Academic and Grading Calendar

The President and Fellows of Yale University

President
Richard Charles Levin, B.A., B.LITT., PH.D.

Fellows
Her Excellency the Governor of Connecticut, ex officio.
His Honor the Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut, ex officio.
George Leonard Baker, Jr., B.A., M.B.A., Palo Alto, California.
Edward Perry Bass, B.S., Fort Worth, Texas.
Roland Whitney Betts, B.A., J.D., New York, New York.
Jeffrey Lawrence Bewkes, B.A., M.B.A., New York, New York.
Gerhard Casper, LL.M., Ph.D., LL.D., Atherton, California.
Donna Lee Dubinsky, B.A., M.B.A., Portola Valley, California.
Charles Daniel Ellis, B.A., M.B.A., Ph.D., New Haven, Connecticut.
Mimi Gardner Gates, B.A., M.A., Ph.D., Seattle, Washington (June 2013).
Jeffrey Powell Koplan, B.A., M.D., M.P.H., Atlanta, Georgia (June 2009).
Maya Ying Lin, B.A., M.Arch., D.F.A., New York, New York (June 2008).
Margaret Hilary Marshall, B.A., M.Ed., J.D., Cambridge, Massachusetts (June 2010).
William Irwin Miller, B.A., M.B.A., Columbus, Indiana (June 2011).
Indra Nooyi, B.S., M.B.A., M.P.P.M., Greenwich, Connecticut.
Barrington Daniels Parker, B.A., LL.B., Stamford, Connecticut.
Margaret Garrard Warner, B.A., Washington, D.C. (June 2012).
Fareed Zakaria, B.A., Ph.D., New York, New York.

The Officers of Yale University

President
Richard Charles Levin, B.A., B.Litt., Ph.D.

Provost
Andrew David Hamilton, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S.

Vice President and Secretary
Linda Koch Lorimer, B.A., J.D.

Vice President and General Counsel
Dorothy Kathryn Robinson, B.A., J.D.

Vice President for New Haven and State Affairs and Campus Development
Bruce Donald Alexander, B.A., J.D.

Vice President for Development
Ingeborg Theresia Reichenbach, Staatsexamen

Vice President for Finance and Administration
Shauna Ryan King, B.S., M.B.A.

Epidemiology and Public Health Administration and Faculty

Paul Cleary, Ph.D., Dean and Chair.
Brian P. Leaderer, M.P.H., Ph.D., Deputy Dean and Vice Chair.
Anne F. Pistell, M.A., M.B.A., Associate Dean, Student Affairs.
Rosalie Blunden, M.B.A., Associate Dean, Finance and Administration.
Nancy H. Ruddle, Ph.D., Director of Graduate Studies.
Robert D. Dubrow, M.D., Ph.D., Associate Dean, Academic Affairs.
Elizabeth Claus, M.D., Ph.D., Director of Medical Research.
Matthew Wilcox, M.L.S., Librarian and Director of Academic Technology.
Susan V. Whalen, B.A., Director of Student Affairs.
Jacqui R. Comshaw, M.P.A., Director of Admissions.
Linda Millman Guller, M.S., Director of External Affairs
Christina Marks, M.B.A., Director of Career Services.
Heidi Richard, B.S., Executive Assistant to the Dean.
Karen Wellman, B.A., Director of Financial Aid.
Alyson Zeitlin, B.A., Faculty Affairs Coordinator.

Faculty

Biostatistics

Lisa Calvocoressi, Ph.D., Associate Research Scientist.
Elizabeth B. Claus, M.D., Ph.D., Professor.
Yongtao Guan, Ph.D., Assistant Professor.
Ralitza Gueorguieva, Ph.D., Research Scientist.
Pamela Hartigan, M.P.H., Ph.D., Associate Professor (Adjunct).
Theodore R. Holford, Ph.D., Professor.
* Haiqun Lin, M.D., Ph.D., Associate Professor.
Shuangge Ma, M.S., Ph.D., Assistant Professor.
† Robert W. Makuch, Ph.D., Professor.
Annette M. Molinaro, Ph.D., Assistant Professor.
l Prakash M. Nadkarni, M.D., Associate Professor.
Peter N. Peduzzi, Ph.D., Professor (Adjunct).
Ning Sun, Ph.D., Research Scientist.
Colin White, M.B.B.S., Professor Emeritus.
Daniel Zelterman, Ph.D., Professor.
Heping Zhang, Ph.D., Professor.
Hongyu Zhao, Ph.D., Professor.

Chronic Disease Epidemiology

Susan G. Austin, Ph.D., Lecturer.
Lisa Barry, Ph.D., M.P.H., Associate Research Scientist.
Kathleen D. Belanger, Ph.D., Research Scientist.
§ Kim Blankenship, Ph.D., Associate Research Scientist.
Edward A. Bortnichak, Ph.D., Lecturer.
‡ Michael B. Bracken, M.P.H., Ph.D., Professor.
§c Kelly D. Brownell, Ph.D., Professor.
Brenda Cartmel, Ph.D., Research Scientist.
Peter A. Charpentier, M.P.H., Lecturer.
Mary G. McCrea Curnen, M.D., Dr.T.M., Dr.P.H., Clinical Professor.
Amy S. Darefsky, M.P.H., Ph.D., Lecturer.
§i Mayur Desai, M.P.H., Ph.D., Assistant Professor.
d Vincent T. DeVita, Jr., M.D., Professor.
Robert D. Dubrow, M.D., Ph.D., Associate Professor.
d Thomas Gill, M.D., Professor.
a Elena Grigorenko, Ph.D., Associate Professor.
Laura M. Grosso, M.P.H., Ph.D., Associate Research Scientist.
Josephine Hoh, Ph.D., Associate Professor.
§ Jeannette R. Ickovics, Ph.D., Professor.
§ Melinda L. Irwin, M.P.H., Ph.D., Assistant Professor.
§i Selby Jacobs, M.P.H., M.D., Professor.
Geir Jacobsen, M.D., Dr.P.H., Research Affiliate.
† Beth A. Jones, M.P.H., Ph.D., Associate Professor.
§ Stanislav V. Kasl, Ph.D., Professor.
Trace S. Kershaw, M.A., Ph.D., Assistant Professor.
§Becca R. Levy, Ph.D., Associate Professor.
Tene Lewis, M.A., Ph.D., Assistant Professor.
Dewei Li, Ph.D., Lecturer.
Judith H. Lichtman, M.P.H., Ph.D., Associate Professor.
Xiaomei Ma, M.D., Ph.D., Assistant Professor.
a Linda Mayes, M.D., Professor.
Susan T. Mayne, Ph.D., Professor.
e Ruth McCorkle, Ph.D., Professor.
Lloyd M. Mueller, Ph.D., Lecturer.
Jewel M. Mullen, M.P.H., M.D., Lecturer.
Adrian M. Ostfeld, M.D., Professor Emeritus.
James Rawlings, M.P.H., R.P.H., Clinical Instructor.
Harvey A. Risch, M.D., Ph.D., Professor.
§c Peter Salovey, Ph.D., Professor.
Bernard P. Schachtel, M.D., Lecturer.
Douglas Shenson, M.D., M.P.H., M.A., M.S., Assistant Clinical Professor.
§i David L. Snow, Ph.D., Professor.
Denise E. Stevens, Ph.D., Lecturer.
§i Jacob K. Tebes, Ph.D., Associate Professor.
d Mary E. Tinetti, M.D., Professor.
Elizabeth W. Triche, Ph.D., Research Scientist.
§ Peter H. Van Ness, M.P.H., Ph.D., Lecturer.
Marianne Ulcickas Yood, Ph.D., Associate Research Scientist.
Kim Ann Yonkers, M.D., Lecturer.
† Herbert Yu, M.Sc., M.D., Ph.D., Associate Professor.

