Professor
hBonnie D. Kerker, Ph.D., Lecturer
dHarlan M. Krumholz, M.D., Professor
Mary Alice Lee, M.S.N., Ph.D., Lecturer
iDouglas L. Leslie, Ph.D., Associate Professor
Lowell S. Levin, M.P.H., Ed.D., Professor Emeritus
Jennifer A. Mattera, M.P.H., Lecturer
Stephen M. Merz, M.H.S.A., Lecturer
Ingrid M. Nembhard, Ph.D., Assistant Professor
A. David Paltiel, Ph.D., Professor
Cynthia K. Pope, Ph.D., Lecturer
Jennifer Prah Ruger, M.Sc., Ph.D., Associate Professor
William P. Quinn, M.P.H., Lecturer
iRobert A. Rosenheck, M.D., Professor
Theodore W. Ruger, J.D., Lecturer
Mark J. Schlesinger, Ph.D., Professor
Jody L. Sindelar, Ph.D., Professor
Stephanie Spangler, M.D., Lecturer
Dorothea M.G. Wild, M.P.H., M.D., Lecturer
Feng Zhao, M.P.H., M.D., Ph.D., Lecturer
Joseph Zaccagnini, M.P.H., Lecturer

*On leave of absence fall 2008
†On leave of absence spring 2009
‡On leave of absence 2008–2009

§Faculty affiliated with the Program in Social and Behavioral Sciences

a Primary appointment in Child Study Center
b Primary appointment in Neurology
c Primary appointment in Psychology
d Primary appointment in Internal Medicine
e Primary appointment in Nursing
f Primary appointment in Surgery
g Primary appointment in School of Forestry & Environmental Studies
h Primary appointment in Pediatrics
i Primary appointment in Psychiatry
j Primary appointment in School of Management
k Primary appointment in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
l Primary appointment in Anesthesiology
m Primary appointment in Diagnostic Radiology

Faculty Profiles

Paul Cleary C-E. A. Winslow Professor, Dean of Public Health, and Chair of the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health. Professor Cleary’s research includes developing better methods for using patient reports about their care and health status to evaluate the quality of medical care and studying the relationships between clinician and organizational characteristics and the quality of medical care. His recent research includes a study of how organizational characteristics affect the costs and quality of care for persons with AIDS, a national evaluation of a continuous quality improvement initiative in clinics providing care to HIV-infected individuals, developing Web-based decision tools to improve cancer care decision making, and a study of the long-term impact of patient-centered hospital care. He also is principal investigator of one of the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) grants funded by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research to develop surveys for collecting information from consumers regarding their health plans and services. Ph.D. University of Wisconsin

Brian P. Leaderer Susan Dwight Bliss Professor of Public Health, Deputy Dean/Vice Chair of Public Health. Professor Leaderer’s research activities focus on developing tools and methods for assessing human exposures to air contaminants, and assessing the impact of health and comfort resulting from those exposures. His research involves both controlled human studies conducted in environmental chambers and epidemiologic studies. Professor Leaderer’s chamber-based research includes characterizing air emissions from important indoor sources (environmental tobacco smoke [ETS], kerosene space heaters, building materials and building furnishings), developing inexpensive passive monitors for monitoring concentrations of indoor air contaminants (i.e., ETS and nitrous acid), and assessing the odor and irritation of emissions of volatile organic compounds from building furnishings. Professor Leaderer’s air pollution epidemiologic research studies include assessing the impact of particle and vapor phase acids on the respiratory health of infants and their mothers; determining the impact of ETS exposure on pregnancy outcome; assessing the impact of environmental agents (residential aeroallergens, suspended particles, ozone, etc.) on the development and severity of asthma in children; investigating the nature and causes of the building-related occupancy complaint syndrome (BROCS); and a study of the impact of unvented wood burning for cooking on the birthweights of infants and incidence of childhood pneumonia in the Mam Indians in Quetzaltenango in the highlands of Guatemala. Professor Leaderer is co-director of the Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric, and Environmental Epidemiology. Ph.D. Yale University

Serap Aksoy Professor and Head, Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases. A major goal of Professor Aksoy’s research is to understand the molecular mechanisms that enable tsetse to transmit trypanosomes, in particular insect midgut and salivary gland gene products that may allow the parasites to differentiate and establish. Ph.D. Columbia University

Colleen L. Barry Assistant Professor, Division of Health Policy and Administration. Professor Barry’s current research interests include government regulation of health insurance markets, policy approaches to improving the quality of mental health care, and the politics of health reform. In recent work she studied health plan responses to mental health and substance abuse parity regulation in the federal employees’ health insurance program. In other research Professor Barry has examined trends in the design and organization of mental health insurance using national employer survey data, and the effects of state parity laws on out-of-pocket spending and use of mental health services. In current research, she is evaluating strategies to overcome economic and institutional barriers to quality improvement for depression care in historically fragmented public sector programs. Ph.D. Harvard University

Jonathan B. Borak Clinical Professor, Division of Environmental Health Sciences. Dr. Borak’s research/scholarly activities during the past fifteen years have mainly addressed the human toxicology of industrial chemicals. At first, his activities focused on acute high-dose exposures to “hazardous materials.” His more recent work has focused on the quality of toxicological data utilized in quantitative risk assessments. Of particular interest have been the methods and adequacy of exposure assessments and the nature of susceptible populations. A number of his published studies were based on data that were initially compiled and presented to regulatory agencies (e.g., USEPA, OSHA) and advisory boards (e.g., NAS, ACGIH), and have proven influential. M.D. New York University

Michael B. Bracken Susan Dwight Bliss Professor of Epidemiology, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Professor Bracken’s primary research interest is in the area of the epidemiology of diseases of pregnancy, newborns, and early childhood with an emphasis on genetic and environmental risk factors for causation and iatrogenic factors in patient care. Professor Bracken is co-director of the Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric, and Environmental Epidemiology. He has been the recipient of numerous grant awards and has published over three hundred papers, chapters, and reports, and two books: Perinatal Epidemiology (Oxford 1984) and Effective Care of the Newborn Infant (with J. C. Sinclair, Oxford 1992). Ph.D. Yale University

Elizabeth H. Bradley Professor and Director, Health Management Program, Division of Health Policy and Administration, and Director of Global Health Initiatives. Professor Bradley’s research interests span domestic and international health care quality with focus on quality improvement and outcomes research. She is working on two projects to improve cardiovascular care as well as hospice care in the U.S., and she also leads several projects aimed at health system strengthening in Ethiopia, Liberia, South Africa, and China. Ph.D. Yale University

Susan H. Busch Associate Professor, Division of Health Policy and Administration. Professor Busch conducts health services research on the treatment of depression and managed care. She has extensive training in management and economics. Ph.D. Harvard University

Elizabeth B. Claus Professor and Director of Medical Research, Division of Biostatistics. Dr. Claus’s work has focused on (1) cancer and genetic epidemiology, with an emphasis on breast cancer, and (2) the development and implementation of statistical models of cancer risk. She has recently completed a state-wide population-based case/control study of breast carcinoma in situ. This is the largest prospective study of its type and will be used to define genetic and epidemiologic risk factors for the disease. Over the next five years, Dr. Claus will follow this group of women in an effort to define factors that predict medical and quality-of-life outcomes for women diagnosed with breast carcinoma in situ. In addition to her work in breast cancer, Dr. Claus’s research interests include the study of neurosurgical outcomes, particularly for pediatric patients. M.D., Ph.D. Yale University

Mayur M. Desai Assistant Professor, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, and Director of Medical Studies. Professor Desai’s primary research interest lies at the interface between mental health and medical comorbidity. Much of his work focuses on examining the impact of psychiatric and substance usedisorders on the utilization, quality, and outcomes of primary and specialty medical care. His other areas of interest include aging, psychiatric epidemiology, mental health services research, and homelessness. Professor Desai directs the Advanced Professional M.P.H. Program and teaches courses focused on epidemiologic research methods and data analysis. Ph.D. Yale University

Maria Diuk-Wasser Assistant Professor, Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases. Professor Diuk-Wasser’s research interest focuses on understanding the transmission patterns of vector-borne and zoonotic pathogens. She studies the ecology and distribution of pathogens, vectors, and reservoir hosts and generates predictive maps of human risk of acquiring these pathogens. In areas where pathogens, vectors, and hosts coexist, she is interested in how host-vector contact rates affect pathogen transmission dynamics. Her research systems include malaria, Lyme disease, and West Nile virus (WNV). Her malaria research addressed the question of why high mosquito densities in irrigated areas do not always lead to more malaria transmission. Current research includes the development of a national risk map for Lyme disease, studies on the distribution of WNV in Connecticut, and a study of ecological factors affecting Culex spp. blood-feeding behavior and WNV transmission dynamics in Connecticut. Ph.D. University of California, Los Angeles

Arthur B. DuBois Professor Emeritus, Division of Environmental Health Sciences. Dr. DuBois’s research activities concern nitric oxide emanating from the lungs and nasal cavity in humans and in animals. One object is to find out whether inflammation of the lungs produces more nitric oxide, and whether that gas can be used as a measure of the amount of lung irritation during health surveys. Another object is to determine why nitric oxide concentrations in the human nose can be a thousand times as great as those in the air expired from the lungs of the same person. Dr. DuBois’s recent interests have concerned mechanisms by which inhaled dust particles initiate bronchoconstriction and immune responses in the lung alveoli. His summer research has included brain tissue hypoxia as it affects the blood pressure of bluefish. Past studies have been on body fluid redistribution in gravity and under weightless conditions. Previously, his primary research was on pulmonary physiology and lung function in normal people and in people with respiratory insufficiency. M.D. Cornell University