Environmental Health Sciences

Diane D. Aye, M.P.H., Ph.D., Lecturer.
g Michelle Bell, M.S., M.S.E., Ph.D., Assistant Professor.
Andrea L. Boissevain, M.P.H., Lecturer.
Jonathan B. Borak, M.D., Clinical Professor.
Adalgisa Caccone, M.S., Ph.D., Lecturer
Priscilla F. Canny, Ph.D., Lecturer.
f David C. Cone, M.D., Associate Professor.
d Mark R. Cullen, M.D., Professor.
f Linda C. Degutis, Dr.P.H., Associate Professor.
Loretta DiPietro, M.P.H., Ph.D., Associate Professor.
Arthur B. DuBois, M.D., Professor Emeritus.
Jan D. Dunn, Ph.D., Lecturer.
Cheryl Fields, M.P.H., Lecturer.
Janneane F. Gent, Ph.D., Associate Research Scientist.
Gary L. Ginsberg, Ph.D., Lecturer.
Carolyn H. Grantham-Millman, M.P.H., Lecturer.
Brian P. Leaderer, M.P.H., Ph.D., Professor.
Lawrence E. Marks, Ph.D., Professor.
Kathleen McCarty, M.P.H., S.D., Assistant Professor.
Marie V. Roberto, Dr.P.H., Assistant Clinical Professor.
d Mark Russi, M.P.H., M.D., Associate Professor.
d Judith A. Sparer, M.Sc.E., Lecturer.
Nina S. Stachenfeld, Ph.D., Associate Professor.
John T. Stitt, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus.
Jan A. J. Stolwijk, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus.
d Meredith H. Stowe, Ph.D., Lecturer.
Catherine Yeckel, Ph.D., Assistant Professor.
Yawei Zhang, M.P.H., M.D., Ph.D., Assistant Professor.
Tongzhang Zheng, B.Med., Sc.M., Sc.D., Professor.
Yong Zhu, M.A., M.S., Ph.D., Assistant Professor.

Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases

Nadia Abdala, Ph.D., D.V.M., Associate Research Scientist.
Serap Aksoy, Ph.D., Professor.
Louis Alexander, Ph.D., Lecturer.
John F. Anderson, Ph.D., Lecturer.
h Warren A. Andiman, M.D., Professor.
Theodore G. Andreadis, Ph.D., Lecturer.
Martine Y. K. Armstrong, M.D., Senior Research Scientist Emeritus.
h Robert S. Baltimore, M.D., Professor.
d Richard Bucala, M.D., Ph.D., Professor.
h Michael Cappello, M.D., Professor.
Matthew L. Cartter, M.D., Associate Clinical Professor.
James E. Childs, Sc.D., Senior Research Scientist.
d Louise M. Dembry, M.D., Associate Professor.
Maria Diuk-Wasser, Ph.D., Assistant Professor.
d Erol Fikrig, M.D., Professor.
Durland Fish, Ph.D., Professor.
Benjamin A. Fontes, M.P.H., C.B.S.P., Lecturer.
d Gerald H. Friedland, M.D., Professor.
Alison P. Galvani, Ph.D., Assistant Professor.
Lauretta E. Grau, Ph.D., Associate Research Scientist.
James L. Hadler, M.P.H., M.D., Associate Clinical Professor.
Robert Heimer, Ph.D., Professor.
Virginia H. Hodgkinson, Ph.D., Research Affiliate.
Helge Kampen, Ph.D., Associate Research Scientist.
Kaveh Khoshnood, M.P.H., Ph.D., Assistant Professor.
Louis A. Magnarelli, Ph.D., Research Affiliate.
Ruthanne Marcus, M.P.H., Lecturer.
Diane McMahon-Pratt, Ph.D., Professor.
h I. George Miller, M.D., Professor.
Leonard E. Munstermann, Ph.D., Senior Research Scientist.
Linda M. Niccolai, Ph.D., Assistant Professor.
Clara Ocampo-Duran, Ph.D., Research Affiliate.
Curtis L. Patton, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus.
Melinda M. Pettigrew, Ph.D., Assistant Professor.
Dennis J. Richardson, Ph.D., Lecturer.
Nancy H. Ruddle, Ph.D., Professor.
Nancy G. Saravia, M.Sc., Ph.D., Research Affiliate.
h Eugene D. Shapiro, M.D., Professor.
d Andre N. Sofair, M.D., Associate Professor.
Christian Tschudi, Ph.D., Associate Professor.
Gregory H. Tignor, D.Sc., Associate Professor Emeritus.
Global Health
d Michele Barry, M.D., Professor.
Amanda Durante, Ph.D., M.SC., Lecturer.
Jude L. Fernando, Ph.D., Lecturer.
Anne-Marie Foltz, M.P.H., Ph.D., Lecturer.
Nora E. Groce, Ph.D., Associate Professor.
Beatrice M. M. Halpaap, Pharm.D., Lecturer.
Kari Hartwig, Dr.P.H., Assistant Clinical Professor.
Norbert Hirschhorn, M.F.A., M.D., Lecturer.
Debbie L. Humphries, M.P.H., Ph.D., Clinical Instructor.
James F. Jekel, M.P.H., M.D., Professor Emeritus.
Lowell S. Levin, M.P.H., Ed.D., Professor Emeritus.
Cynthia K. Pope, Ph.D., Lecturer.
Jennifer Prah Ruger, M.Sc., Ph.D., Assistant Professor.
Jeffrey Wack, Ph.D., M.S., Lecturer.
Hong Wang, M.D., Ph.D., Assistant Professor.
Feng Zhao, M.P.H., M.D., Ph.D., Lecturer.
Erio Ziglio, Ph.D., Lecturer.
Health Policy and Administration
Harris M. Allen, M.A., Ph.D., Lecturer.
Thomas Balcezak, M.D., Lecturer.
Colleen L. Barry, Ph.D., Assistant Professor.
Marna Parke Borgstrom, M.P.H., Lecturer.
Elizabeth H. Bradley, Ph.D., Professor.
John Bradley, M.B.A., Lecturer.
Susan H. Busch, Ph.D., Associate Professor.
Marguerite M. Callaway, M.S., M.B.A., Lecturer.
Gayle L. Capozzalo, M.S.P.H., Lecturer.
Katrina H. Clark, M.P.H., Lecturer.
John G. Culhane, J.D., Lecturer.
Leslie Curry, M.P.H., Ph.D., Research Scientist.
Martha Dale, M.P.H., Lecturer.
i Rani A. Desai, M.P.H., Ph.D., Associate Professor.
Henry G. Dove, Ph.D., Lecturer.
Andrew J. Epstein, Ph.D., Assistant Professor.
Jason Fletcher, Ph.D., Assistant Professor.
m Howard Forman, M.B.A., M.D., Professor.
William T. Gallo, Ph.D., Research Scientist.
Shelley D. Geballe, M.P.H., J.D., Lecturer.
William Gillespie, M.B.A., M.D., Lecturer.
Sarah M. Horwitz, M.P.H., Ph.D., Associate Professor Emeritus.
Bruce Jennings, M.A., Lecturer.
d Amy C. Justice, M.D., Ph.D., Associate Professor.
j Edward H. Kaplan, Ph.D., Professor.
Patricia S. Keenan, Ph.D., Assistant Professor.
h Bonnie D. Kerker, Ph.D., Lecturer.
d Harlan M. Krumholz, M.D., Professor.
Mary Alice Lee, M.S.N., Ph.D., Lecturer.
i Douglas L. Leslie, Ph.D., Associate Professor.
Jennifer A. Mattera, M.P.H., Lecturer.
Stephen M. Merz, M.H.S.A., Lecturer.
Ingrid M. Nembhard, Ph.D., Assistant Professor.
A. David Paltiel, Ph.D., Professor.
William P. Quinn, M.P.H., Lecturer.
i Robert A. Rosenheck, M.D., Professor.
Theodore W. Ruger, J.D., Lecturer.
Mark J. Schlesinger, Ph.D., Professor.
‡ Jody L. Sindelar, Ph.D., Professor.
Stephanie Spangler, M.D., Lecturer.
Dorothea M.G. Wild, M.P.H., M.D., Lecturer.
Joseph Zaccagnini, M.P.H., Lecturer.