Robert Dubrow Associate Professor, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Associate Dean, Academic Affairs. Professor Dubrow has a strong interest in public health education. His primary research interests historically have been occupational epidemiology and cancer epidemiology and prevention. He has published on colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, esophageal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, endometrial cancer, malignant melanoma, and osteosarcoma. In recent years he has turned his attention to HIV/AIDS, with a particular interest in the role of diagnosis of acute HIV infection in prevention. Professor Dubrow serves as director of the Office of International Training and the Development Core at the Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS. M.D., Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania

Andrew J. Epstein Assistant Professor, Division of Health Policy and Administration. Professor Epstein is a health care economist with a primary research focus on provider behavior and quality improvement, and additional interest in the economics of the pharmaceutical industry. He has recently studied responses to cardiac surgery mortality report cards, the association between provider volume and patient outcomes, determinants of C-section use, and the effectiveness of pharmaceutical mergers. Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania

Durland Fish Professor, Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases. Professor Fish’s research interests are in the areas of ecology and prevention of vector-borne infectious diseases. Recent emphasis has been on tick-borne pathogens causing Lyme disease and human ehrlichiosis in the northeastern United States. Current projects include natural and artificial regulation of vector populations, vector competence for viral and bacterial pathogens, co-infection and transmissions of multiple pathogens, geographic and spatial analysis of epidemiological data, and use of satellite imagery to predict vector-borne disease risk. Ph.D. University of Florida

Jason M. Fletcher Assistant Professor, Division of Health Policy and Administration. Professor Fletcher’s research focuses on examining social influences on adolescent education and health outcomes, long-term consequences of childhood mental illness, and child and adolescent mental health policy. Specific areas include autism, adolescent depression, child and adolescent obesity, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and adolescent risky behavior choices. He is also examining the long-term health consequences of occupation choices and occupational stress. Ph.D. University of Wisconsin, Madison

Alison P. Galvani Assistant Professor, Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases. Professor Galvani is focusing her research on theoretical modeling of the evolution and epidemiology of infectious diseases. She is particularly interested in evaluating both the short-term and long-term repercussions of different public health policies on the prevalence and intensity of disease, including emerging diseases. Ph.D. Oxford University

Nora E. Groce Associate Professor, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Professor Groce, a medical anthropologist, is interested in the interrelation between formal and traditional medical systems, particularly as they relate to accessibility of care for vulnerable populations. Her ongoing research focuses on disability cross-culturally, the delivery of health care to ethnic and minority populations within larger nation states, and violence in society. She is currently working on projects that relate to cross-cultural health beliefs and practices, health and human rights, and disability in the developing world. Ph.D. Brown University

Yongtao Guan Assistant Professor, Division of Biostatistics. Professor Guan’s research interests are in spatial analysis of biological and epidemiological data. Current projects include analysis of Texas childhood leukemia data and modeling vector-borne disease in both urban and rural areas. Ph.D. Texas A&M University

Robert Heimer Professor, Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases. Professor Heimer’s major research efforts include scientific evaluation of HIV prevention programs for drug injectors, virological assessment of the risk of drug injection behaviors, and analysis of the interrelationship between hepatitis virus infections and injection drug use. Ph.D. Yale University

Josephine Hoh Associate Professor, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Professor Hoh’s current research focuses on developing analytical methods in mapping genetic origins and assessing environmental risks in human diseases and complex traits, and functional genomic and evolutionary studies of p53 responsive genes. Ph.D. Rutgers University

Theodore R. Holford Susan Dwight Bliss Professor of Public Health and Head, Division of Biostatistics. Professor Holford’s primary research interests are in the development and application of statistical methods in public health and medicine. One topic he has especially focused on recently has been how trends in cancer epidemiology are described, especially through the use of age-period-cohort models. The development and application of statistical models that incorporate the underlying biology motivate other aspects of his research as well. His collaboration with the National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study has led to the development of new ways of analyzing data collected from clinical trials of patients who have this type of injury. These methods enable investigators to better understand the effect of improvements in overall neurological function by separating the components due to the level on the spinal cord that is injured and the severity of that injury. Ph.D. Yale University

Jeannette R. Ickovics Professor and Director, Social and Behavioral Sciences Program, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Professor Ickovics’s research lies at the intersection between public health and psychology. She investigates the interplay of the complex psychological, medical, and social factors that influence the health of the person and of the community. She uses this lens to examine the challenges faced by those who have often been marginalized by the health care system and by society. She is an authority on women’s health, with a particular focus on HIV/AIDS (including both prevention and adjustment to disease) as well as more general research on the interaction of biomedical and psychosocial factors that promote good health and recovery. Professor Ickovics’s recent research has been directed toward a series of community-based longitudinal studies examining the associations between adolescent pregnancy and risk for sexually transmitted diseases and HIV. She is currently conducting large randomized controlled trials on the effects of “bundled” group prenatal care on diverse reproductive health outcomes. Professor Ickovics is director of CARE: Community Alliance for Research and Engagement, which works on a large research initiative linking neighborhood revitalization and health. Ph.D. George Washington University

Melinda L. Irwin Assistant Professor, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Professor Irwin’s primary research interests are in the area of physical activity and cancer prevention and prognosis. She is trained in exercise physiology, epidemiology, and clinical trials. Specifically, Professor Irwin’s research involves the exercise effect on breast cancer biomarkers among high-risk individuals and cancer survivors. Other ongoing research includes determinants of exercise adherence and physical activity methodology. Ph.D. University of South Carolina

Beth A. Jones Associate Professor, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Professor Jones’s research is in the area of health disparities. She focuses on race differences in cancer outcomes, particularly breast cancer. In addition to studying the role of tumor characteristics and genetic alterations in breast cancer survival, she is currently researching the impact of social class, access to health care, and psychosocial variables on stage at diagnosis and survival. Other ongoing research includes the roles of neighborhood, acculturation, access to care, and psychosocial influences on breast cancer screening, particularly as it affects minority women. Ph.D. Yale University

Stanislav V. Kasl Professor and Head, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Professor Kasl’s primary research interest is in psychosocial epidemiology, the study of social and psychological risk factors for physical illness. Studies include incidence of disease, course of illness and disability, and case fatality. His secondary research interest is in psychiatric epidemiology, the study of risk factors for psychiatric outcomes, and aspects of mental health and well-being. Current studies include psychosocial influences on mortality, morbidity, and disability in the elderly; race differences in cancer stage at diagnosis, screening behaviors, and cancer survival; job loss among older workers; end-of-life issues, bereavement, and complicated grief. Ph.D. University of Michigan

Patricia S. Keenan Assistant Professor, Division of Health Policy and Administration. Professor Keenan draws on political and economic perspectives in her research on Medicare regulation, aging policy, health insurance markets, and health care spending. Her main projects assess important factors in Medicare coverage decisions, health habit changes, and health insurance coverage trends. Ph.D. Harvard University

Trace Kershaw Assistant Professor, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Professor Kershaw’s research is in the area of HIV/STD prevention and reproductive and maternal-child health epidemiology. Specifically, Professor Kershaw is interested in integrating HIV/STD and unwanted pregnancy prevention with prenatal and postnatal care for young high-risk women and their male partners. He is currently involved in several research projects assessing the influence of behavioral interventions aimed to reduce the occurrence of HIV/STD and negative perinatal and postnatal outcomes (e.g., low birth weight, maternal mortality) for young pregnant women in the United States and abroad (e.g., South Africa, Haiti). Ph.D. Wayne State University

Kaveh Khoshnood Assistant Professor, Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases. Professor Khoshnood is involved in several studies of HIV infection and health service utilization among drug users. His other areas of research interest are program evaluation, drug policy reform, and the linkage between health and human rights. Ph.D. Yale University

Becca R. Levy Associate Professor, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Professor Levy’s research explores psychosocial influences on aging. Her studies focus on how these influences, particularly older individuals’ perceptions of aging, affect cognition and health in old age. She studies this by examining: (1) how the aging process differs among cultures that vary in their stereotypes of aging; and (2) how a psychosocial intervention, designed to trigger either positive or negative perceptions of aging, influences a variety of outcomes in older individuals including memory, physical performance, and cardiovascular response to stress. In addition, Professor Levy examines how psychosocial factors influence recovery and survival in old age. Ph.D. Harvard University

Tené T. Lewis Assistant Professor, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Professor Lewis’ primary area of research is in psychosocial epidemiology, with an emphasis on cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women. She has a particular interest in understanding how social and psychological factors might contribute to the disproportionately high rates of CVD morbidity and mortality observed in African American women compared to women of other racial/ethnic groups. Professor Lewis is currently involved in research projects designed to examine the role of depressive symptoms, hostility, and experiences of discrimination as correlates of adverse CVD outcomes in African American and Caucasian women. Ph.D. University of California, Los Angeles

Judith H. Lichtman Associate Professor, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Professor Lichtman’s research covers a broad range of cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarction, stroke, and congestive heart failure. In addition to studying clinical factors associated with disease prevention, she has been interested in the development of risk stratification scales to identify individuals at greatest risk for recurrent vascular events. A specific focus of her research has been the overlap between vascular diseases, such as the risk of stroke following myocardial infarction. Her current research includes the development of a longitudinal, patient-linked Medicare database to examine clinical aspects of cardiovascular, peripheral vascular, and cerebrovascular disease in the elderly. This work will examine the rates and trends of vascular disease over time, the utilization of vascular procedures, and short- and long-term vascular outcomes including mortality and recurrent illness. An important component of this research will be to determine how rates and outcomes vary by age, race, gender, and geographic location. Ph.D. Yale University

Haiqun Lin Associate Professor, Division of Biostatistics. Dr. Lin’s primary research interests concern the development, implementation, and application of statistical methods in longitudinal biomarkers for disease processes. Her research activity has been directed toward characterizing the joint responses of the longitudinal PSA readings and prostate cancer incidence utilizing mixture models. She had been trained in medicine and molecular and cellular biology prior to a formal education in statistics. M.D. Beijing Medical University; Ph.D. Cornell University