* On leave of absence fall 2007.
† On leave of absence spring 2008.
‡ On leave of absence 2007–2008.
§ Faculty affiliated with the Program in Social and Behavioral Sciences.

a Primary appointment in Child Study Center.
b Primary appointment in Neurology.
c Primary appointment in Psychology.
d Primary appointment in Internal Medicine.
e Primary appointment in Nursing.
f Primary appointment in Surgery.
g Primary appointment in School of Forestry & Environmental Studies.
h Primary appointment in Pediatrics.
i Primary appointment in Psychiatry.
j Primary appointment in School of Management.
k Primary appointment in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology.
l Primary appointment in Anesthesiology.
m Primary appointment in Diagnostic Radiology.

Faculty Profiles

Paul Cleary, C-E.A. Winslow Professor, Dean of Public Health, and Chair of the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health. Professor Cleary’s research includes developing better methods for using patient reports about their care and health status to evaluate the quality of medical care and studying the relationships between clinician and organizational characteristics and the quality of medical care. His recent research includes a study of how organizational characteristics affect the costs and quality of care for persons with AIDS, a national evaluation of a continuous quality improvement initiative in clinics providing care to HIV-infected individuals, developing Web-based decision tools to improve cancer care decision making, and a study of the long-term impact of patient-centered hospital care. He also is principal investigator of one of the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) grants funded by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research to develop surveys for collecting information from consumers regarding their health plans and services. Ph.D. University of Wisconsin.

Brian P. Leaderer, Susan Dwight Bliss Professor of Public Health, Deputy Dean/Vice Chair of Public Health, and Acting Head, Division of Global Health. Professor Leaderer’s research activities focus on developing tools and methods for assessing human exposures to air contaminants, and assessing the impact of health and comfort resulting from those exposures. His research involves both controlled human studies conducted in environmental chambers and epidemiologic studies. Professor Leaderer’s chamber-based research includes characterizing air emissions from important indoor sources (environmental tobacco smoke [ETS], kerosene space heaters, building materials and building furnishings), developing inexpensive passive monitors for monitoring concentrations of indoor air contaminants (i.e., ETS and nitrous acid), and assessing the odor and irritation of emissions of volatile organic compounds from building furnishings. Professor Leaderer’s air pollution epidemiologic research studies include assessing the impact of particle and vapor phase acids on the respiratory health of infants and their mothers; determining the impact of ETS exposure on pregnancy outcome; assessing the impact of environmental agents (residential aeroallergens, suspended particles, ozone, etc.) on the development and severity of asthma in children; investigating the nature and causes of the building-related occupancy complaint syndrome (BROCS); and a study of the impact of unvented wood burning for cooking on the birthweights of infants and incidence of childhood pneumonia in the Mam Indians in Quetzaltenango in the highlands of Guatemala. Professor Leaderer is co-director of the Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric, and Environmental Epidemiology. Ph.D. Yale University.

Nancy H. Ruddle, John Rodman Paul Professor of Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, and Director of Graduate Studies. Professor Ruddle’s laboratory is interested in several aspects of protein products of thymus-derived lymphocytes, particularly cytokines of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, their regulation and roles in lymphoid development and pathogenesis of viral and autoimmune disease. Her laboratory has studied the regulation, mechanism of action, and biological role of a family of lymphokines called lymphotoxin (LT, LTa, TNF-ß), LT-ß and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a). They have studied molecular regulation of LT, LT-ß, and TNF-a production and identified negative and positive elements in the genes and flanking DNAs and evaluated different mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation of these genes. They are studying the role of LT, LT-ß, and TNF-a in pathogenesis of inflammation in diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and HTLV-1 hypercalcemia and have developed transgenic mouse models to study their activities in these diseases. Ph.D. Yale University.

Serap Aksoy, Professor and Head, Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases. A major goal of Professor Aksoy’s research is to understand the molecular mechanisms that enable tsetse to transmit trypanosomes, in particular insect midgut and salivary gland gene products that may allow the parasites to differentiate and establish. Ph.D. Columbia University.