Shuangge Ma Assistant Professor, Division of Biostatistics. Professor Ma’s research interests include analysis of interval censored survival data and regularized estimation with applications to analysis of high-dimensional genomic data. He is currently working on analysis of case I interval censored data with cure proportion and analysis of genomic data with clustering structures. He is also interested in clinical trial design, cardiovascular study, and HIV study. Ph.D. University of Wisconsin

Xiaomei Ma Assistant Professor, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Professor Ma’s research interest is in the etiology of chronic noninfectious diseases, particularly cancer. She has been studying the role of immunologic factors and environmental chemical exposures in the etiology of childhood leukemia for the last few years. She is also interested in molecular classification and genetic susceptibility of the disease. Other ongoing research includes methodological issues in selection of control subjects in case control studies, and DNA methylation in leukemia cases. Ph.D. University of California, Berkeley

Robert W. Makuch Professor, Division of Biostatistics. Professor Makuch’s primary research interests involve methodologic issues in the design, conduct, and analysis of clinical studies. In particular, he is interested in the appropriate design and analysis of active control equivalence studies, and he has described how controls should be selected, how the sample size for these studies is determined, and what constitutes appropriate methods of analysis. Interim analysis in general, and the development and application of conditional power methodology in particular, is another active research area. These methods have been used in numerous settings, including a multicenter, Yale-based study for the identification of a new therapy for the treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage. Analytic areas of interest include prospective individual matching designs and methods for the analysis of longitudinal data. These methodological developments have been directed primarily in the area of cancer and HIV. Ph.D. Yale University

Lawrence E. Marks Professor, Division of Environmental Health Sciences. Professor Marks’s research interests focus on the development of quantitative models to account for human sensory and perceptual responses to environmental stimuli. One interest is the perception of flavors of foods. A goal is to understand better how food flavors guide eating behaviors and food intake. This line of research focuses on mechanisms by which stimulations of flavor receptors in the mouth (gustation) and nose (olfaction) interact to allow rapid detection and identification of flavors. A second interest is the role of selective attention in perception. This line of research asks how attention to particular stimuli increases speed and accuracy in perceiving those stimuli. A third interest is in synesthesia in perception. A small portion of the population consistently experiences unusual perceptions involving “secondary” sensory qualities, for instance, seeing shapes and colors when hearing sounds. This line of research aims at clarifying the place of synesthesia in perception, language, and cognition. Ph.D. Harvard University

Susan T. Mayne Professor, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Professor Mayne’s primary research interests are in the area of nutrition and cancer prevention. She is trained in nutritional biochemistry, epidemiology, and clinical trials. She has been studying the role of dietary factors in the etiology of various cancers for more than two decades, and she also has a broader research interest in the role of lifestyle factors in cancer, including their interactions with genetic factors. She is currently PI of two NCI-funded research projects: one evaluating a novel methodology for assessing nutrient status noninvasively using human skin, and a second project that is evaluating lifestyle factors and genetics in relation to basal cell carcinoma risk. The latter project is part of the Yale SPORE (Specialized Program of Research Excellence) in skin cancer. Professor Mayne is the primary liaison between the Yale School of Public Health and the Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, where she serves as program leader for the Cancer Prevention and Control Research Program, and also an associate director for population sciences for the Yale Cancer Center. She is a member of the Board of Scientific Counselors for the U.S. National Cancer Institute, and also the Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy of Sciences. Ph.D. Cornell University

Kathleen M. McCarty Assistant Professor, Division of Environmental Health Sciences. Professor McCarty’s research interests are related to environmental and molecular epidemiology as it applies to environmental exposures and genetic susceptibility to cancer and non-cancer endpoints. Her main research projects involve environmental co-factors, genetic susceptibility, and arsenic exposure and health outcomes; gene-environmental interactions and breast cancer risk. S.D. Harvard University

Diane McMahon-Pratt Professor, Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, and Director of Post-Doctoral Affairs. The focus of the research in Professor McMahon-Pratt’s laboratory is the genus of parasitic protozoan, Leishmania, which causes a spectrum of diseases known as leishmaniasis. Using biochemical and molecular genetic approaches, the laboratory is involved in the study of molecules that are developmentally regulated by the parasite during its life cycle; these molecules should provide clues as to how the parasite survives and/or manipulates its environment within either the insect vector or mammalian host. She is also interested in understanding and elucidating the immune effector mechanisms involved in the control of infection by the mammalian host. Ph.D. Harvard University

Annette Molinaro Assistant Professor, Division of Biostatistics. Professor Molinaro’s research has focused on prediction of survival outcomes with large data sets as frequently encountered in genomics. These projects have revolved around epidemiologic and genetic associations in primary occurrence and recurrences in breast, ovarian, and cervical cancer. Ph.D. University of California, Berkeley

Ingrid M. Nembhard Assistant Professor, Division of Health Policy and Administration. Professor Nembhard’s research examines organizational learning and quality improvement in health care organizations through an organizational behavior lens. In recent work she has studied the influence of leadership, front-line staff interactions, and team learning strategies on the success of improvement projects. Her ongoing research studies the conditions under which health care organizations participate in interorganizational learning to facilitate organizational change. Ph.D. Harvard University

Linda M. Niccolai Associate Professor, Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases. Professor Niccolai’s primary research interest is in behavioral aspects of HIV and STD prevention. Specifically she is interested in studying individual- and partnership-level determinants of sexual risk behaviors, particularly among underserved populations. Other ongoing research activities include studies of woman’s reproductive health (including pregnant women) and HIV/STD prevention. Ph.D. Tulane University

A. David Paltiel Professor, Division of Health Policy and Administration. Professor Paltiel is engaged in numerous research projects concerned broadly with issues of resource allocation and decision making in the health sector. His work focuses on the development of methods and models for the economic evaluation of a variety of pharmaceutical products, medical technologies, and public health activities. He has published on such subjects as the costs and consequences of antiretroviral therapy, the economics of HIV and cancer screening, the theoretical foundations of cost-effectiveness analysis for resource allocation, optimal timing and targeting policies for AIDS prevention and treatment policies, and the cost-effectiveness of preventing AIDS complications. Ph.D. Yale University

Curtis L. Patton Professor Emeritus, Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases. Professor Patton’s research interests include identification and characterization of trypanosome specific calmodulin response elements, as well as studies of structure and biological function of trypanosome calmodulin. Under physiological conditions, treatment with methylating agents induces synchronous differentiation in these parasites. In his research Professor Patton is characterizing carboxyl methyltransferases and methylesterases and determining the role of S-adenosyl-methionine and decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine in alpha-difluoromethylornithine-induced differentiation. Ph.D. Michigan State University

Melinda M. Pettigrew Associate Professor, Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases. Professor Pettigrew uses a combined molecular and epidemiologic approach to understand infectious diseases in infants and young children. Her main projects involve the identification of bacterial factors important for the pathogenesis of pneumococcal infections and an analysis of the impact of environmental exposures on otitis media. Ph.D. Yale University

Harvey A. Risch Professor, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Professor Risch’s research interests are in the areas of cancer etiology and prevention, and in epidemiology methods. His work has included studies on the etiology of pancreatic, ovarian, and upper gastrointestinal neoplasms, with particular emphasis on genetic poly­morphisms and major genes, hormonal factors and cancer, occupational/environmental exposures and cancer, diet and cancer, and Helicobacter pylori and cancer. He has been principal investigator of two case-control studies of pancreas cancer, in Connecticut and in Shanghai, China, and co-investigator on a third study in Queensland, Australia, as well as PI of three large case-control studies of ovarian cancer, two in Canada and one in Connecticut, and a case-control study of esophageal and stomach cancer in Connecticut. He is associate editor of the Journal of the National Cancer Institute and of the American Journal of Epidemiology, and editor of the International Journal of Cancer. M.D. University of California, San Diego; Ph.D. University of Chicago

Nancy H. Ruddle John Rodman Paul Professor Emeritus of Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases. Professor Ruddle’s laboratory is interested in several aspects of protein products of thymus-derived lymphocytes, particularly cytokines of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, their regulation and roles in lymphoid development and pathogenesis of viral and autoimmune disease. Her laboratory has studied the regulation, mechanism of action, and biological role of a family of lymphokines called lymphotoxin (LT, LTa, TNF-ß), LT-ß and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a). They have studied molecular regulation of LT, LT-ß, and TNF-a production and identified negative and positive elements in the genes and flanking DNAs and evaluated different mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation of these genes. They are studying the role of LT, LT-ß, and TNF-a in pathogenesis of inflammation in diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and HTLV-1 hypercalcemia and have developed transgenic mouse models to study their activities in these diseases. Ph.D. Yale University

Jennifer Prah Ruger Associate Professor, Division of Health Policy and Administration. Professor Ruger is Co-Director of the Yale/World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Health Promotion, Policy and Research and Senior Research Fellow at the MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies. She is a faculty associate of Yale’s Interdisciplinary Center for Bioethics, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, and the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity. She has authored numerous theoretical and empirical studies on the equity and efficiency of health system access, financing, resource allocation, policy reform, and the social determinants of health. These contributions are unified by an overarching interest in equity and disparities in health and health care, focusing on vulnerable and impoverished populations, especially those with addictions. Her work has been published in Lancet; American Journal of Public Health; British Medical Journal; Quarterly Journal of Medicine; Academic Emergency Medicine; Yale Journal of Law and the Humanities; Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health; Health Affairs; and Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law. Following a postdoctoral fellowship (Bell Fellowship) at Harvard’s Center for Population and Development Studies, she served on the health and development satellite secretariat of WHO Director-General Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland’s Transition Team and at the World Bank as health economist and speechwriter to president James D. Wolfensohn. Ph.D. Harvard University, M.Sc. Oxford University