Colleen L. Barry, Assistant Professor, Division of Health Policy and Administration. Professor Barry’s current research interests include government regulation of health insurance markets, policy approaches to improving the quality of mental health care, and the politics of health reform. In recent work she studied health plan responses to mental health and substance abuse parity regulation in the federal employees health insurance program. In other research Professor Barry has examined trends in the design and organization of mental health insurance using national employer survey data, and the effects of state parity laws on out-of-pocket spending and use of mental health services. In current research, she is evaluating strategies to overcome economic and institutional barriers to quality improvement for depression care in historically fragmented public sector programs. Ph.D. Harvard University.

Jonathan B. Borak, Clinical Professor, Division of Environmental Health Sciences. Dr. Borak’s research/scholarly activities during the past fifteen years have mainly addressed the human toxicology of industrial chemicals. At first, his activities focused on acute high-dose exposures to “hazardous materials.” His more recent work has focused on the quality of toxicological data utilized in quantitative risk assessments. Of particular interest have been the methods and adequacy of exposure assessments and the nature of susceptible populations. A number of his published studies were based on data that were initially compiled and presented to regulatory agencies (e.g., USEPA, OSHA) and advisory boards (e.g., NAS, ACGIH), and have proven influential. M.D. New York University.

Michael B. Bracken, Susan Dwight Bliss Professor of Public Health, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Professor Bracken’s primary research interest is in the area of the epidemiology of diseases of pregnancy and newborns with an emphasis on environmental risk factors for causation and iatrogenic factors in patient care. Professor Bracken is co-director of the Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric, and Environmental Epidemiology. He has been the recipient of numerous grant awards and has published over two hundred papers and two books: Perinatal Epidemiology (1984) and Effective Care of the Newborn Infant (with J. C. Sinclair, 1992). Ph.D. Yale University.

Elizabeth H. Bradley, Professor and Director, Health Management Program, Division of Health Policy and Administration. Professor Bradley’s research interests include quality of care for the elderly, including long-term care and end-of-life care. This work involves investigating best practices for improving adherence to clinical guidelines and the implementation and management of innovations in clinical care in the acute care setting. Ph.D. Yale University.

Susan H. Busch, Associate Professor, Division of Health Policy and Administration. Professor Busch conducts health services research on the treatment of depression and managed care. She has extensive training in management and economics. Ph.D. Harvard University.

Elizabeth B. Claus, Professor and Director of Medical Research, Division of Biostatistics. Dr. Claus’s work has focused on (1) cancer and genetic epidemiology, with an emphasis on breast cancer, and (2) the development and implementation of statistical models of cancer risk. She has recently completed a state-wide population-based case/control study of breast carcinoma in situ. This is the largest prospective study of its type and will be used to define genetic and epidemiologic risk factors for the disease. Over the next five years, Dr. Claus will follow this group of women in an effort to define factors that predict medical and quality-of-life outcomes for women diagnosed with breast carcinoma in situ. In addition to her work in breast cancer, Dr. Claus’s research interests include the study of neurosurgical outcomes, particularly for pediatric patients. M.D., Ph.D. Yale University.

Loretta DiPietro, Associate Professor, Division of Environmental Health Sciences. Professor DiPietro’s research interests are in the area of behavioral factors associated with patterns of successful aging. Specifically, her interests have focused on physical activity patterns, abdominal adiposity, and their independent relationships with both lipid and glucose metabolism in older adults. Professor DiPietro currently directs a randomized, controlled exercise training study in older people, which will assess the impact of higher- and moderate-intensity exercise training on a number of metabolic outcomes. Ph.D. Yale University.

Maria Diuk-Wasser, Assistant Professor, Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases. Professor Diuk-Wasser’s research interest focuses on understanding the transmission patterns of vector-borne and zoonotic pathogens. She studies the ecology and distribution of pathogens, vectors, and reservoir hosts and generates predictive maps of human risk of acquiring these pathogens. In areas where pathogens, vectors, and hosts coexist, she is interested in how host-vector contact rates affect pathogen transmission dynamics. Her research systems include malaria, Lyme disease, and West Nile virus (WNV). Her malaria research addressed the question of why high mosquito densities in irrigated areas do not always lead to more malaria transmission. Current research includes the development of a national risk map for Lyme disease, studies on the distribution of WNV in Connecticut, and a study of ecological factors affecting Culex spp. blood-feeding behavior and WNV transmission dynamics in Connecticut. Ph.D. University of California, Los Angeles.

Arthur B. DuBois, Professor Emeritus, Division of Environmental Health Sciences. Dr. DuBois’s research activities concern nitric oxide emanating from the lungs and nasal cavity in humans and in animals. One object is to find out whether inflammation of the lungs produces more nitric oxide, and whether that gas can be used as a measure of the amount of lung irritation during health surveys. Another object is to determine why nitric oxide concentrations in the human nose can be a thousand times as great as those in the air expired from the lungs of the same person. Dr. DuBois’s recent interests have concerned mechanisms by which inhaled dust particles initiate bronchoconstriction and immune responses in the lung alveoli. His summer research has included brain tissue hypoxia as it affects the blood pressure of bluefish. Past studies have been on body fluid redistribution in gravity and under weightless conditions. Previously, his primary research was on pulmonary physiology and lung function in normal people and in people with respiratory insufficiency. M.D. Cornell University.

Robert D. Dubrow, Associate Professor, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Associate Dean, Academic Affairs. Professor Dubrow teaches the epidemiology core course and has a strong interest in public health education. His primary research interests historically have been occupational epidemiology and cancer epidemiology and prevention. He has published on colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, esophageal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, endometrial cancer, malignant melanoma, and osteosarcoma. In recent years he has turned his attnetion to HIV/AIDS, with a particular interest in the role of diagnosis of acute HIV infection in prevention. Dr. Dubrow serves as director of the Office of International Training at the Center for Interdisciplinary research on AIDS. M.D., Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania.

Andrew J. Epstein, Assistant Professor, Division of Health Policy and Administration. Professor Epstein is a health care economist with a primary research focus on provider behavior and quality improvement, and additional interest in the economics of the pharmaceutical industry. He has recently studied responses to cardiac surgery mortality report cards, the association between provider volume and patient outcomes, determinants of C-section use, and the effectiveness of pharmaceutical mergers. Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania.

Durland Fish, Professor, Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases. Professor Fish’s research interests are in the areas of ecology and prevention of vector-borne infectious diseases. Recent emphasis has been on tick-borne pathogens causing Lyme disease and human ehrlichiosis in the northeastern United States. Current projects include natural and artificial regulation of vector populations, vector competence for viral and bacterial pathogens, co-infection and transmissions of multiple pathogens, geographic and spatial analysis of epidemiological data, and use of satellite imagery to predict vector-borne disease risk. Ph.D. University of Florida.