Mark J. Schlesinger Professor, Division of Health Policy and Administration. Professor Schlesinger’s health policy research includes assessments of federal programs for children and the elderly; studies of the growth of for-profit enterprises in health and mental health care; investigations of the scope and consequences of various forms of “managed care” and utilization management, including their application to “managed competition”; and analyses of public attitudes toward health care reform. His research on other aspects of social policy includes studies of government contracting for services from private agencies; public perceptions and attitudes shaping intergenerational tensions and age-targeted social programs; and the comparative performance of private nonprofit, for-profit, and public agencies. Ph.D. University of Wisconsin

Jody Sindelar Professor and Head, Division of Health Policy and Administration. Professor Sindelar also has an appointment at the Institute of Social and Policy Studies at Yale and is a research associate at the National Bureau of Economics Research. She is president of the American Society of Health Economics, and serves on several advisory and editorial boards. Her primary research area is the economics of substance abuse including smoking, alcohol, illicit drugs, and obesity. Her work has been published in medical care, health services, addiction, and economics journals. Professor Sindelar has been a PI on multiple grants with funding from NIAAA, NIDA, NIA, and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, among others. Current research interests include (1) analyzing the roles of socioeconomic factors, health habits, and work-life on the aging process, (2) the role of stress and self-control grant on stress and addiction as part of a roadmap grant, and (3) behavioral economics. Ph.D. Stanford University

Nina S. Stachenfeld Associate Professor, Division of Environmental Health Sciences. Professor Stachenfeld examines environmental influences on body water regulation. Her primary work is examining the effects of estrogens and progesterone on body water and sodium regulation. She is currently using a protocol that includes temporary suppression of the menstrual cycle in young women. Adding back controlled levels of estradiol or progesterone or both hormones simultaneously then follows this suppression. This protocol is designed to isolate the effects of these hormones on the systems that regulate body water, including renal water and sodium regulation, transcapillary fluid dynamics, and thirst sensation. Professor Stachenfeld is also studying temperature, cardiovascular, and fluid regulatory responses in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Ph.D. Columbia University

Christian Tschudi Associate Professor, Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases. Professor Tschudi’s studies focus on the biology of trypanosomes, the causative agent of devastating diseases in Africa and South America. Most projects utilize bioinformatics and modern genetic techniques to identify and dissect parasite-specific functions with the long-term goal to identify candidate molecules that can be targets for chemotherapy. He is also interested in understanding gene silencing by RNA interference in African trypanosomes with the objective of uncovering its biological function. Ph.D. University of Basel, Switzerland

Catherine Yeckel Assistant Professor, Division of Environmental Health Sciences. Professor Yeckel’s research interests center on environmental influences on metabolism, with special interest in interventions, such as thermal exposure and exercise, that affect obesity, insulin resistance, and consequently risk for type two diabetes, particularly in children and adolescents. Her research on this topic has already garnered grant support from the American Diabetes Association. Dr. Yeckel will help expand the core of researchers concerned with obesity and diabetes. Ph.D. University of Texas

Herbert Yu Associate Professor, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Professor Yu’s research is in the field of molecular epidemiology with focus on elucidating cancer etiology and identifying tumor markers for cancer management. His current research projects include studying gene-environmental interaction in the etiology of breast and endometrial cancers with emphasis on the interplay between genetic polymorphisms and lifestyle features; examining the impact of aging on epigenetic regulation of cancer-related genes and its association with prostate cancer risk; and assessing molecular and genetic markers for the prognosis of ovarian and breast cancers. M.D. Shanghai Medical University, Ph.D. University of Toronto

Daniel Zelterman Professor, Division of Biostatistics. Professor Zelterman’s research interests are centered in applied statistics. Before coming to Yale in 1995, he studied the limits of human longevity and models related to other extreme value models. He is currently doing research on clinical trials at the Yale Cancer Center. This research covers survival analysis, modeling of cancer mechanisms, and discrete distributions. His interests in cancer epidemiology and genetics have brought him to examine the analysis of pedigrees, familial clusters of disease, and similar computationally intensive statistical methods. Ph.D. Yale University

Heping Zhang Professor, Division of Biostatistics. Professor Zhang’s research interests are in the general area of regression analysis: theory, methodology, and applications. Recently, he has been developing and implementing a nonparametric tree-based method that allows one to analyze data with multidimensional responses and with continuous and/or categorical covariates. This tree-based method is especially suitable for risk factor analyses of large, complex epidemiologic studies. Professor Zhang is also interested in statistical genetics and neuroimaging analyses. Ph.D. Stanford University

Yawei Zhang Assistant Professor, Division of Environmental Health Science. Professor Zhang’s research interests are in the areas of cancer epidemiology, etiology, and prognosis. She is especially interested in the effects of environmental factors, endogenous and exogenous hormones, genetic susceptibility, and gene-environmental interactions on human cancer risk. Her main research projects involve environmental factors, genetic susceptibility, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma; gene-environmental interactions and breast cancer risk; early life exposures and breast and testicular cancer risk. M.D. West China University of Medical Science, China; Ph.D. Yale University