Jason M. Fletcher, Assistant Professor, Division of Health Policy and Administration. Professor Fletcher’s current research interests include the long-term effects of childhood mental illness on adult health and education outcomes and accessing the importance of social influences on the health behaviors of adolescents. He also is conducting research that examines special education policy for children with special needs, issues relating to child and adolescent obesity, and specific mental illnesses including ADHD, depression, and autism. Ph.D. University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Alison P. Galvani, Assistant Professor, Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases. Professor Galvani is focusing her research on theoretical modeling of the evolution and epidemiology of infectious diseases. She is particularly interested in evaluating both the short-term and long-term repercussions of different public health policies on the prevalence and intensity of disease, including emerging diseases. Ph.D. Oxford University.

Nora E. Groce, Associate Professor, Division of Global Health. Professor Groce, a medical anthropologist, is interested in the interrelation between formal and traditional medical systems, particularly as they relate to accessibility of care for vulnerable populations. Her ongoing research focuses on three areas: disability cross-culturally, the delivery of health care to ethnic and minority populations within larger nation states, and violence in society. She is currently working on projects that relate to cross-cultural health beliefs and practices, issues of urban health, and disability in the United States and the developing world. Ph.D. Brown University.

Yongtao Guan, Assistant Professor, Division of Biostatistics. Professor Guan’s research interests are in spatial analysis of biological and epidemiological data. Current projects include analysis of Texas childhood leukemia data and modeling vector-borne disease in both urban and rural areas. Ph.D. Texas A&M University.

Ralitza V. Gueorguieva, Research Scientist, Division of Biostatistics. Professor Gueorguieva’s research interests are in methodological development and applications of mixed effects models for the analysis of longitudinal data. Her main projects include development of models for repeatedly measured discrete and continuous outcomes, and incorporation of modern statistical methods in the design and analysis of clinical trials in psychiatry. Ph.D. University of Florida.

Kari Hartwig, Assistant Clinical Professor, Division of Global Health. Professor Hartwig’s research is in the area of HIV/AIDS prevention strategies in East Africa and Southeast Asia, with a particular focus on areas of gender relations, structural factors, and the role of culture and local context. Most of her research employs qualitative methods based in a constructivist paradigm. In addition, she participates in a number of U.S.-based research initiatives that include Type-2 diabetes prevention and amelioration among African Americans and other community-based research aimed at reducing health disparities in U.S. populations. Dr.P.H. University of North Carolina.

Robert Heimer, Professor, Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases. Professor Heimer’s major research efforts include scientific evaluation of HIV prevention programs for drug injectors, virological assessment of the risk of drug injection behaviors, and analysis of the interrelationship between hepatitis virus infections and injection drug use. Ph.D. Yale University.

Josephine Hoh, Associate Professor, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Professor Hoh’s current research focuses on developing analytical methods in mapping genetic origins and assessing environmental risks in human diseases and complex traits, and functional genomic and evolutionary studies of p53 responsive genes. Ph.D. Rutgers University.

Theodore R. Holford, Susan Dwight Bliss Professor of Public Health and Head, Division of Biostatistics. Professor Holford’s primary research interests are in the development and application of statistical methods in public health and medicine. One topic he has especially focused on recently has been how trends in cancer epidemiology are described, especially through the use of age-period-cohort models. The development and application of statistical models that incorporate the underlying biology motivate other aspects of his research as well. His collaboration with the National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study has led to the development of new ways of analyzing data collected from clinical trials of patients who have this type of injury. These methods enable investigators to better understand the effect of improvements in overall neurological function by separating the components due to the level on the spinal cord that is injured and the severity of that injury. Ph.D. Yale University.

Jeannette R. Ickovics, Professor and Director, Social and Behavioral Sciences Program, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Professor Ickovics’s research has been directed toward a series of community-based, longitudinal studies in the realm of HIV/ AIDS. Ongoing studies include identifying factors that influence recruitment, adherence, and retention in AIDS clinical trials; evaluating the behavioral and psychological consequences of HIV counseling and testing for pregnant women; and documenting the associations between adolescent pregnancy and risk for sexually transmitted diseases and HIV. In addition, Professor Ickovics is developing and implementing a new line of research to examine how psychosocial, behavioral, and biomedical factors interact to influence the trajectories of recovery following various health events (e.g., myocardial infarction, stroke, surgical recovery). Ph.D. George Washington University.

Melinda L. Irwin, Assistant Professor, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Professor Irwin’s primary research interests are in the area of physical activity and cancer prevention and prognosis. She is trained in exercise physiology, epidemiology, and clinical trials. Specifically, Professor Irwin’s research involves the exercise effect on breast cancer biomarkers among high-risk individuals and cancer survivors. Other ongoing research includes determinants of exercise adherence and physical activity methodology. Ph.D. University of South Carolina.

Beth A. Jones, Associate Professor, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Professor Jones’s research is in the area of race differences in the incidence, morbidity, and mortality of cancer, particularly breast cancer. In addition to studying the role of tumor characteristics and genetic alterations in breast cancer survival, she is currently researching the impact of social class, access to health care, and psychosocial variables on stage at diagnosis and survival. Other ongoing research includes breast cancer screening, particularly as it affects African American women. Ph.D. Yale University.

Stanislav V. Kasl, Professor and Head, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Professor Kasl’s primary research interest is in psychosocial epidemiology, the study of social and psychological risk factors for physical illness. Studies include incidence of disease, course of illness and disability, and case fatality. His secondary research interest is in psychiatric epidemiology, the study of risk factors for psychiatric outcomes, and aspects of mental health and well-being. Current studies include the role of job design factors in cumulative trauma disorders; vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorder among Vietnam veterans; predictors of disability and survival among community elderly; race differences in quality of mammography screening; and health effects of marital closeness in elderly couples. Ph.D. University of Michigan.

Patricia S. Keenan, Assistant Professor, Division of Health Policy and Administration. Professor Keenan draws on political and economic perspectives in her research on Medicare regulation, aging policy, health insurance markets, and health care spending. Her main projects assess important factors in Medicare coverage decisions, health habit changes, and health insurance coverage trends. Ph.D. Harvard University.

Trace Kershaw, Assistant Professor, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Professor Kershaw’s research is in the area of HIV/STD prevention and reproductive and maternal-child health epidemiology. Specifically, Professor Kershaw is interested in integrating HIV/STD and unwanted pregnancy prevention with prenatal and postnatal care for young high-risk women and their male partners. He is currently involved in several research projects assessing the influence of behavioral interventions aimed to reduce the occurrence of HIV/STD and negative perinatal and postnatal outcomes (e.g., low birth weight, maternal mortality) for young pregnant women in the United States and abroad (e.g., South Africa, Haiti). Ph.D. Wayne State University.