Hongyu Zhao Professor, Division of Biostatistics. Professor Zhao’s research interests focus on applications of probability and statistics to molecular biology and genetics. The projects in his laboratory include (1) genome-wide association studies, (2) haplotype analysis in population-based and family-based studies, (3) eQTL mapping in different organisms, (4) pathway-based genomics analysis, (5) transcriptional regulatory network reconstruction, (6) protein interaction networks, and (7) disease biomarker identification through proteomics. Ph.D. University of California, Berkeley

Tongzhang Zheng Professor and Head, Division of Environmental Health Sciences. Professor Zheng’s research interests have been in the area of cancer epidemiology and environmental epidemiology. He is the principal investigator for a number of ongoing case-control studies, including a case-control study of GST genetic polymorphisms and environmental factors and risk of female breast cancer; a case-control study of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma; a case-control study of viral and environmental etiology of Hodgkin’s disease; a case-control study of multiple myeloma in Connecticut; and a case-control study of cancers of the stomach and esophagus in China. He is also the principal investigator for a case-control study of indoor air pollution and asthma among schoolchildren in Beijing. Sc.D. Harvard University

Yong Zhu Assistant Professor, Division of Environmental Health Sciences. Dr. Zhu’s research interests focus on using a molecular epidemiological approach to study genetic susceptibility markers and their interactions with environmental exposure in human disease development. He has been developing and validating novel phenotypic and genotypic assays and biomarkers for several smoking-related cancers. By utilizing various techniques in molecular biology, molecular cytogenetics, cell biology, and computational biology, he identifies biomarkers that can characterize inherited genetic predisposition and cellular response to environmental factors. In addition, Dr. Zhu is interested in applying evolutionary concepts and tools in biomarker study and medical research. He is currently using phylogenetic analysis to screen biomarkers for molecular epidemiological study and addressing the role of gene-environment interaction in human disease in the context of human evolutionary history. Ph.D. Rice University

History of the Yale School of Public Health/Department of Epidemiology and Public Health

The Yale School of Public Health is one of the oldest nationally accredited schools of public health in the country. It was one of the eight existing schools that were to be first accredited by the American Public Health Association in 1946, though its origins date back three decades earlier as a department in the Yale School of Medicine, a status it still maintains.

In 1914 Yale University received an endowment from the Anna M. R. Lauder family to establish a chair in public health in the School of Medicine. This chair was filled in 1915 by Charles-Edward Amory Winslow, who was to be a central figure in the development of public health at Yale. In 1920 Winslow set forth a definition of public health:

Public health is the science and the art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of community infections, the education of the individual in principles and personal hygiene, the organization of medical and nursing services for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease, and the development of the social machinery which will ensure to every individual a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health; organizing these benefits in such a fashion as to enable every citizen to realize his birthright of health and longevity.

In the early 1920s Winslow’s Department of Public Health at Yale was a catalyst for public health reform in Connecticut, and the health surveys prepared by him and his faculty and students led to considerable improvements in public health organization. He also successfully campaigned to improve health laws in Connecticut and for the passage of a bill that created the State Department of Public Health.

Winslow focused on “the education of undergraduate medical students along the lines of preventive medicine.” He also established a one-year program leading to a Certificate in Public Health. From the beginning, Winslow sought to build bridges between the Department of Public Health, the Scientific School, and the Graduate School by making courses available to students in the other schools. He was also able to establish Bacteriology, Pathology, and Public Health as a single, unified department in the Graduate School.

Winslow looked to a number of existing departments (Bacteriology, Immunology, Medicine, Pathology, Pediatrics, Physiological Chemistry, Sanitary Engineering, and Zoology) to supplement his own courses in public health principles, public health administration, and vital statistics. He established a comprehensive non-medical program that graduated eighteen students with a Certificate in Public Health, ten with a Ph.D., and four with a Dr.P.H. by 1925. His students specialized in administration, bacteriology, or statistics.

During Winslow’s thirty years at Yale, hygiene developed into preventive medicine; bacteriology evolved into microbiology to include parasitology and virology; classic epidemiology evolved into clinical epidemiology; control of communicable diseases became chronic disease control; and public health assimilated the social dimensions of sickness and health and appropriated such disciplines as medical economics and medical care organization. It was due to Winslow’s innovative foresight and commitment to interdisciplinary education that the department’s academic programs earned recognition as a nationally accredited School of Public Health in 1946.

In the early 1960s, the Yale Department of Public Health merged with the Section of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, a unit within the Department of Internal Medicine, resulting in the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health. In 1964 the new department moved into its own building, the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Public Health, which was designed by Philip Johnson and continues as its primary location for research and teaching.

Nearly a century after Winslow’s appointment, the department continues to strengthen its interdisciplinary research partnerships with numerous entities at the School of Medicine and across Yale’s campus. In its dual capacity as a nationally accredited School of Public Health and department in the Yale School of Medicine, it honors Winslow’s commitment to public health education across disciplines and community practice through an array of degrees offered to a wide audience, ranging from undergraduates to advanced professionals, in conjunction with Yale College as well as eight Yale professional schools.

Next: Degree Programs