Kaveh Khoshnood, Assistant Professor, Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases. Professor Khoshnood is involved in several studies of HIV infection and health service utilization among drug users. His other areas of research interest are program evaluation, drug policy reform, and the linkage between health and human rights. Ph.D. Yale University.

Becca R. Levy, Associate Professor, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Professor Levy’s research explores psychosocial influences on aging. Her studies focus on how these influences, particularly older individuals’ perceptions of aging, affect cognition and health in old age. She studies this by examining: (1) how the aging process differs among cultures that vary in their stereotypes of aging; and (2) how a psychosocial intervention, designed to trigger either positive or negative perceptions of aging, influences a variety of outcomes in older individuals including memory, physical performance, and cardiovascular response to stress. In addition, Professor Levy examines how psychosocial factors influence recovery and survival in old age. Ph.D. Harvard University.

Tené T. Lewis, Assistant Professor, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Professor Lewis’ primary area of research is in psychosocial epidemiology, with an emphasis on cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women. She has a particular interest in understanding how social and psychological factors might contribute to the disproportionately high rates of CVD morbidity and mortality observed in African American women compared to women of other racial/ethnic groups. Professor Lewis is currently involved in research projects designed to examine the role of depressive symptoms, hostility, and experiences of discrimination as correlates of adverse CVD outcomes in African American and Caucasian women. Ph.D. University of California, Los Angeles.

Judith H. Lichtman, Associate Professor, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Professor Lichtman’s research covers a broad range of cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarction, stroke, and congestive heart failure. In addition to studying clinical factors associated with disease prevention, she has been interested in the development of risk stratification scales to identify individuals at greatest risk for recurrent vascular events. A specific focus of her research has been the overlap between vascular diseases, such as the risk of stroke following myocardial infarction. Her current research includes the development of a longitudinal, patient-linked Medicare database to examine clinical aspects of cardiovascular, peripheral vascular, and cerebrovascular disease in the elderly. This work will examine the rates and trends of vascular disease over time, the utilization of vascular procedures, and short- and long-term vascular outcomes including mortality and recurrent illness. An important component of this research will be to determine how rates and outcomes vary by age, race, gender, and geographic location. Ph.D. Yale University.

Haiqun Lin, Associate Professor, Division of Biostatistics. Dr. Lin’s primary research interests concern the development, implementation, and application of statistical methods in longitudinal biomarkers for disease processes. Her research activity has been directed toward characterizing the joint responses of the longitudinal PSA readings and prostate cancer incidence utilizing mixture models. She had been trained in medicine and molecular and cellular biology prior to a formal education in statistics. M.D. Beijing Medical University; Ph.D. Cornell University.

Shuangge Ma, Assistant Professor, Division of Biostatistics. Professor Ma’s research interests include analysis of interval censored survival data and regularized estimation with applications to analysis of high-dimensional genomic data. He is currently working on analysis of case I interval censored data with cure proportion and analysis of genomic data with clustering structures. He is also interested in clinical trial design, cardiovascular study, and HIV study. Ph.D. University of Wisconsin.

Xiaomei Ma, Assistant Professor, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Professor Ma’s research interest is in the etiology of chronic noninfectious diseases, particularly cancer. She has been studying the role of immunologic factors and environmental chemical exposures in the etiology of childhood leukemia for the last few years. She is also interested in molecular classification and genetic susceptibility of the disease. Other ongoing research includes methodological issues in selection of control subjects in case control studies, and DNA methylation in leukemia cases. Ph.D. University of California, Berkeley.

Robert W. Makuch, Professor, Division of Biostatistics. Professor Makuch’s primary research interests involve methodologic issues in the design, conduct, and analysis of clinical studies. In particular, he is interested in the appropriate design and analysis of active control equivalence studies, and he has described how controls should be selected, how the sample size for these studies is determined, and what constitutes appropriate methods of analysis. Interim analysis in general, and the development and application of conditional power methodology in particular, is another active research area. These methods have been used in numerous settings, including a multicenter, Yale-based study for the identification of a new therapy for the treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage. Analytic areas of interest include prospective individual matching designs and methods for the analysis of longitudinal data. These methodological developments have been directed primarily in the area of cancer and HIV. Ph.D. Yale University.

Lawrence E. Marks, Professor, Division of Environmental Health Sciences. Professor Marks’s research interests focus on the development of quantitative psychophysical models to account for human sensory and perceptual responses to various environmental stimuli including noise and light vibration. A second aspect of Professor Marks’s research is concerned with the relation between the perceptual coding of sensory information and the subsequent recoding of this information through language; current studies seek to disentangle sensory contributions and linguistic contributions to interactions between stimuli activating different sense modalities. A third aspect of Professor Marks’s work centers on interactions between attention and perception; this research examines the ways that the detection and perception of environmental stimuli depend on how attention is directed to particular subsets of stimuli; the underlying hypothesis is that attention represents the selective facilitation or suppression by the central nervous system of information arising on distinct subsets of peripheral nerve fibers. Ph.D. Harvard University.

Susan Taylor Mayne, Professor, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Professor Mayne’s primary research interests are in the area of nutrition and cancer prevention. She is trained in nutritional biochemistry, epidemiology, and clinical trials, and recently completed a large cancer prevention clinical trial to determine whether supplemental beta-carotene reduces the incidence of second cancers in patients treated curatively for early-stage cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. In addition to this trial, Professor Mayne directed a study of occupational factors and head and neck cancer risk, is collaborating with other Yale faculty on an etiologic study of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia, and on a study of pesticides and PCBs and risk of female breast cancer. In addition, her nutrition laboratory provides analytical support for other nutrition-related research projects. Professor Mayne is also an associate director of the Yale Cancer Center, for which she leads the Cancer Prevention and Control Research Program. Ph.D. Cornell University.

Kathleen M. McCarty, Assistant Professor, Division of Environmental Health Sciences. Professor McCarty’s research interests are related to environmental and molecular epidemiology as it applies to environmental exposures and genetic susceptibility to cancer and non-cancer endpoints. Her main research projects involve environmental co-factors, genetic susceptibility, and arsenic exposure and health outcomes; gene-environmental interactions and breast cancer risk. S.D. Harvard University.

Diane McMahon-Pratt, Professor, Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, and Director of Post-Doctoral Affairs. The focus of the research in Professor McMahon-Pratt’s laboratory is the genus of parasitic protozoan, Leishmania, which causes a spectrum of diseases known as leishmaniasis. Using biochemical and molecular genetic approaches, the laboratory is involved in the study of molecules that are developmentally regulated by the parasite during its life cycle; these molecules should provide clues as to how the parasite survives and/or manipulates its environment within either the insect vector or mammalian host. She is also interested in understanding and elucidating the immune effector mechanisms involved in the control of infection by the mammalian host. Ph.D. Harvard University.

Annette Molinaro, Assistant Professor, Division of Biostatistics. Professor Molinaro’s research has focused on prediction of survival outcomes with large data sets as frequently encountered in genomics. These projects have revolved around epidemiologic and genetic associations in primary occurrence and recurrences in breast, ovarian, and cervical cancer. Ph.D. University of California, Berkeley.

Ingrid M. Nembhard, Assistant Professor, Division of Health Policy and Administration. Professor Nembhard’s research examines organizational learning and quality improvement in health care organizations through an organizational behavior lens. In recent work she has studied the influence of leadership, front-line staff interactions, and team learning strategies on the success of improvement projects. Her ongoing research studies the conditions under which health care organizations participate in interorganizational learning to facilitate organizational change within the context of collaboratives, organized programs in which teams from multiple institutions work together to improve practices around a specific topic. Ph.D. Harvard University.

Linda M. Niccolai, Assistant Professor, Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases. Professor Niccolai’s primary research interest is in behavioral aspects of HIV and STD prevention. Specifically she is interested in studying individual- and partnership-level determinants of sexual risk behaviors, particularly among underserved populations. Other ongoing research activities include studies of woman’s reproductive health (including pregnant women) and HIV/STD prevention. Ph.D. Tulane University.

A. David Paltiel, Professor, Division of Health Policy and Administration. Professor Paltiel is engaged in numerous research projects concerned broadly with issues of resource allocation and decision making in the health sector. His work focuses on the development of methods and models for the economic evaluation of a variety of pharmaceutical products, medical technologies, and public health activities. He has published on such subjects as the costs and consequences of antiretroviral therapy, the economics of HIV and cancer screening, the theoretical foundations of cost-effectiveness analysis for resource allocation, optimal timing and targeting policies for AIDS prevention and treatment policies, and the cost-effectiveness of preventing AIDS complications. Ph.D. Yale University.

Curtis L. Patton, Professor Emeritus, Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases. Professor Patton’s research interests include identification and characterization of trypanosome specific calmodulin response elements, as well as studies of structure and biological function of trypanosome calmodulin. Under physiological conditions, treatment with methylating agents induces synchronous differentiation in these parasites. In his research Professor Patton is characterizing carboxyl methyltransferases and methylesterases and determining the role of S-adenosyl-methionine and decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine in alpha-difluoromethylornithine-induced differentiation. Ph.D. Michigan State University.

Melinda M. Pettigrew, Assistant Professor, Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases. Professor Pettigrew uses a combined molecular and epidemiologic approach to understand infectious diseases in infants and young children. Her main projects involve the identification of bacterial factors important for the pathogenesis of pneumococcal infections and an analysis of the impact of environmental exposures on otitis media. Ph.D. Yale University.

Harvey A. Risch, Professor, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Dr. Risch’s research interests are in the areas of cancer etiology and prevention, and in epidemiology methods. He is especially interested in the effects of reproductive factors, diet, genetic predisposition, and histopathologic factors in the causation of ovarian neoplasms. His major research projects have included studies of lung cancer, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, esophageal and stomach cancer, and cancers related to the use of oral contraceptives and noncontraceptive estrogens. M.D. University of California, San Diego; Ph.D. University of Chicago.

Jennifer Prah Ruger, Assistant Professor, Division of Global Health. Professor Ruger’s research interests are in the areas of economic evaluation of addiction programs; health, health systems, and development; and health and social justice. She is especially interested in the cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation and HIV-prevention programs among low-income populations and in the political economy of health and health policy in developed and developing countries. Her major research includes a K award from the National Institute of Drug Addiction on economic evaluation of addiction services and a global health equity project examining the implications of Amartya Sen’s capability approach for equity and efficiency in health and health systems in developed and developing countries. Ph.D. Harvard University, M.Sc. Oxford University.

Mark J. Schlesinger, Professor, Division of Health Policy and Administration. Professor Schlesinger’s health policy research includes assessments of federal programs for children and the elderly; studies of the growth of for-profit enterprises in health and mental health care; investigations of the scope and consequences of various forms of “managed care” and utilization management, including their application to “managed competition”; and analyses of public attitudes toward health care reform. His research on other aspects of social policy includes studies of government contracting for services from private agencies; public perceptions and attitudes shaping intergenerational tensions and age-targeted social programs; and the comparative performance of private nonprofit, for-profit, and public agencies. Ph.D. University of Wisconsin.

Jody L. Sindelar, Professor and Head, Division of Health Policy and Administration. Professor Sindelar’s research activities apply economic principles to health issues. Her current major research interests focus on economic issues of alcoholism and substance abuse, including lost productivity, cost-effective treatment, and drunk driving. Another area of research is illicit drug policy. Professor Sindelar has a career development award to support research on alcoholism from NIAAA. Other interests include gender differences in the use of medical care, antitrust issues, physician reimbursement, economic aspects of clinical trials, and financial issues in health care. Professor Sindelar is also a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. Ph.D. Stanford University.

Nina S. Stachenfeld, Associate Professor, Division of Environmental Health Sciences. Professor Stachenfeld examines environmental influences on body water regulation. Her primary work is in the area of estrogen and progesterone effects on body water and sodium regulation. She is currently using a protocol that includes temporary suppression of the human menstrual cycle in young women. Adding back controlled levels of estrogen or progesterone or both hormones simultaneously then follows this suppression. This protocol is designed to isolate the effects of these hormones on the systems that regulate body water, including renal water and sodium regulation, trans-capillary fluid dynamics, and thirst sensation. Ph.D. Columbia University.

Christian Tschudi, Associate Professor, Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases. Professor Tschudi’s studies focus on the biology of trypanosomes, the causative agent of devastating diseases in Africa and South America. His major projects involve the identi-fication of genes important for the infectious cycle of the parasite and an understanding of gene silencing by RNA interference in African trypanosomes. Ph.D. University of Basel, Switzerland.

Hong Wang, Assistant Professor, Division of Global Health. Professor Wang’s research interests are in the areas of health system reform, health care financing, and the determinants of population health in developing countries. He is currently researching the impact of socio-economic factors on Chinese health-related quality of life and health service utilization. He is also working on the issue of valuation of health impact of air pollution. M.D. Beijing Medical University, Ph.D. University of Wisconsin.

Catherine Yeckel, Assistant Professor, Division of Environmental Health Sciences. Professor Yeckel’s research interests center on environmental influences on metabolism, with special interest in interventions, such as thermal exposure and exercise, that affect obesity, insulin resistance, and consequently risk for type two diabetes, particularly in children and adolescents. Her research on this topic has already garnered grant support from the American Diabetes Association. Dr. Yeckel will help expand the core of researchers concerned with obesity and diabetes. Ph.D.,

Herbert Yu, Assistant Professor, Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Professor Yu’s research is in the field of molecular epidemiology with focus on elucidating cancer etiology and identifying tumor markers for cancer management. His current research projects include studying gene-environmental interaction in the etiology of breast and endometrial cancers with emphasis on the interplay between genetic polymorphisms and lifestyle features; examining the impact of aging on epigenetic regulation of cancer-related genes and its association with prostate cancer risk; and assessing molecular and genetic markers for the prognosis of ovarian and breast cancers. M.D. Shanghai Medical University, Ph.D. University of Toronto.

Daniel Zelterman, Professor, Division of Biostatistics. Professor Zelterman’s research interests are centered in applied statistics. Before coming to Yale in 1995, he studied the limits of human longevity and models related to other extreme value models. He is currently doing research on clinical trials at the Yale Cancer Center. This research covers survival analysis, modeling of cancer mechanisms, and discrete distributions. His interests in cancer epidemiology and genetics have brought him to examine the analysis of pedigrees, familial clusters of disease, and similar computationally intensive statistical methods. Ph.D. Yale University.

Heping Zhang, Professor, Division of Biostatistics. Professor Zhang’s research interests are in the general area of regression analysis: theory, methodology, and applications. Recently, he has been developing and implementing a nonparametric tree-based method that allows one to analyze data with multidimensional responses and with continuous and/or categorical covariates. This tree-based method is especially suitable for risk factor analyses of large, complex epidemiologic studies. Professor Zhang is also interested in statistical genetics and neuroimaging analyses. Ph.D. Stanford University.

Yawei Zhang, Assistant Professor, Division of Environmental Health Science. Professor Zhang’s research interests are in the areas of cancer epidemiology and etiology. She is especially interested in the effects of environmental factors, endogenous and exogenous hormones, genetic susceptibility, and gene-environmental interactions on human cancer risk. Her main research projects involve environmental factors, genetic susceptibility, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma; gene-environmental interactions and breast cancer risk; early life exposures and breast and testicular cancer risk. M.D. West China University of Medical Science, China; Ph.D. Yale University.

Hongyu Zhao, Ira V. Hiscock Associate Professor of Public Health, Division of Biostatistics. Professor Zhao’s research interests focus on applications of probability and statistics to molecular biology and genetics. The projects he is currently working on include (1) statistical analysis of linkage disequilibrium; (2) analyzing the patterns of familial transmission of substance abuse and comorbid disorders from family studies; (3) statistical analysis of time trends of cancer incidence and mortality; (4) multilocus analyses of single spore, half-tetrad, and tetrad data using models that incorporate both chromatid interference and chiasma interference; (5) modeling gene conversion; (6) cost-effective designs on mapping quantitative trait loci using sib pairs and other relative sets; and (7) mapping quantitative trait loci of experimental organisms. Ph.D. University of California, Berkeley.

Tongzhang Zheng, Professor and Head, Division of Environmental Health Sciences. Professor Zheng’s research interests have been in the area of cancer epidemiology and environmental epidemiology. He is the principal investigator for a number of ongoing case-control studies, including a case-control study of GST genetic polymorphisms and environmental factors and risk of female breast cancer; a case-control study of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma; a case-control study of viral and environmental etiology of Hodgkin’s disease; a case-control study of multiple myeloma in Connecticut; and a case-control study of cancers of the stomach and esophagus in China. He is also the principal investigator for a case-control study of indoor air pollution and asthma among schoolchildren in Beijing. Sc.D. Harvard University.

Yong Zhu, Assistant Professor, Division of Environmental Health Sciences. Dr. Zhu’s research interests focus on using a molecular epidemiological approach to study genetic susceptibility markers and their interactions with environmental exposure in human disease development. He has been developing and validating novel phenotypic and genotypic assays and biomarkers for several smoking-related cancers. By utilizing various techniques in molecular biology, molecular cytogenetics, cell biology, and computational biology, he identifies biomarkers that can characterize inherited genetic predisposition and cellular response to environmental factors. In addition, Dr. Zhu is interested in applying evolutionary concepts and tools in biomarker study and medical research. He is currently using phylogenetic analysis to screen biomarkers for molecular epidemiological study and addressing the role of gene-environment interaction in human disease in the context of human evolutionary history. Ph.D. Rice University.

History of the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health

The Department of Epidemiology and Public Health at Yale is one of thirty-eight nationally accredited schools of public health in the country, and is also one of the oldest. In 1914 Yale University received an endowment from the Anna M. R. Lauder family to establish a chair in public health in the School of Medicine. This chair was filled in 1915 by Charles-Edward Amory Winslow, who was to be a central figure in the development of public health at Yale.

In the early years, Winslow focused on “the education of undergraduate medical students along the lines of preventive medicine.” He also established a one-year program leading to a Certificate in Public Health. From the beginning, Winslow sought to build bridges between the Department of Public Health, the Scientific School, and the Graduate School by making courses available to students in the other schools. He was also able to establish Bacteriology, Pathology, and Public Health as a single, unified department in the Graduate School.

Winslow looked to a number of existing departments (Bacteriology, Immunology, Medicine, Pathology, Pediatrics, Physiological Chemistry, Sanitary Engineering, and Zoology) to supplement his own courses in public health principles, public health administration, and vital statistics. He established a comprehensive nonmedical program that graduated eighteen students with a Certificate in Public Health, ten with a Ph.D., and four with a Dr.P.H. by 1925. His students specialized in administration, bacteriology, or statistics.

In 1920 Winslow set forth a definition of public health:

Public health is the science and the art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of community infections, the education of the individual in principles and personal hygiene, the organization of medical and nursing services for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease, and the development of the social machinery which will ensure to every individual a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health; organizing these benefits in such a fashion as to enable every citizen to realize his birthright of health and longevity.

In the early 1920s Winslow’s department was a catalyst for public health reform in Connecticut, and the health surveys prepared by him and his faculty and students led to considerable improvements in public health organization. He also successfully campaigned to improve health laws in Connecticut and for the passage of a bill that created the State Department of Public Health.

During Winslow’s thirty years at Yale, hygiene developed into preventive medicine; bacteriology evolved into microbiology to include parasitology and virology; classic epidemiology evolved into clinical epidemiology; control of communicable diseases became chronic disease control; and public health assimilated the social dimensions of sickness and health and appropriated such disciplines as medical economics and medical care organization.

In the early 1960s it was decided to merge the Department of Public Health with the Section of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, a unit within the Department of Internal Medicine. The Department of Epidemiology and Public Health was the result of this merger. In 1964 the new department moved into its own building, the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Public Health, which was designed by Philip Johnson and continues as the primary location of the department.

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